Anatomy Flashcards
(T/F) The pericardium is a serous lined sac within which lies the heart.
True
Between which two layers of pericardium is the pericardial cavity found?
Visceral and parietal serous pericardium
What is the layer of pericardium that surrounds the heart and serous pericardium?
Fibrous pericardium
(T/F) The pericardial mediastinal pleura lines the thoracic cavity and covers the mediastinal contents and is a part of the pericardium.
F, not apart of the pericardium
What is another name for the visceral serous pericardium?
Epicardium
What is found in the intercostal spaces?
Internal intercostal muscle, external intercostal muscle, intercostal artery, vein, and nerve
What is the mediastinum?
Space between the right and left pleural cavities
What is the ligament that connects the diaphragm to the pericardium that is present in carnivores?
Phrenicopericardial ligament
The sternopericardial ligament connects what to the pericardium in large animals?
Sternum
What does the pericardial ligament blend with caudally in birds to form the hepatopericardial ligament?
Hepatic mesentery
(T/F) The heart lies partially right of the midline in quadrupeds
F, left
Listed below are the intercostal spaces that correlate to the position of the heart in certain species, give the species for the ICS listed.
a. ICS 4-7
b. ICS 2-5
c. ICS 3-6
d. ICS 2-6
ICS 4-7 (Feline)
ICS 2-5 (Cattle)
ICS 3-6 (Canine)
ICS 2-6 (Horse)
What maintains the direction of blood flow in veins?
Valves
What is the direction of blood flow in arteries dependent on?
Pressure gradient
(T/F) Oxygenation or deoxygenation of the blood contained within them does not differentiate between arteries and veins.
True
The atrial side of the heart is the (right/left) side and the auricular side of the heart is the (right/left) side.
Right, left
What two septums divide the right and left sides of the heart?
Interatrial and interventricular septums
Which ventricle of the heart lies more cranially which allows for observation of enlargement of this ventricle on lateral radiographs?
Right ventricle
What is the purpose of the intravenous tubercle located in the right atrium?
Reduction of turbulence of the blood entering the right atrium
The coronary sinus is the dilation of the great cardiac vein and the opening of the coronary sinus is visible where in the right atrium?
Ventral to the opening of the caudal vena cava into the right atrium
What is the common name for the right atrioventricular valve?
Tricuspid valve
What are the two common names for the left atrioventricular valve?
Mitral or bicuspid valve
What is the difference between the parietal and septal cusps of the atrioventricular valves?
Parietal - attaches to the wall of the ventricles, septal - attaches to the septum of the ventricles
What do the chordae tendineae connect?
AV valve leaflets and papillary muscles
(T/F) When the myocardium contracts during systole, the papillary muscles also contract which tenses the chordae tendineae. This tensing helps hold valve leaflets closed against backflow that can be created during ventricular contraction
True
What is the name for the band of tissue that extends from the interventricular septum to the free ventricular wall that contains both myocardial tissue and nerve conduction fibers typically only found in the right ventricle?
Trabecula septomarginalis
What is the anatomical name for the semilunar valve located in the right ventricle?
Pulmonic/pulmonary valve
What is the anatomical name for the semilunar valve located in the left ventricle?
Aortic valve
(T/F) There is no chordae tendineae associated with the semilunar valves.
True
What are the small dilations just distal to the valve cusps of the aortic valve where the coronary arteries arise?
Aortic sinuses
Listed below are the steps of the cardiac cycle, put them in the correct order starting from the ventricles relaxing.
A) Atria contract
B) Atrial and ventricular filling
C) Ventricles relax
D) Aortic and pulmonary valves close, AV valves open
E) Ventricular contraction AV valves close, aortic/pulmonary valves open
C, D, B, A, E
Which node lies in the right atrial wall near the coronary sinus?
Sinuatrial node
Where is the atrioventricular node located?
In the interatrial septum just dorsal to the ventricles
Give the name of the valve you would be listening to if you were to place your stethoscope at the location listed below.
a. Left side, ICS 3
b. Right side, ICS 4
c. Left side, ICS 4
d. Left side, ICS 5
Left side, ICS 3 (Pulmonic valve)
Right side, ICS 4 (Right AV valve/tricuspid)
Left side, ICS 4 (Aortic valve)
Left side, ICS 5 (Left AV valve/mitral/bicuspid)
What sound is associated with AV valve closure when listening to the heart?
