Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

My Packs: HOSA (Dental) > General Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

General Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the skeletal system?

A

Provides the basic framework of the body; Protects, shapes, gives support to the body; Source of attachment for muscles; Stores minerals and manufactures blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the function of the muscular system?

A

Muscles contract and relax to allow external body movement and production of the body’s heat; Internal muscles work to move food along the digestive track and keep the heart beating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the function of the nervous system?

A

Provides a communication system for the body; Response to both internal and external stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the function of the endocrine system?

A

Controls growth; Stimulates sexual development; regulates use of calcium; Aids in regulating the body’s water balance; Produces insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the function of the reproductive system?

A

Produces new life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the function of the circulatory system?

A

Carries life-sustaining substances, such as nutrients and oxygen, throughout the body; Carries away waste materials; Maintains a balance between intracellular and extracellular fluids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the function of the digestive system?

A

Takes food in, breaks it down, and converts it to substances the body needs to sustain life; Provides a means for the body to eliminate solid wastes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the function of the respiratory system?

A

Brings oxygen into the body that is transported to all cells; The waste product, carbon dioxide, is picked up and exhaled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the function of the lymphatic system?

A

Provides nutrients, drains body fluids, and absorbs fats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the function of the immune system?

A

Protects the body from disease and harmful substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the function of the integumentary system?

A

Provides body protection; Includes skin, hair, and nails

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the definition of anterior in describing areas of the body?

A

In front of; In the front of the body or body section

E.x. The eye is anterior to the ear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the definition of ventral in describing areas of the body?

A

On the front

E.x. The belly or abdominal area of the body is on the ventral side of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the definition of posterior in describing areas of the body?

A

In back or behind; In the back of the body or body section

E.x. The ear is posterior to the nose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the definition of dorsal in describing areas of the body?

A

On the back

E.x. The dorsal surface is on the back of the body or organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the definition of medial in describing areas of the body?

A

Toward the middle of the body; The medial is closest to the midline(Towards the midline)
(E.x. The midline or median line divides the body into left and right halves)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the definition of mesial in describing areas of the body?

A

Toward the midline of the body (primarily used in dentistry)(Away from the midline)
(E.x. The surface of a tooth that faces the median line is the mesial surface)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the definition of lateral in describing areas of the body?

A

Toward the outside or away from the midline that divides the body
(E.x. The ear is on the lateral surface of the head)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the definition of distal in describing areas of the body?

A

Away from the midline of the body or body section(Farther from trunk)
(E.x. The hand is the distal portion of the arm; In dentistry, the surface of a tooth that faces away from the median line is the distal surface)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the definition of proximal in describing areas of the body?

A

Refers to the part of the body closest to the point of attachment(Closer to trunk)
(E.x. The thigh is the proximal surface of the leg)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the definition of inferior in describing areas of the body?

A

Below or under

E.x. The mouth is inferior to the nose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the definition of superior in describing areas of the body?

A

Above or higher

E.x. The eyes are superior to the mouth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the 3 planes that the human body can be divided into?

A

Sagittal, frontal and transverse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What terms are used to describe areas of the body on the sagittal plane?

A

Proximal, distal, medial and lateral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is proximal also known as?

A

Central

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is distal also known as?

A

Peripheral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What terms are used to describe areas of the body on the frontal plane?

A

Anterior and posterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is anterior also known as?

A

Ventral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is posterior also known as?

A

Dorsal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the frontal plane also known as?

A

The coronal plane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What terms are used to describe areas of the body on the transverse plane?

A

Superior and inferior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is superior also known as?

A

Cranial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is posterior also known as?

A

Caudal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the transverse plane also known as?

A

The horizontal plane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are the 2 body cavities?

A

Dorsal and Ventral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What canals are in the dorsal cavity?

A

Spinal and cranial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What canals are in the ventral cavity?

A

Thoracic, abdominal and pelvic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is bone or osseous tissue composed of?

A

Connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Connective is rendered hard by deposits of _______ _____.

A

Mineral salts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What type of bone is found in the middle and end of long bones?

A

Cancellous/Spongy Bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What type of bone is found in the main shaft and outer layer of bones?

A

Compact/Dense Bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What type of bone consists a meshwork of interconnecting bone?

A

Cancellous Bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

A meshwork of interconnecting bone is called __________.

A

Trabeculae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What type of bone is the strong and hard section of the bone?

A

Compact Bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What cells are in compact bones?

