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Gastrointestinal Flashcards

1
Q

Two groups of organs that makes the digestive system

A
  • Gastrointestinal Tract (Alimentary Canal)
  • Accessory Digestive organs
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2
Q

What is the gastrointestinal tract (alimentary canal)

A
  • A continuous tube that extends from the mouth to the anus
  • Mouth, Pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines
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3
Q

What are the Accessory digestive organs

A
  • Organs that aid in digestion
  • Teeth, tongue, salivary gland, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
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4
Q

What are the three abdomen regions

A
  1. Intrathoracic
  2. True Abdomen
  3. The retroperitoneal abdomen
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5
Q

What consist in the intrathoracic area and where is enclosed

A

Enclosed by the lower ribs and immediately distal to the diaphragm

  • Liver (Solid)
  • Gallbladder (Solid but contained)
  • Spleen (Solid)
  • Stomach (Hollow)
  • Transverse Colon (Hollow)
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6
Q

What is contained in the True Abdomen

A

Small intestines
Large intestines
Liver, lower portions
Bladder

Females: Uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries

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7
Q

What is contained in the retroperitoneal abdomen and where does it lie

A

Lies behind the thoracic and true portions. Being separated by the retroperitoneal membrane from the other (SADPUCKER)

Superarenal gland
Aortic/IVC
Pancreas
Ureters
Colon
Kidneys
Esophagus
Rectum

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8
Q

What are the six basic functions of digestion

A

Ingestion
Mixing and propulsion
Secretion
Absorption
Digestion
Defecation

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9
Q

What function is taking in foods and liquids through the mouth

A

Ingestion

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10
Q

What basic functions of digestion is where the cells lining the GI tract produces water, acid, buffers and enzymes to aid digestion

A

Secretion

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11
Q

What basic function of digestion is continuous contraction and relaxation moving food along the GI tract

A

Mixing and Propulsion

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12
Q

What basic function of digestion is Mechanical and chemical process that breaks down the food

A

Digestion

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13
Q

What basic functions of digestion is:
Small molecules produced in digestion moved into spaces to be used by cells

A

Absorption

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14
Q

What function is:
Elimination of materials not absorbed by our body indigestion

A

Defecation

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15
Q

What are the layers of the Gastrointestinal Tract

A

Mucosa - Innermost lining
Submucosa
Muscularis
Serosa

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16
Q

Which lining is the innermost lining of the GI tract in direct contact with the substances passing through

A

Mucosa

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17
Q

Which lining is made up of areolar connective tissues that bind the mucosa to the muscularis. Containing blood and lymphatic vessels which absorb food molecules as they are broken down

A

Submucosa

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18
Q

Which cell tissue layer contains skeletal (voluntary) muscles and smooth (involuntary) muscles.

A

Muscularis

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19
Q

Which serosa sub layer is the outermost layer around the organs of the GI tract

A

Visceral

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20
Q

Which serosa sub layer lines the walls of the abdominal cavity

A

Parietal Layer

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21
Q

Which layer is the “fatty apron” that drapes over the transverse colon and small intestines

A

G (Greater Omentum)

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22
Q

Which layer binds the small intestines to the posterior abdominal wall

A

M (mesentery) layer

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23
Q

What is the function of the saliva

A
  • Helps dissolve foods and begins digestion
  • Made up of 99.5% water and 0.5% solutes
  • Contain lysozomes that kills bacteria to prevent tooth decay and infection
  • Amylase to break down starches
  • Lubricate food to assist with swallowing
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24
Q

Which accessory digestive organ is made up of skeletal muscle and forms the floor of the oral cavity

