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Ongoing Meical Care > Radiology > Flashcards

Radiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different imaging modalities

A 
Xray
Computed Tomography 
Magnetic Resonance 
Ultrasound 
Nuclear Medicine
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2
Q

Five Basic radiographic densities for Xray and the color

A 
Air (Darkest) 
Fat (Less Dark) 
Fluid/ Blood/ Soft Tissue (Gray) 
Bone (White) 
Metal/Contrast (Most White)
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3
Q

How are X ray used?

A

A single pulse of Ionizing Radiation

Radiation is low dose but some have more radiation than others

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4
Q

What is X ray good and bad for?

A

Good: Bones and Airspaces
Bad: Soft tissue and Overlapping structures

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5
Q

How does X ray represent an object

A

Two dimensional representation of a three dimensional object

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6
Q

What is a X Ray AP abbreviation and who is it used for

A

Anteroposterior (Front to back)

Non-Ambulatory Patients. Unable to stand or sit
Lower Quality
Back is placed next to the film

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7
Q

What is the X ray LAT Abbreviation and what is it used for?

A

Lateral View (Side View)

Usually taken in conjunction with a PA view
Allows viewing of structures behind the heart (mediastinum) and provides three dimensional image

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8
Q

What is X ray OBL abbreviation and when is it used for?

A

Oblique

At an angle used mostly on limbs

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9
Q

What does X ray PA abbreviation stand for and when is it used?

A

Posteroanterior (Back to front) used in Chest X rays

Objects that is closer to the film has sharper borders
Chest next to the film thereby placing most of the important structures closer to the film (Heart and great vessels)
Heart size is minimally magnified and borders are sharp

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10
Q

How does Computed Tomography capture their picture

A

Emits Radiation
Shows in black, white and gray depending on density

Uses: Multiple pulses (shots) of ionizing radiation

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11
Q

For CT, how strong is the radiation dose

A

Radiation is high doses

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12
Q

Gold Standard for evaluating sever trauma and mainly intra abdominal disease

A

Computed Tomography (CT)

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13
Q

What is CT good for

A

Bone, airspaces, some soft tissue and overlapping structures (especially in trauma and abdomen)

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14
Q

What are CT bad for

A

Some soft tissues (nerves, muscle, connective tissue), patients with retained metallic objects (artifacts)

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15
Q

What are the CT Views

A

Sagittal/Median (Sides/Left to right)
Coronal (Front to back)
Axial or Transverse or Cross-sectional (Top to bottom)

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16
Q

Uses of Magnetic Resonance Imaging

A

Use Electromagnetism and radio frequency properties

No exposure to ionizing radiation but time consuming

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17
Q

MRI are good for?

A

Soft Tissue (nerves, muscles, connective tissue, brain, joints)

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18
Q

MRI are bad for

A

People who cannot hold still or have ferrous metal in the body

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19
Q

MR views are identical to what

A

Computed Tomography

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20
Q

What are the uses of ultrasound

A

determine cholecystitis and pregnancy. Echocardiogram
No radiation, Cant go very deep. Using Sound waves

Operator dependent
Image produced is a focused segment of the object
rapid and portable

21
Q

Ultrasounds are good for

A

Determining Fluid vs Solids
Abdominopelvic imaging (gallbladder, kidneys, uterus, testis)
Assessing blood flow (Doppler)

22
Q

Ultrasounds are bad for

A

Things under bone (chest) and air filled chambers, deep things

23
Q

Ultrasounds views

A

Longitudinal (Same as sagittal)

Transverse (same as axial)

24
Q

What do nuclear medicine use for their agent

A

Radioactive agent/radioactive tracer. Given IV

25
Q

What are nuclear medicine good for

A

Detecting normal or abnormal physiologic process. Function and bone lesions

Thyroid nodules
Parathyroid images
Renal Images
Pulmonary Embolism

26
Q

What is nuclear medicine bad for

A

Determining Anatomy. Showing less anatomic details

27
Q

What is a Oblique Fx

A

Has angulated fracture line

28
Q

What is a transverse fx

A

Runs perpendicular to the shaft of the bone

29
Q

Spiral fx

A

Has a multipolar and complex facture line

30
Q

Overriding fx

A

One bone is displaced over the other

31
Q

Distraction Fx

A

Fragments are separated by a gap

32
Q

Torus fx

A

Looks like a bump classified as incomplete fx seen in children

33
Q

Greenstick fx

A

fx by bending like a green twig classified as incomplete fx seen in children

34
Q

Comminuted Fx

A

Have more than two fracture fragments

35
Q

What are you looking for in A

A

Airway/Trachea: Midline and patent

Airspace: Blood vessels go all the way to the vessel, and patches of white?

36
Q

What are you looking for in B

A

Clavicles, Ribs, Pectoral girdle, spine: Alignment, symmetry, and fractures

37
Q

What are you looking for in C

A

Cardiac Silhouette
Transverse Diameter of the silhouette should not exceed 50% of the transverse diameter of the thoracic cage called Cardiothoracic ratio (only PA films)
AP Films magnify the heart
Shallow inspiration makes the heart horizontal and larger

Cardiac Borders

38
Q

What are you looking for in D

A

Diaphragm
Should be dome-shaped
Right hemidiaphragm is higher than or equal to the left
Checking the costophrenic angles (sulcus) dark and sharp pointed (Upside down cat ears)

39
Q

What are you looking for in E

A

Everything else

Looking for gastric bubble
EKG leads, lines, tubing and other missed items

40
Q

When to order an image

A
  1. Imaging should confirm a suspicion
  2. Image should impact your treatment
  3. Request should include relevant and brief patient history with the purpose of the evaluation
41
Q

What are the Ottawa ankle rules

A
  • Pain in the malleolar zone AND
  • Has bone tenderness at the posterior edge (6mm) of the lateral or medial malleolus OR
  • Inability to bear weight both immediately after the injury and for four steps in the exam room.
42
Q

When can a patient bare weight for their ankle

A
  • Can transfer weight twice to each foot

- Patient limps

43
Q

Ottawa rules for the foot

A
  • Pain in the midfoot region AND
  • Has bone tenderness at the base of the 5th metatarsal or navicular OR
  • Inability to bear weight both immediately after the injury and for four steps in the exam room
44
Q

What are some suspicion of stress fx

A
  • X-ray may be normal initially
  • If initial imaging is neg and there is suspicion for stress fx, MRI is the preferred choice
  • X-rays can be repeated in 10-14 days, if the area of concerns does not involve the pelvis or hip
45
Q

Gold standard imaging for trauma

A

Computed Tomography CT

46
Q

Knee series is indicated if:

A 
Age >55 yo 
Isolated tenderness of the patella 
Tenderness at the head of the fibula 
Inability to flex the knee to 90 degrees 
Weight bearing rules
47
Q

Shoulder and Hand imaging should be considered when:

A

Traumatic Cause
Presence of sever pain
Loss of range of motion

48
Q

What makes the three articulations of the elbow

A

Radiohumeral
Ulnohumeral
Radioulnar (Proximal radioulnar joint)

Ongoing Meical Care (7 decks)

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