Radiology Flashcards
Define stroke
Sudden onset focal neurological deficit of presumed vascular origin
What are the two types of stoke and frequency at which they occur?
Ischaemic (80%)
Haemorrhagic (20%)
What is the gold standard imaging for suspected stroke?
Non-contrast CT head
Give 3 acute signs (<24hr) of stroke which can be seen on CT
- Hyperdense vessel sign
- Loss of insular ribbon
- Hypoattenuation of tissue and swelling
Give 3 examples of focal neurological deficit
Sensation change
Loss of coordination
Dysphagia
What is malignant MCA syndrome?
Rapid neurological deterioration due to space-occupying effects of cerebral oedema +/- haemorrhage transformation
Define intracranial haemorrhage
An extravascular accumulation of blood within different intracranial spaces
Give 2 risks and 2 causes of intracerebral haemorrhage
Risks: HTN and Diabetes
Causes: Trauma and Aneurysm
Where do extradural haemorrhages occur?
Between inner surface fo skull and outer layer of dura
How does an extradural haemorrhage present with respect to time?
Lucent period before the patient develops symptoms
What findings may be seen in the pupils in extradural haemorrhage?
Fixed and dilated on the affected side
What usually causes subdural haemorrhage?
Tearing of bridging veins in the subdural space due to shearing forces
Give 3 signs/symptoms of a subarachnoid haemorrhage
Thunderclap headache
Reduced GCS
Seizure
Give 2 causes of subarachnoid haemorrhage
Spontaneous
Rupture of berry aneurysm
What imaging is used to detect pneumoperitoneum?
Erect chest X-ray
What is Rigler’s sign and what does it indicate?
Gas inside and out of the bowel lumen which highlights the bowel clearly
Pneumoperitoneum
What does coffee bean sign indicate?
Sigmoid volvulus
What does thumbprinting on abdominal x-ray indicate?
Bowel wall oedema due to inflammation or infection e.g. colitis
Give 3 features of cholecystitis on US
- Pericholecystic fluid
- GB wall thickening >3mm
- Gallstones
Give 2 early signs on acute pancreatitis on CT
Pancreatic oedema
Peri-pancreatic fat stranding
Give 2 imaging modalities to assess obstructive uropathy
CT KUB CT urogram (filling defect)
Give 3 features of appendicitis which may be seen on US
- Thickened wall
- Collection
- Pelvic free fluid
Where should the tip of an ET tube end up?
5-7cm above carina
Where should a tracheostomy tube be positioned?
Tip halfway between stoma and carina at T3
What is the correct positioning of an NG tube?
Below left hemidiaphragm 10cm distal to GOJ
Where does a central venous catheter go to and from?
L/R subclavian into jugular vein
Where should the tip of a central venous catheter end up?
SVC or Cavo-atrial junction
Where should the tip of a PICC line end up?
Cavo-atrial junction
What 3 arterial pathologies can be treated using interventional radiology?
Narrowing of arteries
Expansion of arteries
Bleeding
What 2 venous pathologies can be treated using interventional radiology
Blood clots
Dilated veins
Name 2 non-vascular procedures which can be done using interventional radiology
Nephrostomy
Gastrostomy
Give 2 ways interventional oncology can be achieved
Ablation of tumour
Chemoembolization
