Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Breathing and Cir. Exam 1 > Cardiography > Flashcards

Cardiography Flashcards

1
Q

What is the best non-invasive method to evaluate patients with heart disease?

A

Echocardiography

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

In which echocardiographic modality does the ‘plane’ of the ultrasound cross-section the heart?

A

2D-Mode

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

In the image above, which depicts a long axis plane and which depicts a short axis plane?
Right: Cut in the middle like a sausage
Left: Cut in the middle like a tomato

A

Right - short axis, left - long axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which views in 2D-Mode can you visualize all four chambers of the heart?

A

Long axis and apical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which axis in 2D-Mode can you best visualize the left ventricle and its papillary muscles?

A

Short axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the advantages of M-Mode or Motion-Mode?

A

Multiple cardiac cycles in single image, ability to compare to established reference values

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

When using the spectral doppler, what is represented on the Y axis of the graphed output?

A

Flow velocity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

When using a spectral doppler, flow towards the probe is ________ (above/below) the baseline while flow away from the probe is __________ (above/below) the baseline.

A

Above, below

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the gate in relation to pulsed wave doppler?

A

An examiner defined area where the measurements are being taken that appear on the graph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Pulse wave doppler is _________ (good/not good) for spatial resolution while _________ (good/not good) for measuring high velocity areas.

A

Good, not good

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Continuous wave doppler is _________ (good/not good) for spatial resolution while _________ (good/not good) for measuring high velocity areas.

A

Not good, good

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does the blue versus red colors in a color doppler image indicate?

A

Blue - flow away from the probe; red - flow towards the probe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is aliasing in terms of color doppler imaging?

A

When flow is too fast, red and blue mix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

If you want to assess the size of the left atrium on a short axis view of the base of the heart, what structure do you compare it to?

A

The aortic diameter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The diameter of the left atrium should be less than how many times larger than the diameter of the aorta?

A

<1.5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the equation for fractional shortening?

A

End diastolic diameter minus end systolic diameter, divided by end diastolic diameter, multiplied by 100

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What echocardiographic modality do you need to use to get the values needed to calculate fractional shortening?

A

M-Mode

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the normal range of fractional shortening percentages for a standard breed dog?

A

25-45%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the equation for the ejection fraction?

A

End diastolic volume minus end systolic volume, divided by end diastolic volume, multiplied by 100

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the approximate normal ejection fraction for most animals?

A

70%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the equation used to determine blood pressure from blood speed?

A

Delta P is equal to four times the speed squared

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is a clinical syndrome in which impaired emptying or filling of the heart causes clinical signs of exercise intolerance and/or congestion?

A

Heart failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

(T/F) In vet med, heart failure is almost always congestive heart failure.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Pulmonary edema would indicate congestive heart failure of which side of the heart?

A

Left

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Right sided congestive heart failure is associated with what abnormalities of the body?

A

Ascites +/- pleural effusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Volume overload leads to eccentric hypertrophy which is the _________ (in-series/parallel) replication of sarcomeres resulting in hypertrophy _________ (with/without) dilation.

A

In-series, with

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Volume overload and related eccentric hypertrophy shows a ___________ (preserved/increased) ratio of wall thickness to lumen.

A

Preserved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Concentric hypertrophy is associated with overload of what?

A

Pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Pressure overload leads to concentric hypertrophy which is the ___________ (in-series/parallel) replication of sarcomeres resulting in hypertrophy _________ (with/without) dilation.

A

Parallel, without

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Pressure overload and related concentric hypertrophy shows a ___________ (preserved/increased) ratio of wall thickness to lumen.

A

Increased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What causes impaired emptying of the ventricles and may be caused by primary myocardial diseases or be a sequela of other diseases?

A

Contractile dysfunction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What causes impaired filling of the ventricles and is very difficult to assess non-invasively?

A

Diastolic dysfunction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What causes both impared filling and emptying of the ventricles?

A

Arrhythmias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Excitation is when specialized cardiomyocytes initiate and propagate a wave of cellular depolarization that starts at which node in the heart?

A

Sinus node

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What type of myocytes then contract in response to the wave of cellular depolarization in the contraction phase of excitation-contraction coupling?

A

Working myocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

(T/F) The depolarization that occurs at the sinus node is spontaneous and the overall action potential has a plateau phase.

A

F, no plateau phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

(T/F) Ventricular myocyte depolarization does not occur spontaneously and has a plateau phase.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Of the five phases of a general action potential, which two do sinus node action potential not have?

