Medicine (Falls/Back Pain)

Question 1

Give 3 treatment options for mild hypoglycaemia

Answer 1

1. Glucotabs
2. 60ml Glucojuice
3. 150-200ml pure fruit juice

Question 2

Give 2 treatment options for moderate hypoglycaemia

Answer 2

If swallow not intact, 1.5-2 tubes glucogel

Glucagon 1mg IM

Question 3

Give 3 treatment options for severe hypoglycaemia

Answer 3

100ml 20% glucose IV
150ml 10% glucose IV
1mg glucagon IM

Question 4

What is the function of the pyramidal tracts and their location?

Answer 4

Voluntary movement

Motor fibre from cerebral cortex to spinal cord and brainstem

Question 5

What is the function of the extrapyramidal tracts and their location?

Answer 5

Involuntary movement

Brainstem to spinal cord

Question 6

What is the function of motor neurones?

Answer 6

To deliver motor impulses from brain to muscles

Question 7

Give 3 red flag symptoms in back pain

Answer 7

<18/>50 years old
Immunocompromsied
Duration>6 weeks

Question 8

Give 3 yellow flag symptoms in back pain

Answer 8

Sickness behaviours
Social withdrawal
Emotional problems

Question 9

Define a fragility fracture

Answer 9

Fracture resulting from a mechanical force which would otherwise not cause injury, occurring due to abnomal bone

Question 10

What are the two main causes of fragility fractures?

Answer 10

Osteoporosis

Osteopenia

Question 11

Give 4 risk factors for reduced bone health

Answer 11

Female
Smoking
Chronic alcohol excess
Sedentary lifestyle

Question 12

Give 3 risk factors for falls

Answer 12

Age
Dementia
Gait abnormality

Question 13

What is the purpose of FRAX or Q-fracture?

Answer 13

A score to determine 10 year risk of fractures

Question 14

Give 3 drug options in the management of osteoporosis

Answer 14

Calcium
Vitamin D
Alendronic acid (70mg/weekly)

Question 15

What is the mechanism of action of bisphosphonates?

Answer 15

Inhibit bone resorption by inhibiting key signalling pathways of osteoclasts