Clinical Care of Hematologic, Immune and Lymphatic system Flashcards

1
Q

What level anemia is defined by a hematocrit levels of male and female adults?

A

Male: less than 47%
Females: less than 37%

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2
Q

What should be ordered for every patient coming in for a blood disorder/condition

A

CBC (Complete blood count) with differential

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3
Q

What is the most common cause of anemia world wide

A

Iron deficiency

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4
Q

What increases the chances of anemia

A

Menstruation, pregnancy, and frequent blood donors

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5
Q

What are hall mark signs and symptoms for anemia

A
  • Skin and mucosal changes
  • Smooth tongue
  • brittle nails
  • cheilosis (cracks on the corners of the mouth)
  • Develop Pica, craving for specific foods (Ice chips) often not rich with iron
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6
Q

Treatment for Anemia

A

Ferrous sulfate (iron supplement) 325 mg three times a day for 3-6 months

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7
Q

What will be the serum be for someone with vitamin B12 deficiency

A

Serum vitamin B12 level <100 pg/mL

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8
Q

Which people are most common who have vitamin B12 deficiency

A

Vegans (strict vegetarians who avoid all dairy products as well as meat and fish)

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9
Q

When doing a CBC w/ Diff, what is a hallmark for Vitamin B12 deficiency?

A

Megaloblastic anemia (LARGE RBC) characteristic find is macro-ovalocyte with hyper-segmented neutrophils

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10
Q

What are the lab results for Overt deficiency and symptomatic deficiency for vitamin B12

A

Overt: <170 pg/mL
Symptomatic: <100 pg/mL

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11
Q

What is the treatment for vitamin B12 deficiency

A

IM injection of vitamin B12. Daily for the first week, weekly for the first month, then monthly for life

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12
Q

What deficiency is a hereditary enzyme defect that causes episodic hemolytic anemia because of the decreased ability of red blood cells to deal with oxidative stresses

A

Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)

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13
Q

Oxidized hemoglobin denatures and forms precipitants called what and what do they do to the cell?

A
  • Heinz bodies

- Cause membrane damage, which leads to removal of these cells by the spleen

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14
Q

Hemolysis occurs as a results of oxidative stress on the red blood cells, generated by drugs to include

A

Primaquine (malaria medication

Dapsone 
Quinidine 
Quinine 
Sulfonamides 
Nitrofurantoin 
Aspirin 
Ciprofloxacin
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15
Q

What are the shape of cells you would see in a red blood cell smear in G6PD patients

A

reveal a small number of (bite) cells

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16
Q

What anemia is an autosomal recessive disorder in which an abnormal hemoglobin (hemoglobin S) leads to chronic hemolytic anemia with numerous clinical consequences

A

Sickle Cell

17
Q

What symptoms do people with sickle cell anemia usually complain about

A

Acute painful episodes including bone (back and long bones) and the chest. Episodes last hours to days and may produce low-grade fever

18
Q

What are the hallmarks when drawing labs on someone with sickle cell anemia

A

Nucleated red blood cells.

Hypersplenism such as Howell-Jolly Bodies and target cells

19
Q

What should patients with the sickle cell trait should avoid

A

Acute painful episodes only under extreme conditions such as vigorous exertion at high altitudes (in unpressurized aircraft)

20
Q

What is a malignancy of the hematopoietic progenitor cell. These cells proliferate in an uncontrolled fashion and replace normal bone marrow elements

A

Leukemia

21
Q

What is ALL, who does it it affect

A

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Comprised 80% in childhood and 20% in adults

22
Q

What is AML and who is affected

A

Acute Myeloid leukemia

Primarily Adult diseases with a median age presentation of 60 years and increasing incidence with advanced age

23
Q

For people with Leukemia, where would bone tenderness may be presented?

A

Long bones such as the sternum, tibia and femur

24
Q

What is the hallmark in lab for someone with leukemia under a microscope

A

Combination of pancytopenia with circulating blasts

25
Q

What is the treatment for leukemia

A
  • Referral to hematologist
  • MEDEVAC
  • Combination chemo and radiation therapy will be the mainstay of therapy
26
Q

What is leukocytosis and Leukopenia

A

Leukocytosis: High white cell count
Leukopenia: Low total white cell count (<4400 cells/microL)

27
Q

What is thrombocytopenia

A

Abnormally low amount of circulating platelets

28
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of thrombocytopenia

A
  • Petechia (red bruising)/ red spots

- Mucocutaneous bleeding

29
Q

What is thrombocytosis

A

Abnormally high amount of circulating thrombocytes (>450,000)

30
Q

What is the treatment of thrombocytosis

A

Refer to hematology if there is no infectious cause or it does not resolve on its own in 2-4 weeks

31
Q

Two classifications of lymphadenopathy

A

Localized - Only in one region

Generalized - More than one region

32
Q

Common causes of lymphadenopathy

A

HIV
TB
Lupus
Infectious Mono