A

Plateau and overshoot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Besides the sodium potassium pump and the selective permeability of the membrane in its resting state, what is another reason that cardiomyocytes are polarized at rest?

A

Donnan effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What electrolyte is used to trigger depolarization in working myocytes?

A

Sodium

41
Q

What is the threshold for working myocytes?

A

-70mV

42
Q

The depolarization phase of working myocytes occurs due to what type of channels?

A
43
Q

What electrolyte is used to trigger depolarization in the sinus node?

A

Calcium

44
Q

The depolarization phase of the sinus node occurs due to what types of channels?

A

Transient and lasting calcium channels

45
Q

What is the plateau phase, found only in working myocytes and not the sinus node, largely due to?

A

Voltage gated ‘slow’ calcium channels

46
Q

What two things are the plateau phase important for?

A

Phases of contraction and to avoid arrhythmias

47
Q

(T/F) The repolarization phase is the same in both working myocytes and the sinus node, both utilizing potassium to return to their resting membrane potential.

A

True

48
Q

The sympathetic nervous system has what effect on the action potentials of the sinus node?

A

Makes phase 4, resting membrane potential reaching the depolarization threshold, faster by affecting the funny sodium channels and the calcium channels

49
Q

(T/F) The only way electrical activity is conveyed from the atria to the ventricles is via the AV node

A

True

50
Q

What is the normal firing rate range for dogs versus cats for the SA node?

A

Dogs:70-160bpm, cats: 140-220bpm

51
Q

What is the purpose of the interventricular conduction system?

A

To quickly pass the electrical activity from the AV node to the entirety of the ventricular system so everything contracts at the same time

52
Q

What forms the connection between the conduction system and working myocardium?

A

Purkinje fibers

53
Q

What about a vector on a surface electrocardiogram depends on the angle of intersection between the recording sites, the direction of the vector, and the amount of myocardial mass crossed?

A

Magnitude of the vector

54
Q

What three things does the magnitude of a vector detected depend on?

A

Angle of intersection between the recording sites, the direction of the vector, and the amount of myocardial mass crossed

55
Q

(T/F) A lead is a singular electrode.

A

F, pair

56
Q

What is the standard electrode placement when an animal is in right lateral recumbency?

A

White on right front, black on left front, green on right back, and red on left back

57
Q

(T/F) The waveforms seen on an ECG read out indicate the electrical pulse running through the conduction system.

A

F, through the muscle

58
Q

(T/F) If conduction through the His bundle is intact, any impulse originating above the bifurcation of the His bundle will generate a normal looking QRS wave.

A

True

59
Q

How does a larger mass of cells or slow conduction time change an ECG waves’ deflection and waveform?

A

Larger deflection and wider waveform

60
Q

A wave of depolarization moving toward a positive electrode would give a wave _______ (above/below) baseline?

A

Above

61
Q

A wave of depolarization moving parallel with the electrode pair results in a __________ (smaller/larger) wave deflection.

A

Larger

62
Q

What is the normal range of heart rate in adult dogs?

A

60-120bpm

63
Q

What is the normal range of heart rate in puppies?

A

60-220bpm

64
Q

What is the normal range of heart rate in cats?

A

140-220bpm

65
Q

If your ECG machine prints paper at 25mm/s and you count 8 heart beats in a 15cm portion, what is the patient’s heart rate?

A

80bpm

66
Q

If your ECG machine prints paper at 50mm/s and you count 6 heart beats in a 15cm portion, what is the patient’s heart rate?

A

120bpm

67
Q

For the following questions, you just received a patient’s ECG and are staring at it right now.
- What is the first thing you want to determine?

A

Heart rate and if it is normal or not

68
Q

For the following questions, you just received a patient’s ECG and are staring at it right now.
- The second question you ask yourself is about rhythm, what are you looking for?

A

If it is regular or irregular

69
Q

For the following questions, you just received a patient’s ECG and are staring at it right now.
- For the third question you ask yourself, what do you want to evaluate for normalcy?

A

Waveform

70
Q

For the following questions, you just received a patient’s ECG and are staring at it right now.
- What would you look for if asking yourself ‘is a heartbeat originating from the sinus node’?

A

P wave

71
Q

For the following questions, you just received a patient’s ECG and are staring at it right now.
- What is the fifth and final question you should ask when evaluating an ECG?

A

Is there a QRS for every P

72
Q

What is bradycardia?

A

Heartbeat that is slower than reference interval

73
Q

(T/F) Sinus bradycardia is associated with an entirely normal waveform for every heart beat.

A

True

74
Q

(T/F) An owner counts their horse’s heart beat as 20 bpm while creeping on it when the horse is sleeping, this would be cause for concern for clinical significant bradycardia.

A

F, tell them to stop creeping

75
Q

Besides sleep, what else can cause sinus bradycardia?

A

Drugs and increased vagal tone

76
Q

What is sinus arrhythmia?

A

Normal variation in the firing of the sinus node causes variation in heart rate. If you want to see it for yourself, start taking your heart rate and then take a deep breath in and hold it, although very slight, your heart rate should increase on inhalation and then decrease as you hold your breath

77
Q

What signalment is overrepresented for third degree AV blocks?

A

Old cocker spaniels

78
Q

What is the treatment for asymptomatic patients with a third degree AV block? What about symptomatic patients?

A

Asymptomatic - monitor; symptomatic - pacemaker

79
Q

(T/F) Prognosis for a patient with a third degree AV block is excellent if a pacemaker is put in

A

True

80
Q

Listed below are the different degrees of AV blocks, describe the appearance of their ECG waves.

  • First degree aka ‘mild’
  • Second degree aka ‘moderate’
  • Third degree aka ‘severe’
A
  • First degree aka ‘mild’ (Prolonged PR interval otherwise normal)
  • Second degree aka ‘moderate’ (Some P waves not followed by QRS wave)
  • Third degree aka ‘severe’ (No P waves are followed by QRS, QRS observed originate from the ventricles)
81
Q

(T/F) Most third degree AV blocks are due to structural AV node disease (such as AV fibrosis, neoplastic infiltration, infarction).

A

True

82
Q

(T/F) Increased vagal tone (can be due to drug effect and/or diseases of the respiratory, GI, CNA or ocular systems) usually only causes second or third degree AV blocks.

A

F, 1st or 2nd

83
Q

Atropine is typically used to resolve AV node blocks caused by increased vagal tone but is not used in horses, how are they treated in horses?

A

Resolved with exercise → increased sympathetic tone

84
Q

What pathologic process is indicated in the above ECG (Description:Three beats with normal p and qrs waves, pause in sinus rhythm, beats resume with no p wave) ?

A

Sick sinus syndrome

85
Q

What is the typical signalment of dogs with the above ECG (Description: Sick sinus syndrome) ?

A

Older schnauzers, dachshund, and terriers

86
Q

Sometimes patients with the sick sinus syndrome faint, in what period of their abnormal heart rhythm do they typically faint?

A

During bradycardic periods

87
Q

What are the two forms of atrial standstill?

A

Hyperkalemic and myocardial

88
Q

Describe the abnormal waveform associated with hyperkalemia atrial standstill?

A

No P wave, QRS wave normal to wide, T wave bizarre and tall/tented

89
Q

What is the treatment for hyperkalemia atrial standstill?

A

Correct what is causing the hyperkalemia

90
Q

(T/F) Wide tachycardia is ventricular in origin while narrow tachycardia is supraventricular in origin.

A

True

91
Q

What do the waveforms typically look like for ventricular tachyarrhythmias?

A

Wide and bizarre QRS with no associated P wave

92
Q

You are performing an ECG on a patient with hx of a systemic disease and you notice a run of bizarre QRS waves with no associated P wave so you check the heart rate and find it is completely normal.

  • Would this patient typically be treated with anything?
  • What does this patient have?
A
  • Would this patient typically be treated with anything? (Not necessary)
  • What does this patient have? (Slow ventricular tachycardia aka accelerated idioventricular rhythm)
93
Q

What are P waves replaced by in ECGs for patients with atrial fibrillation, though they may not always be visible?

A

Fibrillation waves

94
Q

What is the treatment for atrial fibrillation?

A

Slow down AV conduction with drugs

95
Q

With premature atrial contractions, which wave is abnormal?

A

P wave

96
Q

What causes the noncompensatory pause seen in an APC ECG?

A

The APC triggers the resetting of the sinus node which causes the pause after the T wave

97
Q

Why will P waves continue to look normal and occur at a normal rate on a VPC ECG?

A

The wave of abnormal current triggered somewhere in the ventricles cannot make it past the ‘skeleton’ of the heart so the P wave is clueless to the ventricular drama

98
Q

(T/F) APCs are more common than VPCs and will be more likely to occur if an animal has an atrial disease of some sort

A

True

99
Q

What do the waveforms usually look like for APCs/atrial tachycardia?

A

Narrow/normal QRS, abnormal or buried P waves

Breathing and Cir. Exam 1 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions