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Ongoing Meical Care > Lymphatic and Immune System > Flashcards

Lymphatic and Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

Which body system is responsible for adaptive immunity, consisting of lymph, lymphatic vessels, a number of structures and organs containing lymphatic tissues and red bone marrow

A

Lymphatic system

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2
Q

What type of specialized tissue makes the lymphatic system

A

Form of reticular connective tissue that contains large numbers of lymphocytes

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3
Q

After interstitial fluid passes into lymphatic vessels, it is called

A

Lymph

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4
Q

The main difference of blood plasma and lymph interstitial fluid

A

interstitial fluid and lymph contain less protein than blood plasma because most plasma protein molecules are too large to filter through the capillary wall.

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5
Q

Each day, about how many liters of fluid filter from blood into tissue spaces.

A

20 L

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6
Q

About how many liters of the fluid filtered daily from the arterial end of blood capillaries return to the blood directly by reabsorption at the venous end of the capillaries.

A

17 L

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7
Q

How many liters remain per day into lymphatic vessels and are then returned to the blood

A

3 L

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8
Q

Three Primary Functions of Lymphatic System

A
  • Drain excess interstitial fluid
  • Transport Dietary Lipids
  • Carries out immune responses
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9
Q

What vitamins do the lymphatic system absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract into the blood

A

Vitamin K, A, D,E

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10
Q

Where does the lymphatic vessels begin?

A

Lymphatic Capillaries

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11
Q

When pressure is greater in interstitial fluid than in lymph, the cells do what?

A

separate slightly, like a one-way swinging door, and interstitial fluid enters the lymphatic capillary.

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12
Q

When pressure is greater inside the lymphatic capillary, the cells

A

adhere more closely and lymph cannot escape back into interstitial fluid.

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13
Q

What are the two main channels of the lymph

A

The thoracic duct or the right lymphatic duct.

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14
Q

The thoracic duct, the main lymph collecting duct, receives lymph from

A

the left side of the head, neck, and chest; the left upper limb; and the entire body below the ribs.

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15
Q

The right lymphatic duct drains lymph from the

A

upper right side of the body

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16
Q

What two pumps aid the return of venous blood to the heart to maintain the flow of lymph

A

Skeletal Muscle Pump

Respiratory Pump

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17
Q

What do the Skeletal muscle pump

A

The “milking action” of skeletal muscle contractions compresses lymphatic vessels (as well as veins) and forces lymph toward the subclavian veins.

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18
Q

What do the Respiratory pump do?

A

1) Lymph flow is also maintained by pressure changes that occur during inhalation (breathing in).
2) Lymph flows from the abdominal region, where the pressure is higher, toward the thoracic region, where it is lower.
3) When the pressures reverse during exhalation (breathing out), the valves prevent backflow of lymph.

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19
Q

Primary Lymphatic Organs include:

A

(1) Red bone marrow - flat bones and the ends of the long bones of adults, where stem cells give rise to mature B Cells and immature T Cells.
(2) Thymus - T cells migrate to the thymus, where they mature into functional T cells. The Thymus is a two-lobed organ located posterior to the sternum. It contains large numbers of T cells and macrophages.

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20
Q

The Secondary Lymphatic Organs include:

A
  • Lymph nodes, located along lymphatic vessels
  • The spleen is the largest single mass of lymphatic tissue in the body
  • Lymphatic Nodules
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21
Q

What do lymph nodes do

A
  • Contain mature B cells, Plasma cells, T cells, dendritic cells, and
    macrophages.
  • Filter lymph, trap foreign substances (Macrophages & lymphocytes destroy most foreign substances)
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22
Q

What do spleens do

A

Contains two types of tissue

  1. white pulp (lymphatic tissue where B and T cells carry out immune responses)
  2. red pulp (blood-filled sinuses where worn-out blood cells and platelets are removed).
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23
Q

What do lymphatic nodules do

A

They are plentiful in the connective tissue of mucous membranes lining the gastrointestinal, urinary, and reproductive tracts and the respiratory airways.

24
Q

What is Innate Immunity

A

Includes barriers provided by the skin and mucous membranes (First line of Defense) and also includes various internal defenses (Second line of Defense)

25
Q

What is Adaptive Immunity

A

Involves lymphocytes called B cells and T cells and there are two
types of adaptive immunity: Cell-mediated immunity and antibody-mediated immunity

26
Q

What do PHagocytes do

A

specialized cells that perform phagocytosis. Thus the ingestion of microbes or other particles.

27
Q

What do Natural killer cells do

A

These have the ability to kill a wide variety of microbes and tumor cells. They cause cellular destruction by releasing proteins that destroy the target cells membrane

28
Q

What does Inflammation do

A

non-specific response of body to tissue damage. It prevents spread to other tissues and prepares site for repair.

29
Q

What does Fever do

A

intensifies effects of interferons, inhibits microbial growth and speeds up reactions that aid in repair

30
Q

What are the internal defenses?

A 
Antimicrobial substances 
Phagocytes 
Natural Killer Cells 
Inflammation 
Fever
31
Q

How does the skin and the mucous membrane protect themselves from microbes and bacteria?

A

Skin: Many layers of closely packed, keratinized cells, the epidermis and have continual shedding
Mucous Membrane: Mucus is sticky and trapping microbes and foreign substances.

32
Q

Lymphocytes, macrophages, and fibroblasts infected with viruses produce proteins called?

A

Interferons

33
Q

What do interferons (IFNs) do when they are released?

A

Diffuse to uninfected neighboring cells, where they stimulate synthesis of proteins that interfere with viral replications

34
Q

What is the process called when complement protein binds to the surface of a microbe and promote phagocytosis

A

Opsonization

35
Q

What are short peptides that have a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity?

A

Antimicrobial proteins

36
Q

The four signs and symptoms of inflammation

A

Redness, pain, heat and swelling

37
Q

What cells produce what fever causing substance

A

Macrophages and interleukin-1

38
Q

What happens to the body when the body temperature intensifies

A

Effects of interferons, inhibits the growth of some microbes, and speeds up body reactions that aid repair

39
Q

What are the characteristics of Innate immunity

A
  • Not specifically directed against a particular type of invader
40
Q

What is any substance such as microbes, foods, drugs, pollen, or tissue that the immune system recognizes as foreign

A

An antigen

41
Q

What is the branch of science that deals with the responses of the body to antigens is ?

A

Immunology

42
Q

What cells are involved with adaptive immunity

A

Lymphocytes called B cells and T cells

43
Q

Where do B cells and T cells complete their development

A

B cells: Red bone marrow

T cells: Migrate from the red bone marrow to the thymus

44
Q

What are the two major types of mature T cells that leave they thymus

A

Helper T cells and Cytotoxic T cells

45
Q

What are the two types of adaptive immunity and what triggers them

A

Cell mediated immunity
Antibody mediated immunity

Both by antigens

46
Q

What happens in cell mediated immunity

A

Cytotoxic T cells directly attack invading antigens

47
Q

What happens in antibody mediated immunity

A

B cells transform into plasma cells, which synthesize and secretes specific proteins called antibodies
A given antibody can bind to and inactivate a specific antigen

48
Q

Cell mediated immunity is particularly effective against and how does it affect the way it attacks

A
  1. INtracellular pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, fungi that are in the cell
  2. Some cancer cells
  3. Foreign tissue transplant

Cells attacking cells

49
Q

How does antibody mediated immunity works and what is referred as

A

Works mainly against Extracellular pathogens that are outside the body
Humoral immunity

50
Q

What is the process by which a lymphocyte proliferates and differentiates in response to a specific antigen

A

Clonal Selection

51
Q

What are the two major types of cells in the clone that a lymphocyte undergoes during clonal selection

A

Effector and memory cells

52
Q

What are included as effector cells and what do they do

A

Active T cells
Active Cytotoxic T Cells
Plasma Cells

Carry out immune responses that ultimately results in the destruction or inactivation of the antigen

53
Q

What do memory cells do and which cells are memory cells

A
  • If the same antigen enters the body again in the future, they are available to initiate a far swifter reaction than the first invasion
  • Memory helper T cells
  • Memory cytotoxic T cells
  • Memory B Cells
54
Q

What causes the body to produce specific antibodies and/or specific T cells that react with it

A

Antigen

55
Q

What is located on the plasma membrane surface of most body cells that are protein “self antigens”

A

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

Ongoing Meical Care (7 decks)

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