A

Osteoclast cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Compact bone is covered with a layer of tough, fibrous tissue called the _________.

A

Periosteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What does the periosteum contain?

A

Blood & lymph vessels, osteoblasts, and nerve tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What are bone-building cells known as?

A

Osteoblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What is found where bones join and forms part of some structures?(E.x. Nose, ears)

A

Cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

An area where two or more bones meet at a junction is known as a _____/____________.

A

Joint/Articulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What is a joint usually composed of?

A

Fibrous connective tissue and cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What type of joint has fibrous connective tissue and is immovable/fixed? Example?

A

Fibrous joint, bones of cranium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What type of joint has connective tissue and cartilage, and is slightly movable? Example?

A

Cartilaginous joint, joints of bones of vertebrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What type of joint has fluid within a joint, and considerable/free movement?

A

Synovial joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What are the six types of synovial joints?

A

Ball and socket, hinge, pivot, gliding, saddle, and condyloid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Importance of the skeletal system to a dental assistant(3)

A

Cranium and facial bones, maxilla and mandible support teeth and are primary focus in dentistry
Conditions of skeletal system may alter dental treatment
Knowing this system aids dental assistants in correct patient positioning and movement at the dental unit, as well as providing sound ergonomic principles for themselves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What is osteomyelitis and what are some signs/symptoms?

A

An infection of bone-forming tissue; There’s inflammation, edema, and circulatory congestion in bone marrow; Pus may form, inflammatory pressure may cause small fractures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

The loss of bony material, thus leaving bones brittle and soft

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What is cleft palate?

A

The failure of a palate to form and join correctly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What is a fracture?

A

A break of the bone or cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What does TMJ represent and what is it?

A

Temporomandibular Joint Disease; Degeneration/disease of the joint where the mandible articulates with the temporal bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What percent of the body weight does the muscular system make up?

A

30 to 40 percent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

How do muscles provide movement?

A

By contracting and relaxing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

What do internal muscles do?

A

Move food along the digestive track and keep the heart beating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

What do the external muscles do?

A

Allow the body to walk, run, stand, straight, and communicate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Muscles also produce ____ ____.

A

Body heat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissues?

A

Striated, cardiac, and smooth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Which muscle type has the largest amount of muscle tissue?

A

Striated muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Striated muscle is made of ____, ____ cells that have _______ or _____ across them

A

Long, thin, stripes, bands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

What is the function of striated muscle?

A

Provide for external body movement, from facial expression to bike riding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

What is striated muscle sometimes called? Why?

A

Voluntary muscles, Only group of muscles an individual has conscious control over

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Cardiac muscle has the ____ ________ or _______ appearance as ________ muscle but is ___________ __ ______.

A

Same striated, striped, skeletal, involuntary in action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Smooth muscle is ___________ tissue

A

Nonstriated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

Is smooth muscle involuntary or voluntary?

A

Involuntary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

What are involuntary muscles controlled by?

A

The autonomic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

Where are smooth muscles found?

A

Internal organs, blood vessels, skin, and ducts from glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

Where is cardiac muscle found?

A

Only in the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

Which internal organ are smooth muscles not found?

A

The heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

What are groups of muscle cells often called?

A

Fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

Define fascia

A

Fibrous sheets of connective tissue that covers, supports, and separates the muscle fibers;

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

What do each fibers have besides muscle cells?

A

Nerves and a blood supply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

What is the muscle tissue capacity to respond to stimuli called?

A

Excitability or irritability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

Skeletal muscles may attach directly to the __________ of the bone or they may attach through ___________ __________ ______ that extends beyond the muscle

A

Periosteum, specialized connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

Define tendon

A

Attachment extension in the form of a cord (attach muscle to bone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

Define aponeurosis

A

Attachment extension that is broad and flattened

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

Define ligaments

A

Connective tissue that is composed of bands or sheets fibrous tissue and act to connect of support two or more bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

Define origin of the muscle

A

Where the muscle attaches to the more stationary bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

Define insertion point

A

Where the bone is moveable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

What is the function of muscles?

A

Muscles contract and relax to provide movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

How do most skeletal muscles function?

A

Antagonistic pairs, while one set of muscles contract another corresponding set relaxes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

What muscles are used when the dental assistant assists the dentist or works directly on patients?

A

Muscles of the lower back and neck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

What specific muscular activities make muscular system pertinent to dentistry?