“Lub”
What sound is associated with semilunar valve closure when listening to the heart?
“Dub”
Which groove of the heart is located on the auricular/left side of the heart?
Paraconal interventricular groove
Which groove of the heart is located on the atrial/right side of the heart?
Subsinuousal interventricular groove
Listed below are different areas of the body that are drained by the great veins of the heart, give the associated great vein.
a. Head, neck, and thoracic limbs
b. Chest, abdomen, and pelvic limbs
c. Dorsal body wall, dorsal intercostal spaces
a. Head, neck, and thoracic limbs (Cranial vena cava)
b. Chest, abdomen, and pelvic limbs (Caudal vena cava)
c. Dorsal body wall, dorsal intercostal spaces (Azygous)
What is the outflow vessel of the right ventricle, where does it go, and is the blood it carries oxygenated or not?
Pulmonary artery, lungs, not oxygenated
What are the inflow vessels of the left atrium and is the blood they carry oxygenated or not?
Pulmonary veins, oxygenated
What is the outflow vessel of the left ventricle, where does it go, and is the blood it carries oxygenated or not?
Aorta, body, oxygenated
Where do the circumflex branches of the right and left coronary arteries run?
Coronary groove
From what artery does the paraconal interventricular branch arise shortly after it enters the coronary groove?
Circumflex branch of the left coronary artery
In which species does the subsinuosal interventricular artery arise from the left coronary artery?
Carnivore, ruminant
In which species does the subsinuosal interventricular artery arise from the right coronary artery?
Equine, pig
With which grooves of the heart is the great cardiac vein associated?
Paraconal interventricular and coronary grooves
Which groove is the middle cardiac vein associated with?
Subsinuousal interventricular groove
What is the dilation at the termination of the great cardiac vein that opens into the right atrium?
Coronary sinus
What drains lymph from the abdominal and thoracic cavities, travels along the dorsal aspect of the descending aorta, and drains into the left brachiocephalic vein?
Thoracic duct
What is the ligamentum arteriosum, a fibrous band between the pulmonary trunk and the aorta, a remnant of?
Ductus arteriosus
Where does the trachea begin and end?
Begins at the caudal end of the larynx, ends at the bifurcation into bronchi at the lungs
What are the two portions of the trachea?
Cervical and thoracic
What type of cartilage form the rings that comprise the mammalian trachea?
Hyaline cartilage
(T/F) The cartilage rings that comprise the trachea are ‘incomplete’
True
What muscle closes the trachea on the dorsal surface?
Trachealis muscle
The smooth muscle that closes the trachea on the dorsal surface contracts/relaxes during coughing to create a narrower airway and increase the speed of airflow.
Contracts
What are the cartilaginous rings that form the trachea held together by?
Tracheal ligaments
What side of the trachea is the esophagus located in the cervical region?
Left
Besides the cervical region, what is the location of the esophagus in relation to the trachea?
Dorsal
(T/F) The thoracic cavity is considered the area defined by the ribs.
F, diaphragm is the caudal border
What is the name for the thickened cartilage at the midline where the trachea divides into the two main bronchi?
Carina
(T/F) Each lung lobe has one lobar bronchi associated with it which branches off of a principal bronchi.
True
What are the lobes and parts of the right lung?
Cranial lobe, middle lobe, caudal lobe, and accessory lobe
What are the lobes and parts of the left lung?
Cranial part of cranial lobe, caudal part of cranial lobe, caudal lobe
Which of the cranial notches (left or right) is generally larger?
Left
n what species is the mediastinum complete so that when air or fluid is introduced into one side of the thoracic cavity, it does not affect the other side?
Cow
(T/F) Each lung has its own individual pleural sac.
True
What is the term for the extension of the pleural cavity cranial to the thoracic inlet which is typically more prominent on the right side in the horse?
Cupula pleura
What nerve innervates the diaphragm?
Phrenic nerve
Contraction/relaxation of the diaphragm during active inhalation results in negative pressure within the thorax which draws air into the lungs.
Contraction
The diaphragm has three ports through which structures pass from the thorax to the abdomen or vice versa, list them from dorsal to ventral.
a. Esophageal hiatus
b. Aortic hiatus
c. Caval foramen
B, A, C
Listed below are the three ports of the diaphragm, list the structure(s) that pass through them.
a. Aortic hiatus
b. Esophageal hiatus
c. Caval foramen
a. Aortic hiatus (Aorta, azygous vein, thoracic duct)
b. Esophageal hiatus (Esophagus and vagus nerve)
c. Caval foramen (Caudal vena cava)
(T/F) The cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and the nerves of the autonomic nervous system are all a part of the peripheral nervous system.
True
Where are the cell bodies for the sympathetic nervous system located?
Thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord
Where are the cell bodies of the parasympathetic nervous system located?
Brain and lumbar regions of the spinal cord
(T/F) The intercostal nerves are the dorsal branch of each thoracic spinal nerve.
F, ventral
The phrenic nerve runs dorsal/ventral to the root of the lung.
Ventral
What anatomical structure does the right phrenic nerve travel alongside?
Caudal vena cava
The left phrenic nerve travels within what?
Left mediastinal pleura
What cranial nerve (give number and name) gives parasympathetic innervation to the thorax?
Vagus nerve, CN X
What is the vagus nerve contained in as it travels from the brain to the thorax and what accompanies it?
Carotid sheath, common carotid artery
What nerves does the vagus nerve provide of which the left curves cranially around the aortic arch and the right curves cranially around the right subclavian artery?
Recurrent laryngeal nerves
What nerves provide motor innervation to the larynx?
Recurrent laryngeal nerves
What fuse to form the dorsal vagal trunk?
Right and left dorsal branches of the vagus nerve; same occurs for ventral vagal trunk
Where do the dorsal and ventral vagal trunks pass through the diaphragm to enter the abdomen?
Esophageal hiatus
What forms the sympathetic trunk?
Spinal nerves exiting the vertebrae
What nerve provides sympathetic innervation to the cervical region only (not the head)?
Vertebral nerve
The vagosympathetic trunk provides sympathetic innervation to what region of the body?
Head
What is the anatomical name for the flat part of the nose?
Planum nasale aka nasal plate
What bones make up the dorsal boundary of the nasal cavity? There are two answers.
Nasal and frontal bones
What bones make up the ventral boundary of the nasal cavity? There are four answers.
Incisive, maxillary, palatine, and vomer bones
Which of the above answers (Incisive, maxillary, palatine, and vomer bones) also make up the lateral boundary of the nasal cavity?
Incisive, maxillary, and palatine bones
What structures make up the caudal boundary of the nasal cavity? There are two answers.
Choanae and ethmoid bone
What is the term for the pair of openings dividing the nasal cavity from the nasopharynx that is formed by the caudal end of the hard palate, vomer, and nasal septum?
Choanae
What is the term for the bony opening into the nasal cavity at the rostral end of the skull?
Nasal aperture
What response is triggered by the vomeronasal or Jacobson’s organ which is found in the soft tissue above the hard palate?
Flehmen response
What portion of the nasal septum is cartilaginous and which portion is bony?
Rostral ⅔ is cartilaginous, caudal ⅓ is bony
What is the entrance of the nasal cavity that is lined by skin and extends to the mucocutaneous junction?
Nasal vestibule
In addition to the alar fold, the nasal vestibule contains the nasal opening of which two ducts?
Nasolacrimal duct and incisive duct
What are the scrolls of bone that form the conchae/turbinate covered in?
Respiratory mucosa
What are the three functions of the nasal conchae/turbinates?
Humidify/warm inhaled air, filter air, and location of smell receptors
In horses, the scrolls of the conchae are more like ‘balloons’ and contain a space within them, what is the term for this space?
Conchal sinuses
Which of the two nasal meatuses are dead ends?
Doral and middle
What does the ventral nasal meatus exit caudally into?
Nasopharynx
(T/F) The common nasal meatus communicates with the other three meatuses.
True
Which meatus do all of the paranasal sinuses communicate with the nasal cavity through?
Middle nasal meatus
What are the three paranasal sinuses in carnivores?
Frontal, maxillary recess, and sphenoid
What three bones form paranasal sinuses in ruminants?
Frontal, maxillary, and palatine
What portion of the frontal paranasal sinus in ruminants is associated with the post orbital, cornual, and nuchal diverticulums?
