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Ongoing Meical Care > Gastrointestinal > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal Flashcards

1
Q

Two groups of organs that makes the digestive system

A
  • Gastrointestinal Tract (Alimentary Canal)
  • Accessory Digestive organs
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2
Q

What is the gastrointestinal tract (alimentary canal)

A
  • A continuous tube that extends from the mouth to the anus
  • Mouth, Pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines
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3
Q

What are the Accessory digestive organs

A
  • Organs that aid in digestion
  • Teeth, tongue, salivary gland, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
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4
Q

What are the three abdomen regions

A
  1. Intrathoracic
  2. True Abdomen
  3. The retroperitoneal abdomen
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5
Q

What consist in the intrathoracic area and where is enclosed

A

Enclosed by the lower ribs and immediately distal to the diaphragm

  • Liver (Solid)
  • Gallbladder (Solid but contained)
  • Spleen (Solid)
  • Stomach (Hollow)
  • Transverse Colon (Hollow)
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6
Q

What is contained in the True Abdomen

A

Small intestines
Large intestines
Liver, lower portions
Bladder

Females: Uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries

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7
Q

What is contained in the retroperitoneal abdomen and where does it lie

A

Lies behind the thoracic and true portions. Being separated by the retroperitoneal membrane from the other (SADPUCKER)

Superarenal gland
Aortic/IVC
Pancreas
Ureters
Colon
Kidneys
Esophagus
Rectum

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8
Q

What are the six basic functions of digestion

A

Ingestion
Mixing and propulsion
Secretion
Absorption
Digestion
Defecation

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9
Q

What function is taking in foods and liquids through the mouth

A

Ingestion

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10
Q

What basic functions of digestion is where the cells lining the GI tract produces water, acid, buffers and enzymes to aid digestion

A

Secretion

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11
Q

What basic function of digestion is continuous contraction and relaxation moving food along the GI tract

A

Mixing and Propulsion

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12
Q

What basic function of digestion is Mechanical and chemical process that breaks down the food

A

Digestion

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13
Q

What basic functions of digestion is:
Small molecules produced in digestion moved into spaces to be used by cells

A

Absorption

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14
Q

What function is:
Elimination of materials not absorbed by our body indigestion

A

Defecation

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15
Q

What are the layers of the Gastrointestinal Tract

A

Mucosa - Innermost lining
Submucosa
Muscularis
Serosa

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16
Q

Which lining is the innermost lining of the GI tract in direct contact with the substances passing through

A

Mucosa

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17
Q

Which lining is made up of areolar connective tissues that bind the mucosa to the muscularis. Containing blood and lymphatic vessels which absorb food molecules as they are broken down

A

Submucosa

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18
Q

Which cell tissue layer contains skeletal (voluntary) muscles and smooth (involuntary) muscles.

A

Muscularis

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19
Q

Which serosa sub layer is the outermost layer around the organs of the GI tract

A

Visceral

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20
Q

Which serosa sub layer lines the walls of the abdominal cavity

A

Parietal Layer

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21
Q

Which layer is the “fatty apron” that drapes over the transverse colon and small intestines

A

G (Greater Omentum)

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22
Q

Which layer binds the small intestines to the posterior abdominal wall

A

M (mesentery) layer

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23
Q

What is the function of the saliva

A
  • Helps dissolve foods and begins digestion
  • Made up of 99.5% water and 0.5% solutes
  • Contain lysozomes that kills bacteria to prevent tooth decay and infection
  • Amylase to break down starches
  • Lubricate food to assist with swallowing
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24
Q

Which accessory digestive organ is made up of skeletal muscle and forms the floor of the oral cavity

A

the tongue

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25
Q

What is the fold of mucous membrane in the midline underneath the tongue that limits the movements of the tongue posteriorly

A

Frenulum

26
Q

Which is a muscular tube, lined with stratified squamous epithelium and lies posterior to the trachea

A

Esophagus

27
Q

What muscle makes up the:
Upper Esophageal sphincter
Lower Esophageal sphincter

A

Upper Esophageal sphincter: Skeletal muscle
Lower Esophageal sphincter: Smooth muscle

28
Q

What are the phases of swallowing

A

Voluntary
Pharyngeal
Esophageal

29
Q

Which phases of swallowing is:
- Bolus forced into the oropharynx by the movement of the tongue upward and backward against the palate

A

Voluntary

30
Q

Which phases of swallowing is:
Begins when the bolus is in the oropharynx. Breathing is interrupted, epiglottis seals off the larynx, and upper esophageal sphincter relaxes and the bolus moves into the esophagus

A

Pharyngeal

31
Q

Which phases of swallowing is:
Begins when the bolus moves into the esophagus and pushes through via peristalsis into the stomach

A

Esophageal

32
Q

What is the acidity of the stomach

A

pH of 2 (TG) or 1.5-3.5 or Anything below 7.

