Radiology Flashcards
Listed below are the sections of the ‘clock face analogy’ used when viewing the heart in VD/DV recumbency radiographs, give the pertinent anatomy.
- 11:00-1:00
- 1:00-2:00
- 2:00-3:00
- 2:00-5:00
- 5:00-9:00
- 9:00-11:00
- 11:00-1:00 (Aorta)
- 1:00-2:00 (Pulmonary trunk)
- 2:00-3:00 (Left auricle)
- 2:00-5:00 (Left ventricle)
- 5:00-9:00 (Right ventricle)
- 9:00-11:00 (Right atrium)
(T/F) Expiration can make the heart look enlarged due to decreased overall volume of the thorax.
True
(T/F) Radiographs are best for more severe cardiac abnormalities and other modalities would be better for subtle abnormalities.
True
Enlargement of what chamber of the heart would be indicated if you saw enlargement of the dorsocaudal border on a lateral view?
Left atrium
What direction deviation of the entire trachea would occur with enlargement of the left atrium?
Dorsal deviation
Left atrial enlargement may produce increased opacity at what location of the heart on a VD/DV radiograph?
Base of the heart
The enlargement of the left ventricle is typically combined with left atrial enlargement, this gives the heart what appearance?
‘Tall heart’; caudal heart border is elongated and upright
Besides increased width of the heart and elevation of trachea in severe cases, what else is indicative of right heart enlargement on a lateral radiograph that may be normal in brachycephalic breeds?
Increased sternal contact
The reserve ‘D’ appearance that can indicate right heart enlargement can be viewed on what radiograph recumbency?
VD/DV
(T/F) Pulmonary trunk enlargement is not routinely seen on lateral recumbency radiographs
True
Give the clock times (‘clock face analogy’) in which you would see pulmonary trunk enlargement on a VD/DV radiograph?
1:00-2:00
Give some examples of abnormalities (3 to be exact) that can cause generalized cardiomegaly.
Severe pericardial effusion, combined right/left heart enlargement, and pericardial-peritoneal diaphragmatic hernias
You take a lateral thoracic radiograph on a feline patient and see increased length of the heart and slight bulging of the cranial cardiac silhouette:
- Would the outward appearance of the left ventricle be abnormal?
No, abnormalities are inside
You take a lateral thoracic radiograph on a feline patient and see increased length of the heart and slight bulging of the cranial cardiac silhouette:
- These abnormalities would primarily be due to the enlargement of what chamber of the heart?
Left atrium
You take a lateral thoracic radiograph on a feline patient and see increased length of the heart and slight bulging of the cranial cardiac silhouette:
- When you take a VD recumbency radiograph, would you expect the apex of the heart to be affected?
No, normal apex is maintained
You take a lateral thoracic radiograph on a feline patient and see increased length of the heart and slight bulging of the cranial cardiac silhouette:
- What general shape would you expect the heart to appear similar to in the VD radiograph?
Valentines shape heart
(T/F) Horizontal alignment of the heart is normal in geriatic felines.
True
What is the vertebral heart score measurement best for assessing?
Cardiac change on serial radiographs on the SAME patient
What are the lesser aggressive radiographic and CT signs of nasal disease?
Increased soft tissue opacity in nasal cavity/frontal sinus and loss/destruction of turbinates
What are the more aggressive radiographic and CT signs of nasal disease?
Deviation/destruction of vomer bone, extension into frontal sinus, and nasal, or frontal bone lysis and/or proliferation
Slight deviation in what direction is normal for the trachea on a VD/DV view?
Right
What may be indicated if the trachea is ventrally deviated?
Esophageal dilation
If the entire trachea is implicated in a tracheal collapse patient, when will the cervical trachea collapse, inspiration or expiration?
Inspiration
If the entire trachea is implicated in a tracheal collapse patient, when will the thoracic trachea collapse, inspiration or expiration?
Expiration
(T/F) There is a special marker, the mitchell marker, used to aid in evaluation of the fluid-air interface that can be seen in abnormally fluid filled sinus/cavities in a horse’s head.
True