Caudal frontal paranasal sinus
(T/F) In the horse, the frontomaxillary opening refers to the opening between the conchofrontal sinus (which is the combo of the dorsal conchal and frontal sinus) and the caudal maxillary sinus.
True
What divides the caudal and rostral maxillary sinuses in the horse?
Maxillary sinus septum
(T/F) The rostral and caudal maxillary sinuses in the horse do communicate.
F, do not
Which, if any, of the other sinuses of the horse does the rostral maxillary sinus communicate with?
Ventral conchal sinus
Through which opening do the sinuses of the horse communicate with the middle nasal meatus?
Nasomaxillary opening
What is the anatomical term for the crossover of the respiratory and digestive pathways?
Pharynx
The soft palate is the ___________ (dorsal/ventral) boundary of the oropharynx and the _________ (dorsal/ventral) boundary of the nasopharynx.
Dorsal, ventral
The soft palate is __________ (elevated/depressed) during swallowing and ___________ (elevated/depressed) during breathing.
Elevated, depressed
What is the rostral border of the oropharynx?
Palatoglossal arches
What is the caudal border of the oropharynx?
Base of the epiglottis
(T/F) The palatine and lingual tonsils are structures within the oropharynx
True
The carnivorous palatine tonsil is a distinct oval organ in the caudolateral oropharyngeal wall and it lies under a sheet of oral mucosa called the?
Semilunar fold
What two structures make up the rostral border of the laryngopharynx?
Palatopharyngeal arches and base of epiglottis
What structure demarcates the end of the laryngopharynx and the beginning of the esophagus?
Pharyngoesophageal limen
What forms the ventral boundary of the laryngopharynx?
Larynx
What group of muscles make up the dorsal boundary of the laryngopharynx?
Caudal pharyngeal constrictor muscles
What are the trough-like structures within the laryngopharynx?
Piriform recesses
Give the rostral and caudal borders of the nasopharynx.
Rostral - choanae; caudal - palatopharyngeal arches
Where does the hyoid apparatus articulate with the skull in carnivores and what is the name of the joint?
Mastoid process, temporohyoid joint
Where does the hyoid apparatus articulate with the larynx and what is the name of the joint?
Thyroid cartilage, thyrohyoid joint
(T/F) The pharynx is the site for the ‘crossover’ that occurs between air and ingesta, ingesta moving from ventral to dorsal and air moving from dorsal to ventral.
True
What does the communication between the middle ear and nasopharynx allow for?
Equalizing air pressure in the middle ear with atmospheric pressure
What cartilage supports the nostrils in horses?
Alar cartilage
What is the purpose of the specially developed nasal cartilages of horses?
Increase air flow during exercise since they are obligate nasal breathers
How is the nasal diverticulum, a blind pouch at the dorsal aspect of the nostril aka the false nostril, separated from the true nostril?
By the lamina of the alar cartilage
What is the anatomical term for the ventral diverticula of the auditory tubes in horses?
Guttural pouches
(T/F) Nasal breathing is the resting state of the pharynx/larynx complex
True
In the act of swallowing, what structure closes off the nasopharynx from ingesta?
Soft palate
In swallowing, what structure retroflexes to cover the opening of the larynx?
Epiglottis
What is the anatomical term for the musculocutaneous organ that joins the pharynx and trachea?
Larynx
Is the larynx ventral or dorsal to the atlas of the spine?
Ventral
How is the larynx attached to the tongue in horses?
Via the hyoid apparatus
What muscle attaches the epiglottis to the hyoid apparatus?
Hyoepiglotticus muscle
(T/F) The larynx in large animals sits more rostral than in small animals and is located between the back of the mandibles.
True
What are the three singular cartilages of the larynx?
Epiglottis, thyroid, and cricoid cartilages
What are the paired cartilages of the larynx?
Arytenoid cartilages
What differs in the direction the epiglottis faces during breathing versus swallowing?
Breathing - faces rostral; swallowing - faces caudal
In which species does the epiglottis have the cuneiform processes?
Horses
Dogs also have a cuneiform process but attached to a different laryngeal cartilage, which cartilage?
Arytenoid
What bones/cartilages does the thyroid cartilage articulate with?
Thyrohyoid bone rostrally and cricoid cartilage caudally
In which species is the thyroid notch of the thyroid cartilage longer than other species?
