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Ongoing Meical Care > Hematology > Flashcards

Hematology Flashcards

1
Q

What is blood?

A

Liquid Connective tissue that consists of cells surrounded by extracellular matrix

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2
Q

What are the blood three general functions

A

Transportation, Regulation, and protection

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3
Q

What binds oxygen in the red blood cell

A

Hemoglobin which contains iron

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4
Q

What do the Hematological System carry throughout the body?

A

Nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract
Head and waste products
Hormones
Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide

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5
Q

What do the Hematological System cell regulate?

A

The pH of the body fluids
Heat absorbing and coolant properties
Blood osmotic pressure

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6
Q

How do the Hematological System protect the body

A
  • Blood Clots protects aggressive loss of blood
  • White blood cells protect against disease by phagocytosis and producing antibodies
  • contain additional proteins called interferons and complements to help protect against disease
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7
Q

How much blood is in a average adult male and female

A

Male: 5-6 liters
Women: 4-5 liters

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8
Q

What are the two components of whole blood and the percentage

A

Blood Plasma: 55%

Formed Elements: 45%

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9
Q

What type of components make the formed elements of blood

A

99% Red blood cells

> 1% pale colorless WBC and platelets

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10
Q

What is Hematocrit

A

The percentage of RBC that occupies in the total blood volume

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11
Q

What is the normal range of HCT for males and females

A

Males: 42%-52%
Females: 37%-47%

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12
Q

Is made up of the WBCs and platelets which are <1% of total blood volume

A

Buffy Coat

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13
Q

What is in the blood plasma and the percentage of each

A

Water: 91.5%
Proteins: 7%
Solutes: 1.5%

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14
Q

Which protein is most plentiful plasma protein, which account 54% of all plasma protein?

A

Albumins

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15
Q

What organ is responsible for proteins to be synthesized?

A

Liver

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16
Q

What are the normal ranges for RBC in males and females?

A
  1. 3 million RBC/uL Men

4. 8 million RBC/ul Females

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17
Q

How long do RBC live?

A

120 days/4 months

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18
Q

Normal Range for WBC and how long do they live

A

5,000-10,000uL

Few hours to a few days

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19
Q

The function of a WBC

A

Combat pathogens and other foreign substances that enter the body

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20
Q

What are the granular leukocytes cells?

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

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21
Q

What are the percentage of Neutrophils in WBC and their function?

A

50-70% most plentiful

Destroys bacteria with lysozymes, defensins and strong oxidants

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22
Q

What are the percentage of Eosinophils in WBC and their function?

A

1-5%

Destroys certain parasitic worms

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23
Q

What are the percentage of Basophils in WBC and their function?

A
  • 0-1%

- Heparin, histamine, and serotonin that intensifies the inflammatory response in allergic reactions

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24
Q

What are Agranular Leukocytes in WBC?

A

Lymphocytes (T cells, B cells and Natural killer cells)
Monocytes
Platelets

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25
Q

What are the percentage of Lymphocytes in WBC and their function?

A

20-40% of all WBC (2nd most abundant)

Big responses to viruses (in general)

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26
Q

What are the percentage of Monocytes in WBC and their function?

A

1-6%

Phagocytic (transform into a fixed histiocyte or a wandering macrophage)

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27
Q

What are the normal ranges for Platelets and their function

A

150,000-400,00/uL

  • Live for 5-9 days
  • Form platelet plug during hemostasis, release chemicals that promote vascular spasm and blood clotting
28
Q

The process by which the formed elements of blood develop is called?

A

Hemopoiesis or Hematopoiesis

29
Q

The primary site of hemopoiesis?

A

Red bone marrow

30
Q

Which cell has the capacity to develop into different cell types

A

Pluripotent Stem Cells

31
Q

With stimulation by specific hormones these stem cells will further differentiate into 2 cell lines:

A

Myeloid and lymphoid

32
Q

Cells that differentiate further into several specific types of cells which mature in the bone marrow and the types that fall under this classification

A

Myeloid stem cells

Red cells 
Platelets 
Eosinophils 
Mast Cells 
Basophils 
Neutrophils 
Monocytes
33
Q

What cells begin development in the bone marrow but mature in the lymphatic tissues and what are the cells

A

Lymphoid cells

T Cells
B Cells
Natural Killer Cells

34
Q

What are immature neutrophils. Before they are mature into the adult cell

A

Bands

35
Q

What is usually considered a poor prognosis and >10% bands considered abnormal

A

A left shift

36
Q

Associated with myelodysplastic disorders. Most immature cells of myeloid process associated with certain cancers