A

the tongue

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25
What is the fold of mucous membrane in the midline underneath the tongue that limits the movements of the tongue posteriorly
Frenulum
26
Which is a muscular tube, lined with stratified squamous epithelium and lies posterior to the trachea
Esophagus
27
What muscle makes up the: Upper Esophageal sphincter Lower Esophageal sphincter
Upper Esophageal sphincter: Skeletal muscle Lower Esophageal sphincter: Smooth muscle
28
What are the phases of swallowing
Voluntary Pharyngeal Esophageal
29
Which phases of swallowing is: - Bolus forced into the oropharynx by the movement of the tongue upward and backward against the palate
Voluntary
30
Which phases of swallowing is: Begins when the bolus is in the oropharynx. Breathing is interrupted, epiglottis seals off the larynx, and upper esophageal sphincter relaxes and the bolus moves into the esophagus
Pharyngeal
31
Which phases of swallowing is: Begins when the bolus moves into the esophagus and pushes through via peristalsis into the stomach
Esophageal
32
What is the acidity of the stomach
pH of 2 (TG) or 1.5-3.5 or Anything below 7.
33
What are the four regions of the stomach
Cardia, Fundus, Body and pylorus
34
What are the different cells that are in the stomach
Mucous Neck Cells Chief Cells Parietal Cells G cells
35
What do the different type of cells excrete: - Mucous Neck Cell - Chief Cells - Parietal Cells - G Cells
- Mucous Neck Cell: Excrete Mucous - Chief Cells: Excrete Pepsinogen - Parietal Cells: Hydrochloric Acid and Intrinsic Factor - G Cells: Gastrin into the blood stream
36
What helps convert pepsinogen into pepsin
Hydrochloric Acid from the Parietal cell
37
What is a thick liquid with the consistency of pea soup in the stomach that is made up of gastric juices and macerated food particles
Chyme
38
What specialized areas located in the pancreas
Islets of Langerhans
39
What are the common chemicals/hormones that area created in the islets of Langerhans and what cells does it come from
Alpha: Glucagon to prevent blood glucose level dropping low Beta: Produce Insulin
40
What is contain in the pancreatic juice and what do they dissolve (4 types)
1. Trypsin and Chymotrypsin - Protein 2. Pancreatic Amylase - Starch (Carbs) 3. Pancreatic Lipase - Triglyceride (fat) (Specifically for pancreas function)** 4. Ribonuclease - Nucleic Acid (RNA/DNA)
41
What is the liver responsible for
1. Carbohydrate metabolism 2. Lipid Metabolism 3. Protein Metabolism 4. Processing of drugs and hormones 5. Excretion of bilirubin 6.Storage of vitamins and minerals (vitamin B) 7. Activation of vitamin D
42
What are the cells of the liver that perform metabolic, secretory and endocrine functions
Hepatocytes
43
What is the pear shaped sac that hangs from the inferior margin of the liver and: - Stores bile - Aids in chemical digestion (Especially fats)
Gallbladder
44
Which duct has the function of bile and waste created in the liver are passed into the hepatic ducts
Left and Right hepatic duct
45
Which duct has the function: Bile produced in the gallbladder is secreted through the:
Cystic Duct
46
Which duct functions: The left and right hepatic duct form with the cystic duct to create the:
Common Bile Duct
47
The common bile duct forms with the pancreatic duct to form
Hepatopancreatic Duct
48
The muscular valve that controls the passage of contents from the hepatopancreatic duct into the duodenum
Sphincter of Oddi
49
In the small intestine, what are the 3 types of endocrine cells that secrete hormones into the bloodstream
- S cells - CCK cells - K cells
50
What do S cells secrete
Secretin, stimulating the secretion of pancreatic juice
51
What are the function of the CCK cells
Secrete Cholecystokinin, which regulates: - Gastric emptying - Stimulates bile and pancreatic juice secretion - Causes relaxation of the sphincter of Oddi - Feeling of satiety (feeling full satisfaction)
52
What do K cells secrete
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), which stimulates the release of insulin
53
What does the Duodenum, Jejunum and the Ileum absorb? (LT Wilcoxon)
Duodenum: Iron Jejunum: Folate Ileum: Vitamin B12 and Bile Salts
54
What is the significance of the ligament of Trietz
The line of demarcation that denotes upper G.I bleeds (Superior) and lower G.I bleeds (Inferior)
55
The predominant function of the jejunum
Absorption of sugar, amino acid and fatty acid
56
When the Ileum absorbs the remaining bile salts, where is it recycled to
The liver and gallbladder for reuse
57
What is the function of the large intestines
1. Complete absorption - water, electrolytes and vitamins 2. Absorbs certain vitamins, B and K needed for metabolism 3. Forms feces to expel from the body
58
What are the three phases of digestion
Cephalic Gastric Intestinal
59
Which phase of digestion is: Smell, sight, sound or thought of food activates neural centers in the brain stimulating the salivary glands to secrete saliva and the gastric glands to secrete gastric juice
Cephalic
60
Which phase of digestion is: Starts when food enters the stomach. Gastrin is released promoting the release of gastric juice which increases the mobility of the stomach, relaxes the pyloric sphincter and promotes gastric emptying
Gastric
61
Which phase of digestion is: Starts when food enters the small intestines. Inhibitory effects slow gastric emptying and excitatory effects stimulate the secretion of pancreatic juices to aid in absorption and digestion
Intestinal

Ongoing Meical Care (7 decks)

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