33
Q

What are the four regions of the stomach

A

Cardia, Fundus, Body and pylorus

34
Q

What are the different cells that are in the stomach

A

Mucous Neck Cells
Chief Cells
Parietal Cells
G cells

35
Q

What do the different type of cells excrete:
- Mucous Neck Cell
- Chief Cells
- Parietal Cells
- G Cells

A
  • Mucous Neck Cell: Excrete Mucous
  • Chief Cells: Excrete Pepsinogen
  • Parietal Cells: Hydrochloric Acid and Intrinsic Factor
  • G Cells: Gastrin into the blood stream
36
Q

What helps convert pepsinogen into pepsin

A

Hydrochloric Acid from the Parietal cell

37
Q

What is a thick liquid with the consistency of pea soup in the stomach that is made up of gastric juices and macerated food particles

A

Chyme

38
Q

What specialized areas located in the pancreas

A

Islets of Langerhans

39
Q

What are the common chemicals/hormones that area created in the islets of Langerhans and what cells does it come from

A

Alpha: Glucagon to prevent blood glucose level dropping low
Beta: Produce Insulin

40
Q

What is contain in the pancreatic juice and what do they dissolve (4 types)

A
  1. Trypsin and Chymotrypsin - Protein
  2. Pancreatic Amylase - Starch (Carbs)
  3. Pancreatic Lipase - Triglyceride (fat) (Specifically for pancreas function)**
  4. Ribonuclease - Nucleic Acid (RNA/DNA)
41
Q

What is the liver responsible for

A
  1. Carbohydrate metabolism
  2. Lipid Metabolism
  3. Protein Metabolism
  4. Processing of drugs and hormones
  5. Excretion of bilirubin
    6.Storage of vitamins and minerals (vitamin B)
  6. Activation of vitamin D
42
Q

What are the cells of the liver that perform metabolic, secretory and endocrine functions

A

Hepatocytes

43
Q

What is the pear shaped sac that hangs from the inferior margin of the liver and:
- Stores bile
- Aids in chemical digestion (Especially fats)

A

Gallbladder

44
Q

Which duct has the function of bile and waste created in the liver are passed into the hepatic ducts

A

Left and Right hepatic duct

45
Q

Which duct has the function:
Bile produced in the gallbladder is secreted through the:

A

Cystic Duct

46
Q

Which duct functions:
The left and right hepatic duct form with the cystic duct to create the:

A

Common Bile Duct

47
Q

The common bile duct forms with the pancreatic duct to form

A

Hepatopancreatic Duct

48
Q

The muscular valve that controls the passage of contents from the hepatopancreatic duct into the duodenum

A

Sphincter of Oddi

49
Q

In the small intestine, what are the 3 types of endocrine cells that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

A
  • S cells
  • CCK cells
  • K cells
50
Q

What do S cells secrete

A

Secretin, stimulating the secretion of pancreatic juice

51
Q

What are the function of the CCK cells

A

Secrete Cholecystokinin, which regulates:
- Gastric emptying
- Stimulates bile and pancreatic juice secretion
- Causes relaxation of the sphincter of Oddi
- Feeling of satiety (feeling full satisfaction)

52
Q

What do K cells secrete

A

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), which stimulates the release of insulin

53
Q

What does the Duodenum, Jejunum and the Ileum absorb? (LT Wilcoxon)

A

Duodenum: Iron
Jejunum: Folate
Ileum: Vitamin B12 and Bile Salts

54
Q

What is the significance of the ligament of Trietz

A

The line of demarcation that denotes upper G.I bleeds (Superior) and lower G.I bleeds (Inferior)

55
Q

The predominant function of the jejunum

A

Absorption of sugar, amino acid and fatty acid

56
Q

When the Ileum absorbs the remaining bile salts, where is it recycled to

A

The liver and gallbladder for reuse

57
Q

What is the function of the large intestines

A
  1. Complete absorption - water, electrolytes and vitamins
  2. Absorbs certain vitamins, B and K needed for metabolism
  3. Forms feces to expel from the body
58
Q

What are the three phases of digestion

A

Cephalic
Gastric
Intestinal

59
Q

Which phase of digestion is:
Smell, sight, sound or thought of food activates neural centers in the brain stimulating the salivary glands to secrete saliva and the gastric glands to secrete gastric juice

A

Cephalic

60
Q

Which phase of digestion is:
Starts when food enters the stomach. Gastrin is released promoting the release of gastric juice which increases the mobility of the stomach, relaxes the pyloric sphincter and promotes gastric emptying

A

Gastric

61
Q

Which phase of digestion is:
Starts when food enters the small intestines. Inhibitory effects slow gastric emptying and excitatory effects stimulate the secretion of pancreatic juices to aid in absorption and digestion

A

Intestinal

Ongoing Meical Care (7 decks)

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