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My Packs: HOSA (Dental) > Radiography > Flashcards

Radiography Flashcards

1
Q

Who discovered x-rays?

What year?

A

Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen

1895

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2
Q

Who was the first to take a dental radiograph?
What year?
Where?

A

Dr. Otto Walkoff
1896, two weeks after discovery of x-rays
Germany

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3
Q

Who was the first to take an intraoral radiograph?

What year?

A

Dr. C Edmond Kells, a New Orleans dentist

1896

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4
Q

Who was the inventor of the first dental x-ray unit?

A

Dr. William Rollins of Boston

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5
Q

Who developed an additional technique for exposing dental x-rays in 1920?
What was the technique called?

A

Frank McCormack

Paralleling technique

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6
Q

What is the paralleling technique also called?

A

Right angle technique

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7
Q

What year did Frank McCormack develop the paralleling technique?

A

1920

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8
Q

Who was credited with developing the 1st orthopantomograph unit that would take acceptable panoramic radiographs?
In what year?

A

Dr Y.V. Paatero

1959

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9
Q

Radiation is a type of ______________ energy

A

Electromagnetic

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10
Q

What are the most familiar forms of electromagnetic energy? (3)

A

Radio waves
Television waves
Visible light

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11
Q

True or false:

All electromagnetic energy have similar properties

A

True

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12
Q

What are the properties of electromagnetic energy? (3)

A

All energy travels in waves that move in straight lines at the speed of light
The waves consist of energy only. Energy can be sent through lines to a receiver
Electromagnetic energy is characterized by length of the wavelength

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13
Q

True or false:

Electromagnetic energy consists of mass

A

False, no mass is involved only energy

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14
Q

What are longer wavelength examples of electromagnetic energy?

A

Visible light, TV and radio waves

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15
Q

What are shorter wavelength examples of electromagnetic energy?

A

X-ray and gamma rays

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16
Q

Define ionization

A

Atoms charge into negatively of positively charged ions during radiation

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17
Q

Unless disturbed, electrons always remain ______ as they _____ the _______

A

Stable
Orbit
Nucleus

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18
Q

If disturbed, electrons are ____ and the atoms that have lost electrons become _________ ions. The positive ions can react with atoms in _______ and other ______

A

Lost
Positive
Tissues
Matter

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19
Q

Positive ions reacting with atoms in tissues and other matter can:

A

Alter living cells and tissues and even cause permanent damage

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20
Q

True or false:

Patient and operator must always be protected during exposure to ionizing radiation

A

True

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21
Q

What wavelengths are desired in dental radiographs?

A

Short wavelengths or hard radiations

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22
Q

Describe short wavelengths/hard radiations

A

High frequency
High energy
High penetrating
power

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23
Q

What radiation is unsuitable for exposing dental radiographs?

A

Soft radiation or long wavelengths

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24
Q

What are the 4 types of radiation?

A

Primary
Secondary
Scatter
Leakage

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25
Q

Describe primary radiation (3)

A

Central beam that comes from the x-ray tubehead
Consists of high energy, short wavelength x-rays travelling in a straight line
Useful x-ray that produces diagnostic image on the x-ray film

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26
Q

Describe secondary radiation

A

Forms when primary x-rays strike the patient or contact matter

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27
Q

What often happens to secondary radiation?

A

Longer wavelengths that lose their energy

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28
Q

Describe scatter radiation

A

Deflected from its path as it strikes matter, secondary and scatter radiation are used interchangeably

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29
Q

What type of radiation presents the most serious danger to the operator?
Why?

A

Scatter radiation

Scatter in all directions

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30
Q

Due to scatter radiation, the operator must stand at least _ feet from the patient while exposing x-ray film or ______ __________ _________ and out of the path of the _______ ____

A

6
Behind structural shielding
Primary beam

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31
Q

Describe leakage radiation

A

Escapes in all directions from the tube/tubehead

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32
Q

The x-ray machine must be checked for _______ and should ___ be used until problem is addressed

A

Leakage

NOT

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33
Q

True of false:

Leakage radiation is useful for the diagnostic process

A

False, long wavelengths only cause harm

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34
Q

What does one roentgen equal?

A

The amount of radiation that ionizes one cubic centimetre of air

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35
Q

What unit represents the amount of radiation that ionizes one cubic centimetre of air?

A

Roentgen (R)

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36
Q

What unit represents the amount of ionizing radiation absorbed in a substance?

A

Radiation absorbed dose (RAD) or Gray (GY)

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37
Q

What radiation absorbed dose (RAD) or Gray (GY) represent?

A

The amount of ionizing radiation absorbed in a substance

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38
Q

What unit represents the does at which body tissues are exposed, measure in terms of estimated biological effects in relation to an exposure does of one R of “x” or gamma radiation?

A

Roentgen equivalent man (REM) or Sievert (Sv)

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39
Q

What does one Roentgen equivalent man (REM) or Sievert (Sv) represent?

A

The dose at which body tissues are expose, estimated biological effects in relation to an exposure does of one R of “x” or gamma radiation

40
Q

What is a milliroentgen (mr)?

A

One one-thousandth of an R

41
Q

What is relative biological effectiveness (RBE)?

A

Measurement unit used to compare the biological effects on various tissues irradiated by different forms of energy

42
Q

Dental X-Rays have arbitrarily been assigned an RBE unit of:

A

One

43
Q

How is REM/Sv determined?