A

Chewing, swallowing, facial expressions, and talking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

The muscle tissue can be s_______, sp______, c______, or i_______

A

Strained, sprained, cramped, or inflamed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

What is a sudden, involuntary muscle contraction known as?

A

Spasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

What is muscle deterioration known as?

A

Muscle atrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

Identify: A chronic pain in the muscles and soft tissues surrounding the joints

A

Fibromyalgia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

Identify: A congenital disorder characterized by progressive degeneration of the skeletal muscles

A

Muscular dystrophy

98
Q

Which information of muscular dystrophy was discovered?

A

It usually strikes in early childhood

99
Q

Identify: An autoimmune disorder that leaves the muscles weak and fatigued

A

Myasthenia gravis

100
Q

What is one of the symptoms of myasthenia gravis?

A

Weakness in the facial or swallowing muscles

101
Q

What are the three sections of the nervous system?

A

Brain, spinal cord, and nerve cells

102
Q

What is the brain and the spinal cord known as?

A

Central Nervous System(CNS)

103
Q

What are all the nerves outside the CNS known as?

A

Peripheral Nervous System(PNS)

104
Q

What does ANS stand for? What is it?

A

Autonomic Nervous System; Specialized group of peripheral nerves that function mainly automatically

105
Q

What is the basic structural unit of the nervous system?

A

Neuron/Nerve Cell

106
Q

What nerve fibers conducts impulses toward the cell body?

A

Dendrites

107
Q

What nerve fibers conducts impulses away from the cell body?

A

Axons

108
Q

Define synapse

A

In which nerve fibers move impulses from one cell body to another

109
Q

What are the layers that insulate and protect nerves?

A

Myelin Sheath

110
Q

_______ neurons work together to carry messages from all over the body to the ______ ____ and the _____

A

Sensory, spinal cord, brain

111
Q

What neurons carry messages away from the spinal cord and brain?

A

Motor neurons

112
Q

____________/_________ neurons transmits impulses from _______ neurons to _____ neurons in the ___

A

Interneurons, Associate, sensory, motor, CNS

113
Q

The spinal cord is the centre for ______ or ___________ responses

A

Reflex, involuntary

114
Q

Define reflex arc

A

When a stimulus is sent through the sensory neurons into the spinal cord and a response is automatically processed and sent back through motor neurons for an action

115
Q

The spinal cord transmits _______ from the ____ to the _____ where the message is ___________ and then a response is sent back to an _____ or a ______

A

Stimuli, body, brain, interpreted, organ, muscle

116
Q

What cranial nerves conducts impulses from receptors in the nose to the brain?

A

Olfactory nerves

117
Q

Olfactory nerves are _______ in function

A

Sensory

118
Q

What cranial nerves conduct impulses from receptors in the eyes to the brain?

A

Optic nerves

119
Q

Optic nerves are _______ in function

A

Sensory

120
Q

What cranial nerves sends motor impulses to four of the external eye muscles, as well as to certain internal eye muscles?

A

Oculomotor nerves

121
Q

What cranial nerves send motor impulses to one external eye muscle of each eye?

A

Trochlear nerves

122
Q

Which cranial nerves divide into three branches? What are the three branches?

A

Trigeminal nerves, Ophthalmic, Maxillary, Mandibular

123
Q

Where do the ophthalmic branches go?

A

To eyes and forehead

124
Q

Where do the maxillary branches go?

A

To upper jaw

125
Q

Where do the mandibular branches go?

A

To lower jaw

126
Q

What cranial nerves innervate the muscles that turn the eye to the side?

A

Abducens nerves

127
Q

What do facial nerves innervate? (4)

A

Facial muscles, salivary glands, lacrimal glands, sensation of taste on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue

128
Q

What cranial nerves divide into two branches?

A

Acoustic nerves

129
Q

What do the cochlear branches do?

A

Concerned with the sense of hearing

130
Q

What do the vestibular branches do?

A

Concerned with the sense of balance

131
Q

What cranial nerves innervate the parotid glands, the sense of taste on the posterior third of the tongue, and part of the pharynx?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerves

132
Q

What cranial nerves innervate part of the pharynx, larynx, and vocal cords, and parts of the thoracic and abdominal viscera?

A

Vagus nerves

133
Q

What cranial nerves innervate the shoulder muscles?

A

Spinal accessory nerves

134
Q

Where do some fibers of the spinal accessory nerves arise from?

A

Spinal cord

135
Q

What cranial nerves primarily innervate the muscles concerned with movements of the tongue?