A

Blast cells

37
Q

What is a sequence of responses that stops bleeding when blood vessels are injured and is a quick, localized to the region of damage, and carefully controlled

A

Hemostasis

38
Q

The three mechanism can reduce loss of blood from vessels

A

Vascular Spasm
Platelet plug formation
Blood clotting (coagulation)

39
Q

When blood vessel is damaged, the smooth muscle in its wall contracts immediately, a response called

A

Vascular Spasm

40
Q

When platelets come into contact with parts of a damaged blood vessel, their characteristics changed drastically and they quickly come together to form (what) to help fill the gap in the injured blood vessel wall

A

Platelet plug formation

41
Q

What is a straw-colored liquid plasma minus the clotting proteins

A

Serum

42
Q

Clotting (coagulation) factors include

A
  • Calcium ions (CA2+)
  • Several enzymes that are made by liver cells and released into the blood
  • Various molecules associated with platelets or released by damaged tissues
43
Q

What are the three stages when clotting occurs

A
  1. Prothrombinase is formed
  2. Prothrombinase converts prothrombin (with the help of Vitamin K) into thrombin
  3. Thrombin converts soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin
44
Q

What can inhibit step 3 in the clotting stages?

A

Cigarette smoke

45
Q

What is fibrinolysis

A
  • When a blood clot is formed and inactive plasma called plasminogen is incorporated into the clot
  • Blood and body tissues contain substances that activate plasminogen into plasmin. Once activated, plasmin begins digesting and dissolving fibrin threads thus removing the clot.
46
Q

Clotting in an unbroken blood vessels is called

A

Thrombosis

47
Q

A blood clot, bubble of air, fat from broken bones, or a piece of debris transported by the bloodstream is called

A

Embolus

48
Q

Where do emboli form

A

Often in veins where blood flows is slower

49
Q

The surface of RBC contain a genetically determined assortment of antigens composed of

A

glycolipids and glycoproteins

50
Q

What are antigens that occur in characteristics combinations

A

Agglutinogens

51
Q

What are the two major blood groups

A

ABO and Rh

52
Q

What do plasma usually contain that react with the A or B antigens if the two are mixed

A

Antibodies or Agglutinins

52
Q

What do plasma usually contain that react with the A or B antigens if the two are mixed

A

Antibodies or Agglutinins

53
Q

Which method of blood transfusion has the advantages of simulating presence of red blood, plasma, and fresh platelets in the perfect 1-1-1 ratio.

A

Fresh Whole blood

54
Q

What are the indications for Fresh Whole Blood

A
  • Massive hemorrhage when more than 10 units are expected to be required
  • Cardiac Surgery
55
Q

Which transfusion Commonly used to raise hemoglobin. Each unit is about 300mL and of which 200mL consist of RBC. One unit will usually bring up the hemoglobin by about 1g/dL

A

Packed Red Blood Cells

56
Q

What are the current guidelines when giving packed RBC

A

Hemoglobin falls below 7-8g/dL threshold for critically ill patients

57
Q

What is the ratio for transfusion for Packed RBC

A

For every unit if packed RBCs given, you should give a unit of FFP and unit of platelets for a 1-1-1 ratio

58
Q

What are the characteristics of Leukocyte poor blood transfusion

A
  • Reduce incidence of leucoagglutination reactions, platelets alloimmunization, transfusion related acute lung injury and CMV exposure
59
Q

What are some of the characteristics of Autologous Packed RBCs for blood transfusion

A
  • Patients donate their blood if necessary for elective surgery
  • Units can be refrigerated up to 35 days or longer depending on anticoagulant used
60
Q

What are characteristics of Frozen RBC

A
  • Allow units to be glycerolized and frozen for up to 10 years
  • One ACP215 can deglycerolize one unit in 1 hour
  • After deglycerolize, units can be ready for transfer or refrigerated for additional 14 days
61
Q

What should happen before a transfusion to occur

A

The recipient and the donor’s blood need to be typed and cross matched to avoid hemolytic transfusion reaction

62
Q

What happens if a mother of O negative blood (Rh negative) is impregnated with a second child having a Rh positive baby.

A

Provide rho-gram after deliver Rh positive offspring. (4 months before delivery)

63
Q

Treatment for Leukoagglutinin reaction

A
  • Acetaminophen 500-600mg PO
  • Diphenhydramine 25mg PO or IV
  • Hydrocortisone 1mg/kg IV
64
Q

Treatment for Hypersensitivity Reactions

A

Provide these types of patients with washed or frozen RBC to avoid future severe reactions

65
Q

These reactions are almost always due to exposure to allogeneic plasma proteins rather than to leukocytes

A

Hypersensitivity reactions

Ongoing Meical Care (7 decks)

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