A

By multiplying the RAD by the RBE

44
Q

True or false:

RAD and REM are considered equal for dental x-rays

A

True

45
Q

_-____ can damage ____ _______; some injuries heal but some do ___

A

X-rays
Body tissues
Not

46
Q

What may happen if a cell is affected by direct radiation? (4)

A 
The cell may:
Die immediately
Change immediately
Change at mitosis
Remain unaffected
47
Q

What cells do somatic group of cells include?

A

All cells except the reproductive cells

48
Q

What cells do the genetic groups of cells include?

A

All the reproductive cells

49
Q

Biological effects of radiation are classified according to ____ of ___ affected by the _________

A

Type
Cell
Radiation

50
Q

Describe somatic effects of radiation

A

Can leave the individual in poor health and with cataracts, cancer or leukemia

51
Q

Can somatic effects be passed on to the next generation?

A

No

52
Q

Genetic effects may ___ _______ primary individual exposed to the radiation

A

Not involve

53
Q

True or false:

The genetic effects can not be repaired and are passed to future generations

A

True

54
Q

What are the most radiosensitive cells? (3)

A

Immature cells
Rapidly dividing cells
Cells that don’t perform specialized functions

55
Q

_______ are very sensitive to radiation, therefore if _________ is suspected every precautions should be taken

A

Embryos

Pregnancy

56
Q

What are cells that are less sensitive to radiation called?

A

Radioresistant

57
Q

What cells are radioresistant?

A

Mature cells

58
Q

What are radiosensitive tissues in the dental region? (2)

A

Lens of the eye

Thyroid gland

59
Q

Individuals who routinely use ionizing radiation in their occupations are regulated by the dose limitations defined by who?

A

National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements

60
Q

What does MPD stand for? What does it mean?

A

Maximum Permissible Dose

Maximum dose of radiation that would not be expected to produce any significant radiation effects in a lifetime

61
Q

What is the MPD?

A

0.05 Sv (5.0 rems) per year

62
Q

Describe the control panel of the dental x-ray unit

A

Where the circuit boards and controls that allow the operator to adjust the correct setting for each patient are located

63
Q

What determines the amount or quantity of electrons?

A

Milliamperage (mA)

64
Q

What is milliamperage?

A

A measurement unit for electrical current

65
Q

The higher the mA, the greater the amount of __________

A

Radiation

66
Q

What is kilovoltage (kV)?

A

Determines the quality or penetrating power of the central beam

67
Q

High the kV, the greater the ___________ power of the _-____ and the less _______ ____ required

A

Penetration
X-rays
Exposure time

68
Q

Describe the electronic timer

A

Controls total time that rays flow from the x-ray tube

69
Q

What is milliamperage seconds (mAs)?

A

Determine the amount of radiation exposure the patient receives

70
Q

What is mA?

A

Milliamperage

71
Q

What is kV?

A

Kilovoltage

72
Q

What is mAs?

A

Milliamperage seconds

73
Q

To determine mAs, what do you do?

A

Calculate the milliamperage times the exposure time

74
Q

Define contrast in dental x-ray unit

A

The difference between the shades of x-ray

75
Q

What do the black, white and shades of grey on an x-ray film determine?

A

The densities of the subject and the film

76
Q

What is contrast in dental x-rays controlled by? (4)

A

kV
Developing process
Film fog
Distortion

77
Q

What is density in dental x-rays?

A

The degree of darkness on an x-ray

78
Q

Contrast is the difference between __________ of adjacent areas on a film

A

Densities

79
Q

The arm assembly attached firmly to the ____ in the x-ray room

A

Wall

80
Q

What allows the operator to freely position the tube head?

A

Flexible extension

81
Q

What is the tubehead?

A

Where x-ray vacuum tube and step-up and step-down transformers are located

82
Q

What is the x-ray tube also known as?

A

Coolidge tube

83
Q

What is the dimensions of the x-ray tube?

A

Approximately 6 inches long and 1.5 inches in diameter

84
Q

On _______ side of tube; a ________ ___ is positioned

A

Cathode

Focusing cup

85
Q

Where do electrons originate in the x-ray?

A

Focusing cup

86
Q

What is the focal spot?

A

A small spot on the tungsten target where the electrons hit

87
Q

What is the hard x-rays with short wavelengths?

A

Central beam

88
Q

What is the collimator?

A

Lead disc with an opening in the middle that restructures the beam and filters out additional weak rays

89
Q

Who’s responsibility is it to follow safety and precaution measures when using radiography equipment? (3)

A

Manufacturers
Dental team members
Patients

90
Q

Machine must have ________ control switch to ___ ___ electricity to the machine

A

Separate

Cut off

91
Q

What is the purpose of the deadman switch?

A

Ensures that exposure ends when the preset time has passed and not when button is released

92
Q

What does PID stand for?

A

Position Indicating Device

93
Q

The PID must be ____ _____ and x-ray tube must be sealed in an ___-________ ______

A

Lead lines

Oil-immersed casing

94
Q

The control panel must have indicators that display:

A

mA
kV
Impulsed per exposure time

95
Q

What is the collimator made of?

A

Lead plate

96
Q

What is required and built into the head of all x-ray machines?

A

Filtration of 2.5mm of aluminum

My Packs: HOSA (Dental) (9 decks)

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