A

Hypoglossal nerves

136
Q

What blocks patients’ pain and makes dental procedures possible?

A

Anesthesia

137
Q

What nerve located in the lower back and travelling down the back of the thigh do dental team members experience pain with?

A

Sciatic nerve

138
Q

Identify: Inflammation of nerves

A

Neuritis

139
Q

What can cause neuritis?

A

Fall or a blow

140
Q

What is neuritis also used to describe?

A

Nerve tissue degeneration

141
Q

Identify: A disease that destroys the myelin sheath of neurons in the CNS

A

Multiple sclerosis(MS)

142
Q

What age does Multiple Sclerosis occur in?

A

20 to 40

143
Q

What results when the myelin sheath of neurons in the CNS is destroyed?

A

Impulses cannot be transmitted to their destinations

144
Q

Identify: A chronic nervous disease characterized by slowly spreading tremors, muscular weakness, and a peculiar gait

A

Parkinson’s Disease

145
Q

Identify: A sudden onset of facial paralysis

A

Bell’s Palsy

146
Q

The endocrine system, like the nervous system, is a _______ and ____________ system

A

Control and communication

147
Q

Endocrine system is much ______ than the nervous system, its results are ______ lasting

A

Slower, longer

148
Q

Endocrine and nervous system are connected as the nervous system controls the _________ gland

A

Pituitary

149
Q

What are glands and what do they do?

A

Produce secretions(hormones), are ductless(no tube for secretions from the glands to pass through)

150
Q

Main functions of pituitary gland and hormones produced(2)

A

Master gland that releases hormones, which affect the workings of other glands; Growth hormone and thyroid stimulation hormone

151
Q

Main functions of thyroid gland and hormones produced(1)

A

Increases metabolic rate, which affects both mental and physical activities, needed for normal growth; Thyroxin

152
Q

Main functions of parathyroid gland and hormones produced(1)

A

Increases the level of calcium in the blood, regulates the calcium between bone and blood; Parathyroid hormone

153
Q

Main functions of adrenal gland and hormones produced(2)

A

Releases the fight or flight hormone(increases heart rate and blood pressure), aids in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats during stress; Cortisol, adrenalin

154
Q

Main functions of pancreas gland and hormones produced(1)

A

Produces hormones, including insulin and glucagon; Insulin

155
Q

Main functions of testes gland and hormones produced(1)

A

Responsible for the development of male sex characteristics; Testosterone

156
Q

Main functions of ovaries gland and hormones produced(2)

A

Responsible for the development of female sex characteristics; Estrogen, progesterone

157
Q

What is the pancreas gland also known as?

A

Islets of Langerhans

158
Q

What disease/condition could affect patients and how they respond to dental treatment?

A

Diabetes

159
Q

Possible emergencies could occur with younger patients going through _______ and older patients going through _________

A

Puberty, menopause

160
Q

Dental assistant is responsible for knowing and following all precautions and standards regarding _________ and the use of _______ _____ in the dental examination room

A

Radiation, nitrous oxide

161
Q

Using a ____ _____ when exposing radiographs

A

Lead apron

162
Q

Providing ________ ___________ during nitrous oxide sedation

A

Adequate ventilation

163
Q

Identify: A disease that occurs when the pancreas produces an insufficient amount of insulin

A

Diabetes mellitus

164
Q

During ________, dental treatments may need to be altered depending on the stage

A

Pregnancy

165
Q

Identify: An underactive thyroid gland

A

Hypothyroidism

166
Q

Identify: An overactive thyroid gland with excessive secretion of hormones

A

Hyperthyroidism

167
Q

What system maintains a balance between intracellular and extracellular fluids?

A

Circulatory system

168
Q

What are the two pathways of cirulation?

A

Pulmonary circulation and Systemic circulation

169
Q

Define pulmonary circulation

A

Pathway circulates blood through the heart to the lungs and back to the heart

170
Q

Define systemic circulation

A

Carries the blood from the aorta to the smallest blood vessels and back to the heart

171
Q

What are the main components of the circulatory system?(6)

