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Breathing and Cir. Exam 1 > History/Physical Exam > Flashcards

History/Physical Exam Flashcards

1
Q

In which species is cough not suggestive of cardiovascular disease?

A

Cat

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2
Q

What are two client complaints suggestive of heart failure specific to cats?

A

Acute blindness and sudden loss of function of backlimbs with pain

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3
Q

(T/F) With a bad enough murmur, the chest can be felt vibrating also known as thrill.

A

True

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4
Q

What can occur to the abdomen that may be suggestive of cardiovascular disease?

A

Abdominal distension

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5
Q

(T/F) Your general inspection of an animal should be up close and personal.

A

F, distance

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6
Q

Why is demeanor important to assess in your general inspection?

A

Impacts how vitals and patient stability will be interpreted

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7
Q

(T/F) Heart rate should be taken from the pulse.

A

F, from auscultation

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8
Q

What is the normal heart rate for a dog and what is it typically in a clinic setting?

A

Normal 60-160 bpm, clinic - 80-130 bpm

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9
Q

What is the normal heart rate for a cat and what is it typically in a clinic setting?

A

Normal 140-220 bpm, clinic - average 200

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10
Q

Although we are given preset ranges of normal heart rate, what should you base normal or abnormal instead of just the reference ranges of ‘normal’?

A

Demeanor of the patient

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11
Q

When should the respiratory rate be taken?

A

During general inspection, from afar

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12
Q

Respiratory rate should not be taken in a patient that is actively __________.

A

Panting

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13
Q

What is the typical respiratory rate in clinic versus at home?

A

Clinic - <48 bpm, home - <36 bpm

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14
Q

What is orthopnea?

A

Open mouth breathing

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15
Q

What is stridor?

A

High pitched wheeze

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16
Q

What is stertor?

A

Snoring

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17
Q

What is the term for ‘air hunger’, that indicates an interpretation of a patient to be in distress due to lack of oxygenation, and is an emergency situation?

A

Dyspnea

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18
Q

When a patient has a productive cough (a cough in which they swallow afterward), is this typical of cardiovascular disease?

A

No, respiratory disease

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19
Q

A honking cough is typically indicative of what?

A

Airway collapse

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20
Q

What color and texture of discharge with coughing indicate heart disease (and other diseases) and is an emergency situation?

A

Pink, foamy liquid

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21
Q

Crackles on respiratory auscultation localize the issue to what location?

A

Bronchoalveolar

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22
Q

Loud crackles throughout inspiration is indicative of what?

A

Bronchitis

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23
Q

When would you hear crackles on respiratory auscultation with pneumonia and congestive heart failure? (

A

End inspiratory crackles

24
Q

Wheezing on respiratory auscultation localizes the issue to what location?

A

Airway

25
Q

Focal reduced sounds on respiratory auscultation are more typical of what pathology?

A

Mass

26
Q

Diffuse reduced sounds on respiratory auscultation are more typical of what pathology?

A

Pleural fluid

27
Q

What is a wider pulse pressure usually due to?

A

Reduced end diastolic pressure

28
Q

What will a reduced systolic pressure do to pulse pressure?

A

Lower it

29
Q

What three things is pulse pressure dependent on?

A

Stroke volume, vascular resistance, and heart rate

30
Q

Listed below are diseases that can cause bounding pulses, give the species they are pertinent to.
- Patent ductus arteriosus
- Aortic insufficiency
- Hyperthyroidism
- High sympathetic tone and anemia are not species specific

A
  • Patent ductus arteriosus (Dogs)
  • Aortic insufficiency (Horse)
  • Hyperthyroidism (Cats)
  • High sympathetic tone and anemia are not species specific
31
Q

What changes in preload, contractility, and afterload would cause a weak pulse/smaller pulse pressure?

A

Reduced preload, reduced contractility, increased afterload

32
Q

An absent arterial pulse is indicative of what?

A

Thromboembolism

33
Q

Besides arrhythmias, what can cause a variable pulse?

A

Pulsus paradoxus/pericardial effusion

34
Q

If you are listening to a patient and feeling the pulse concurrently but for an occasional beat of the heart, do not feel a coinciding pulse, what does this indicate?

A

Premature beats

35
Q

Why do premature beats not have a corresponding pulse?

A

Decreased preload → decrease stroke volume → decreased cardiac output = decrease pulse pressure → no pulse!

36
Q

What does the presence of a jugular pulse indicate?

A

Elevated right heart pressure

37
Q

Diffusely blue mucous membranes indicate what two potential causes of deoxygenated blood?

A

Cardiac or respiratory

38
Q

Focal blue mucous membranes can be potentially caused by what?

A

Thromboembolism

39
Q

What is the normal capillary refill time?

A

<2-3 seconds

40
Q

Where should you feel the heartbeat on precordial palpation of the heart?

A

5th ICS on the left side

41
Q

What does a more easily felt right precordial palpated heartbeat (easier to feel that the left side) indicate?

A

Right heart enlargement or cardiac displacement

42
Q

Sinus arrhythmias are normal in dogs but not in what species?

A

Cats

43
Q

What is the period between S1 to S2 heart sounds?

A

Systole

44
Q

What is indicated by S1 splitting?

A

Asynchronous AV valve closure

45
Q

How can you tell the difference between a physiologic S2 splitting and a pathologic S2 splitting?

A

Respiration, if it varies with respiration → physiologic, if it is fixed, pathologic, specifically atrial septal defect

46
Q

What would you hear on cardiac auscultation of a patient with degenerative valve disease?

A

Clicks-systolic sound → ‘lub’-click-’dub’

47
Q

(T/F) If you can hear S3 or S4 in a dog/cat, it indicates cardiovascular disease.

A

True

48
Q

What are gallops in terms of abnormal heart sounds?

A

Extra diastolic sound, a sound in S3 and S4, abnormal for small animals only

49
Q

In general, what do murmurs result from?

A

Turbulent blood flow

50
Q

Increased ___________ (velocity/viscosity/diameter) explains almost all murmurs.

A

Velocity

51
Q

What would cause increased viscosity that can cause turbulent blood flow and consequent murmurs?

A

Anemia

52
Q

Pathologic murmurs are typically related to abnormal AV valve _________ (closure/opening) and abnormal semilunar valve __________ (closure/opening), this means most murmurs are ____________ (diastolic/systolic).

A

Closure, opening, systolic

53
Q

If you can hear a murmur in 3 of the heart auscultation locations, what would you grade the murmur?

A

Grade 3

54
Q

What would you grade a murmur that is loud on auscultation and has a palpable thrill?

A

Grade 5

55
Q

What grades and timing are constant for innocent or non pathologic murmurs?

A

Soft grade → 2 or less, and always systolic

Breathing and Cir. Exam 1 (8 decks)

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