Horses
What structure connects the ventral cricoid arch to the ventral aspect of the thyroid cartilage and fills the thyroid notch?
Cricothyroid ligament
Which of the laryngeal cartilages is the most caudal and is attached to the first tracheal ring?
Cricoid cartilage
What are the three processes of the arytenoid cartilage?
Corniculate, muscular, and vocal processes
What arytenoid process do cats lack?
Corniculate
Does the arytenoid cartilage articulate laterally or medially with the cricoid cartilage?
Medially
What is the term for the ligamentous attachment of the arytenoid cartilage to the epiglottis?
Aryepiglottic fold
Which portion of the cuneiform process in dogs lies in the vestibular fold? Which lies in the aryepiglottic fold?
Vestibular - ventral portion; Aryepiglottic - dorsal
The ventricular ligament and ventricularis muscle attach to which portion of the arytenoid cartilage in dogs?
Cuneiform process
What is the aditus larynges?
Entrance to the larynx
What are the boundaries of the aditus larynges?
Epiglottis, aryepiglottic folds, and corniculate processes of the arytenoid cartilages
What is the diamond shaped space bounded by the arytenoid cartilages dorsally and the vocal folds ventrolaterally that is caudal to the laryngeal vestibule and cranial to the infraglottic cavity?
Glottic cleft aka rima glottides
What is the extension of mucosa between the corniculate process of the arytenoid cartilage and the epiglottis?
Aryepiglottic folds
Where is the piriform recess located in relation to the aryepiglottic folds?
Lateral on both sides
Which fold does the epiglottis get caught on in epiglottic entrapment?
Aryepiglottic fold
Which fold extends from the ventral portion of the cuneiform process of the arytenoid cartilage to the thyroid cartilage and covers the vestibular ligament and ventricularis muscle in dogs?
Vestibular fold
What is the name of the mucosa that covers the vocal ligament and vocalis muscle?
Vocal fold
What is the blind sac formed by an outpocketing of the laryngeal mucosa whose entrance lies between the vestibular and vocal folds?
Laryngeal ventricle
In which two species is the laryngeal ventricle absent?
Cats and ruminants
Everted laryngeal saccule results from increased negative pressure in the larynx due to difficulty breathing in what type of dogs?
Brachycephalic
Which two species have a median laryngeal recess?
Horse and pig
Listed below are the intrinsic muscles of the larynx, reference back to this list for the next few questions.
a. Cricothyroideus
b. Cricoartytenoideus dorsalis
c. Cricoarytendoideus lateralis
d. Arytenoideus transversus
e. Thyroarytenoideus ventricularis
f. Thyroarytenoideus vocalis
Which of the above muscles is superficial (meaning the rest are all deep)?
Cricothyroideus
Listed below are the intrinsic muscles of the larynx, reference back to this list for the next few questions.
a. Cricothyroideus
b. Cricoartytenoideus dorsalis
c. Cricoarytendoideus lateralis
d. Arytenoideus transversus
e. Thyroarytenoideus ventricularis
f. Thyroarytenoideus vocalis
All of the above muscles insert on the arytenoid cartilage except which one?
Cricothyroideus
Listed below are the intrinsic muscles of the larynx, reference back to this list for the next few questions.
a. Cricothyroideus
b. Cricoartytenoideus dorsalis
c. Cricoarytendoideus lateralis
d. Arytenoideus transversus
e. Thyroarytenoideus ventricularis
f. Thyroarytenoideus vocalis
What nerve are the above muscles innervated by?
Everything but cricothyroideus → caudal laryngeal nerve; cricothyroideus → cranial laryngeal nerve
Listed below are the intrinsic muscles of the larynx, reference back to this list for the next few questions.
a. Cricothyroideus
b. Cricoartytenoideus dorsalis
c. Cricoarytendoideus lateralis
d. Arytenoideus transversus
e. Thyroarytenoideus ventricularis
f. Thyroarytenoideus vocalis
All of the above muscles adduct (constrict the glottis) except which one?
Cricoartytenoideus dorsalis
What action does the cricoarytenoideus dorsalis have on the vocal folds?
Abduction → dilates the glottis
What action does the cricoarytenoideus lateralis have on the vocal folds?
Adduction → constricts the glottis
(T/F) The cat lacks the thyroarytenoideus ventricularis muscle
True
What muscle attaches the larynx to the sternum?
Sternothyroideus muscle
What two structures do the thyropharyngeus and cricopharyngeus muscles attach?
Larynx and pharynx
What two muscles attach the larynx to the hyoid apparatus?
Thyrohyoideus and hyoepiglotticus muscle
What muscle does the thyroid support device/Cornell collar mimic the effect of?
Thyrohyoideus muscle
Which nerve is typically dysfunctional in laryngeal hemiplegia?
Left recurrent laryngeal nerve
(T/F) In dogs with unilateral paralysis (laryngeal hemiplegia), they may be asymptomatic
True
What structure are the guttural pouches outpouches of?
Auditory tubes
What major arteries are associated with the guttural pouches?
Internal and external carotids
What five nerves are associated with the guttural pouches?
Medial pouch - IX, X, XI, and XII; lateral - VII
Which two lymph nodes are associated with the guttural pouches?
Medial and lateral retropharyngeal lymph nodes
(T/F) Only an abnormal guttural pouch can be accessed via viborg’s triangle.
True
What structure overlaps viborg’s triangle?
Parotid salivary gland
What vessels come off of the brachiocephalic trunk in pigs and carnivores?
Left and right common carotid arteries, right subclavian artery
What is the difference in the arteries that branch off of the left and right subclavian arteries of the horse versus the ox?
Horse - separate vertebral and costocervical trunk; ox - costocervicovertebral trunk combo
Where does the vertebral artery travel and with what other structure after branching off of the subclavian artery?
Transverse foramen with the vertebral nerve
What do the right and left vertebral arteries come together to form that runs to the brain?
Basilar artery
What muscle systems does the costocervical trunk supply after branching off of the subclavian artery?
Cranial intercostals, deep muscles of the neck and shoulders
In addition to muscles of the neck and shoulder, what does the superficial cervical artery supply after branching off of the subclavian artery?
Superficial cervical lymph nodes
What does the internal thoracic artery give rise to and then terminate as?
Gives rise to ventral intercostal arteries and terminates as the cranial epigastric artery
What do the right and left common carotid arteries branch into near the laryngopharynx after either branching off of the brachiocephalic trunk or the bicarotid trunk?
Internal and external carotid arteries
In what two species does the extracranial part of the internal carotid artery degenerate postnatally, leaving a fibrous band?
Cats and ruminants
What is the dilation at the very beginning of each internal carotid artery?
Carotid sinus
What type of receptor is the carotid body?
Chemoreceptor
What is the difference in the branches of the external carotid artery in dogs and cats versus cows and horses?
Occipital, caudal auricular, and superficial temporal artery are all the same; lingual and facial are separate in dog and cat while combined into the linguofacial trunk in cow and horse
(T/F) The branches of the external carotid artery supply structures external to the cranial cavity
True
Which artery in horses is palpable at the caudal aspect of the mandible and is a site for taking a pulse?
Masseteric artery
What location and artery is more commonly used for taking a pulse in horses?
Facial artery located in mandibular notch
Under what bony structure does the transverse facial artery run on a horse, another site for taking a pulse and a site for monitoring arterial blood gas?
Facial crest
(T/F) Small ruminants lack a facial artery
True
Which artery does the cornual artery branch off of?
Superficial temporal artery
What gives off the major palatine and sphenopalatine arteries after branching off of the maxillary artery?
The common trunk
How do the major palatine arteries reach the ventral surface of the hard palate?
Through the major palatine foramina
After giving off the common trunk, what artery does the maxillary artery become?
Infraorbital artery
What is the rete mirabile of the maxillary artery found only in cats and ruminants?
Complex of arteries and veins, major blood supply to the brain
Where do satellite veins of the ear, orbit, palate, cheek, nasal cavity and cranium drain to?
Maxillary vein
Where do satellite veins of the face, orbit, tongue, pharynx, and larynx drain to?
Linguofacial vein
Where do the maxillary and linguofacial veins drain into?
External jugular veins
(T/F) Veins of the head do not have valves to prevent backflow so blood can pool in the head.
True
What makes up viborg’s triangle?
Cranial - caudal edge of mandible, dorsal - tendon of insert of sternocephalicus muscle, and ventral - linguofacial vein