A

Heart, blood vessels(arteries, veins, capillaries), blood

172
Q 
List:
Percent of population
Antigen/agglutinogen on RBC
Antibody/agglutinin in plasma
Can receive 
Can donate to for Blood Type A
A 
41
A
Anti-B
A or O
A or AB
173
Q 
List:
Percent of population
Antigen/agglutinogen on RBC
Antibody/agglutinin in plasma
Can receive 
Can donate to for Blood Type B
A 
12
B
Anti-A
B or O
B or AB
174
Q 
List:
Percent of population
Antigen/agglutinogen on RBC
Antibody/agglutinin in plasma
Can receive 
Can donate to for Blood Type AB
A 
3
A and B
None
A, B, AB, or O
AB only
175
Q 
List:
Percent of population
Antigen/agglutinogen on RBC
Antibody/agglutinin in plasma
Can receive 
Can donate to for Blood Type O
A 
44
None
Anti-A and Anti-B
O only
A, B, AB, or O
176
Q

Identify: An inflammation of the lining of the heart

A

Bacterial endocarditis

177
Q

Patients with what should be treated with antibiotics before dental treatment? (6)

A 
Rheumatic fever
Congenital heart disease
Open-heart surgery
Joint replacement
Organ transplants
Dental implants
178
Q

Identify: The failure of blood to clot

A

Hemophilia

179
Q

Identify: A malignant, progressive disease of the blood-forming organs that is marked by unrestrained growth of abnormal leukocytes

A

Leukemia

180
Q

Leukemia cells infiltrate the ____ ______ and _____ ______. These cells then advance to the ____________ and various ____ ______

A

Bone marrow, lymph tissue, bloodstream, body organs

181
Q

What 2 parts are the digestive system divided into?

A

Alimentary canal

Accessory Organs

182
Q

The digestive system provides a mean for ________ ____ to be prepared for use by the ____, circulated to all _____, and eliminating ______

A

Consumed food, body, cells, wastes

183
Q

What is the alimentary canal of the digestive system?

A

Forms a canal or tube from the mouth to the anus

184
Q

What is the accessory organs in the digestive system?

A

Aids in the process of digestion

185
Q

What organs does the alimentary canal of the digestive system consist of? (6)

A 
Mouth (oral cavity)
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
186
Q

What organs does the accessory organs of the digestive system consist of? (6)

A 
Teeth
Tongue
Salivary glands and ducts
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
187
Q

List the processes completed in the oral cavity (3)

A

Taste
Mastication
Swallowing/deglutition

188
Q

Describe the processes completed in the oral cavity (3)

A

Receives food and tastes
Mechanical breakdown of food
Saliva glands produce enzymes to start chemical digestion

189
Q

List the processes completed in the pharynx (1)

A

Deglutition

190
Q

Describe the processes completed in the pharynx (2)

A

Movement of food as a result of swallowing

Passageway for food and air

191
Q

List the processes completed in the esophagus (2)

A

Deglutition

Peristalsis

192
Q

Describe the processes completed in the esophagus (1)

A

Mucus is secreted as food is transported in waves toward the stomach

193
Q

List the processes completed in the stomach (2)

A

Churning

Peristalsis

194
Q

Describe the processes completed in the stomach (1)

A

Chemical breakdown continues as stomach enzymes are released and mechanical movements churn the contents

195
Q

List the processes completed in the small intestine (2)

A

Absorption

Peristalsis

196
Q

Describe the processes completed in the small intestine (2)

A

Absorption of digested food

Move contents along intestinal track

197
Q

List the processes completed in the large intestine (2)

A

Peristalsis

Defecation

198
Q

Describe the processes completed in the large intestine (1)

A

Mechanical movement occur, emptying of rectum

199
Q

Identify: Destruction of the tooth surface

A

Tooth Decay

200
Q

Identify: Inflammation and deterioration of the periodontal tissue

A

Periodontal disease

201
Q

Identify: Disease where individuals ‘purge” of vomit after eating large quantities of food

A

Bulimia

202
Q

How does bulimia cause serious dental problems in patients?

A

The hydrochloric acid from the stomach dissolves tooth structure

203
Q

Identify: Inflammation of liver caused by several viruses

A

Hepatitis

204
Q

What are the three main hepatitis viruses?

A

Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, and Hepatitis C

205
Q

What form of hepatitis is contracted through exposure by body fluids of infected individuals and is of the most concern because of its serious prognosis?

A

Hepatitis B

206
Q

Main function of respiratory system is _________, air is inhaled through the ____ into the _____, where it’s absorbed into the ___________ and carried to all body cells. Once the ______ reaches the cells, it’s exchanged for the waste product, ______ _______. It is then transported by the blood back to the lungs and _______

A

Breathing, nose, lungs, bloodstream, oxygen, carbon dioxide, exhaled

207
Q

What are the main parts of the respiratory system? (11)

A 
Sinuses
Nasal cavity
Epiglottis
Larynx
Pharynx
Bronchial tree (trachea, lung, bronchus)
Pulmonary vein
Pulmonary artery
208
Q

The lungs are located between the ________ _________ and _______

A

Thoracic vertebrae

Sternum

209
Q

The pleura is split into two, what are the two parts?

A

Internal visceral pleura

External parietal pleura

210
Q

What is between the two parts of the pleura?

A

Pleural space

211
Q

The pleura is like the lung’s “____”

A

Skin

212
Q

What are the five smallest structures in the respiratory system?

A 
Bronchiole
Pulmonary arteriole
Pulmonary venule
Bronchiole artery
Alveoli
213
Q

Identify: Muscular spasm of the walls of the bronchi; Air passages is constricted so the person cannot easily exhale

A

Asthma

214
Q

Identify: Highly contagious disease of respiratory system; Transmitted by breathing or swallowing droplets contaminated by __ ________

A

Tuberculosis

TB bacillus

215
Q

Identify: Malignancy of lung tissue

A

Lung cancer

216
Q

How common is lung cancer? What is it often caused by?

A

Very common

Cigarette smoking

217
Q

What other conditions can affect the respiratory system? (3)

A

Common cold
Pneumonia
Bronchitis

218
Q

Following ________ ___________ protects the office staff and the patient when treatment is required during times of infection

A

Standard precautions

219
Q

The lymphatic system is composed of a _______ of _______ that drains and filters the tissue fluid surrounding _____

A

Network, vessels, cells

220
Q

What are the three tonsils? Where are they located?

A

Palatine (sides)
Lingual (rear of mouth, pharynx)
Pharyngeal (rear of nasal cavity)

221
Q

The immune system functions as part of the body’s _______ against _______ _________. Composed of specialized cells (__________ and ___________) and molecules (__________ and ________)

A

Defence, harmful organisms, phagocytes, lymphocytes, antibodies, antigens

222
Q

What is the immune system split into? (2)

A

Nonspecific immunity

Specific immunity

223
Q

What is nonspecific immunity?

A

The body’s defence against any harmful agents

224
Q

What is specific immunity?

A

Acts against selected agents

225
Q

Identify: Chronic infection of the tonsil tissue

A

Tonsillitis

226
Q

Identify: Malignant disorder, causes enlargement of lymph nodes

A

Hodgkin’s Disease

227
Q

What organs and vessels from other body systems involved in the immune system? (10)

A 
Tonsils
Adenoids
Lymph nodes
Lymphatic vessels
Bone marrow
Thymus
Skin
Appendix
Peyer's patches
Spleen
228
Q

What are the three main portions of the integumentary system?

A

Skin, hair, and nails

229
Q

What are the functions of the integumentary system? (5)

A

Protection: The body’s first defence against foreign invaders, injury, and harmful sunrays
Temperature regulation and metabolic regulation
Prevention of water loss
Synthesis of Vitamin D
Amazing wound-healing abilities that require extensive intercellular cooperation

230
Q

Identify: Characterized by lesions with irregular border and uneven colour, associated with exposure to sun

A

Malignant melanoma

231
Q

Identify: Inflammation of the skin; skin is pink/red and forms itchy rash

A

Dermatitis

232
Q

Identify: Skin disorder where sebaceous glands and hair follicles of skin become infected and clogged, causing pimples and blackheads

A

Acne

233
Q

Identify: Bacterial infection of skin that spreads through the tissues

A

Cellulitis

234
Q

Identify: Small growths caused by viral infections of the skin

A

Warts

235
Q

What three layers is the skin split into?

A

Subcutaneous
Dermis
Epidermis

236
Q

What three sections is the epidermis split into?

A

Stratum corneum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum germinatirium

237
Q

Stratum corneum is the ___________ (_____) layer
Stratum spinosum is in the ______
Stratum germinatirium is the _______ (_____) layer

A

Superficial (outer)
Middle
Deepest (inner)

238
Q

The dermis has what? (4)

A

Sweat glands
Sebaceous glands
Blood vessels
Capillaries

239
Q

What goes into the epidermis? (5)

A 
Capillaries
Papillae
Nerve fibres
Pores 
Hair shafts
240
Q

The subcutaneous (inner layer) has what cells?

A

Adipose (fat) cells

My Packs: HOSA (Dental) (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions