General Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
What is the function of the skeletal system?
Provides the basic framework of the body; Protects, shapes, gives support to the body; Source of attachment for muscles; Stores minerals and manufactures blood cells
What is the function of the muscular system?
Muscles contract and relax to allow external body movement and production of the body’s heat; Internal muscles work to move food along the digestive track and keep the heart beating
What is the function of the nervous system?
Provides a communication system for the body; Response to both internal and external stimuli
What is the function of the endocrine system?
Controls growth; Stimulates sexual development; regulates use of calcium; Aids in regulating the body’s water balance; Produces insulin
What is the function of the reproductive system?
Produces new life
What is the function of the circulatory system?
Carries life-sustaining substances, such as nutrients and oxygen, throughout the body; Carries away waste materials; Maintains a balance between intracellular and extracellular fluids
What is the function of the digestive system?
Takes food in, breaks it down, and converts it to substances the body needs to sustain life; Provides a means for the body to eliminate solid wastes
What is the function of the respiratory system?
Brings oxygen into the body that is transported to all cells; The waste product, carbon dioxide, is picked up and exhaled
What is the function of the lymphatic system?
Provides nutrients, drains body fluids, and absorbs fats
What is the function of the immune system?
Protects the body from disease and harmful substances
What is the function of the integumentary system?
Provides body protection; Includes skin, hair, and nails
What is the definition of anterior in describing areas of the body?
In front of; In the front of the body or body section
E.x. The eye is anterior to the ear
What is the definition of ventral in describing areas of the body?
On the front
E.x. The belly or abdominal area of the body is on the ventral side of the body
What is the definition of posterior in describing areas of the body?
In back or behind; In the back of the body or body section
E.x. The ear is posterior to the nose
What is the definition of dorsal in describing areas of the body?
On the back
E.x. The dorsal surface is on the back of the body or organ
What is the definition of medial in describing areas of the body?
Toward the middle of the body; The medial is closest to the midline(Towards the midline)
(E.x. The midline or median line divides the body into left and right halves)
What is the definition of mesial in describing areas of the body?
Toward the midline of the body (primarily used in dentistry)(Away from the midline)
(E.x. The surface of a tooth that faces the median line is the mesial surface)
What is the definition of lateral in describing areas of the body?
Toward the outside or away from the midline that divides the body
(E.x. The ear is on the lateral surface of the head)
What is the definition of distal in describing areas of the body?
Away from the midline of the body or body section(Farther from trunk)
(E.x. The hand is the distal portion of the arm; In dentistry, the surface of a tooth that faces away from the median line is the distal surface)
What is the definition of proximal in describing areas of the body?
Refers to the part of the body closest to the point of attachment(Closer to trunk)
(E.x. The thigh is the proximal surface of the leg)
What is the definition of inferior in describing areas of the body?
Below or under
E.x. The mouth is inferior to the nose
What is the definition of superior in describing areas of the body?
Above or higher
E.x. The eyes are superior to the mouth
What are the 3 planes that the human body can be divided into?
Sagittal, frontal and transverse
What terms are used to describe areas of the body on the sagittal plane?
Proximal, distal, medial and lateral
What is proximal also known as?
Central
What is distal also known as?
Peripheral
What terms are used to describe areas of the body on the frontal plane?
Anterior and posterior
What is anterior also known as?
Ventral
What is posterior also known as?
Dorsal
What is the frontal plane also known as?
The coronal plane
What terms are used to describe areas of the body on the transverse plane?
Superior and inferior
What is superior also known as?
Cranial
What is posterior also known as?
Caudal
What is the transverse plane also known as?
The horizontal plane
What are the 2 body cavities?
Dorsal and Ventral
What canals are in the dorsal cavity?
Spinal and cranial
What canals are in the ventral cavity?
Thoracic, abdominal and pelvic
What is bone or osseous tissue composed of?
Connective tissue
Connective is rendered hard by deposits of _______ _____.
Mineral salts
What type of bone is found in the middle and end of long bones?
Cancellous/Spongy Bone
What type of bone is found in the main shaft and outer layer of bones?
Compact/Dense Bone
What type of bone consists a meshwork of interconnecting bone?
Cancellous Bone
A meshwork of interconnecting bone is called __________.
Trabeculae
What type of bone is the strong and hard section of the bone?
Compact Bone
What cells are in compact bones?
Osteoclast cells
Compact bone is covered with a layer of tough, fibrous tissue called the _________.
Periosteum
What does the periosteum contain?
Blood & lymph vessels, osteoblasts, and nerve tissue
What are bone-building cells known as?
Osteoblasts
What is found where bones join and forms part of some structures?(E.x. Nose, ears)
Cartilage
An area where two or more bones meet at a junction is known as a _____/____________.
Joint/Articulation
What is a joint usually composed of?
Fibrous connective tissue and cartilage
What type of joint has fibrous connective tissue and is immovable/fixed? Example?
Fibrous joint, bones of cranium
What type of joint has connective tissue and cartilage, and is slightly movable? Example?
Cartilaginous joint, joints of bones of vertebrate
What type of joint has fluid within a joint, and considerable/free movement?
Synovial joint
What are the six types of synovial joints?
Ball and socket, hinge, pivot, gliding, saddle, and condyloid
Importance of the skeletal system to a dental assistant(3)
Cranium and facial bones, maxilla and mandible support teeth and are primary focus in dentistry
Conditions of skeletal system may alter dental treatment
Knowing this system aids dental assistants in correct patient positioning and movement at the dental unit, as well as providing sound ergonomic principles for themselves
What is osteomyelitis and what are some signs/symptoms?
An infection of bone-forming tissue; There’s inflammation, edema, and circulatory congestion in bone marrow; Pus may form, inflammatory pressure may cause small fractures
What is osteoporosis?
The loss of bony material, thus leaving bones brittle and soft
What is cleft palate?
The failure of a palate to form and join correctly
What is a fracture?
A break of the bone or cartilage
What does TMJ represent and what is it?
Temporomandibular Joint Disease; Degeneration/disease of the joint where the mandible articulates with the temporal bone
What percent of the body weight does the muscular system make up?
30 to 40 percent
How do muscles provide movement?
By contracting and relaxing
What do internal muscles do?
Move food along the digestive track and keep the heart beating
What do the external muscles do?
Allow the body to walk, run, stand, straight, and communicate
Muscles also produce ____ ____.
Body heat
What are the three types of muscle tissues?
Striated, cardiac, and smooth
Which muscle type has the largest amount of muscle tissue?
Striated muscle
Striated muscle is made of ____, ____ cells that have _______ or _____ across them
Long, thin, stripes, bands
What is the function of striated muscle?
Provide for external body movement, from facial expression to bike riding
What is striated muscle sometimes called? Why?
Voluntary muscles, Only group of muscles an individual has conscious control over
Cardiac muscle has the ____ ________ or _______ appearance as ________ muscle but is ___________ __ ______.
Same striated, striped, skeletal, involuntary in action
Smooth muscle is ___________ tissue
Nonstriated
Is smooth muscle involuntary or voluntary?
Involuntary
What are involuntary muscles controlled by?
The autonomic nervous system
Where are smooth muscles found?
Internal organs, blood vessels, skin, and ducts from glands
Where is cardiac muscle found?
Only in the heart
Which internal organ are smooth muscles not found?
The heart
What are groups of muscle cells often called?
Fibers
Define fascia
Fibrous sheets of connective tissue that covers, supports, and separates the muscle fibers;
What do each fibers have besides muscle cells?
Nerves and a blood supply
What is the muscle tissue capacity to respond to stimuli called?
Excitability or irritability
Skeletal muscles may attach directly to the __________ of the bone or they may attach through ___________ __________ ______ that extends beyond the muscle
Periosteum, specialized connective tissue
Define tendon
Attachment extension in the form of a cord (attach muscle to bone)
Define aponeurosis
Attachment extension that is broad and flattened
Define ligaments
Connective tissue that is composed of bands or sheets fibrous tissue and act to connect of support two or more bones
Define origin of the muscle
Where the muscle attaches to the more stationary bone
Define insertion point
Where the bone is moveable
What is the function of muscles?
Muscles contract and relax to provide movement
How do most skeletal muscles function?
Antagonistic pairs, while one set of muscles contract another corresponding set relaxes
What muscles are used when the dental assistant assists the dentist or works directly on patients?
Muscles of the lower back and neck
What specific muscular activities make muscular system pertinent to dentistry?
Chewing, swallowing, facial expressions, and talking
The muscle tissue can be s_______, sp______, c______, or i_______
Strained, sprained, cramped, or inflamed
What is a sudden, involuntary muscle contraction known as?
Spasm
What is muscle deterioration known as?
Muscle atrophy
Identify: A chronic pain in the muscles and soft tissues surrounding the joints
Fibromyalgia
Identify: A congenital disorder characterized by progressive degeneration of the skeletal muscles
Muscular dystrophy
Which information of muscular dystrophy was discovered?
It usually strikes in early childhood
Identify: An autoimmune disorder that leaves the muscles weak and fatigued
Myasthenia gravis
What is one of the symptoms of myasthenia gravis?
Weakness in the facial or swallowing muscles
What are the three sections of the nervous system?
Brain, spinal cord, and nerve cells
What is the brain and the spinal cord known as?
Central Nervous System(CNS)
What are all the nerves outside the CNS known as?
Peripheral Nervous System(PNS)
What does ANS stand for? What is it?
Autonomic Nervous System; Specialized group of peripheral nerves that function mainly automatically
What is the basic structural unit of the nervous system?
Neuron/Nerve Cell
What nerve fibers conducts impulses toward the cell body?
Dendrites
What nerve fibers conducts impulses away from the cell body?
Axons
Define synapse
In which nerve fibers move impulses from one cell body to another
What are the layers that insulate and protect nerves?
Myelin Sheath
_______ neurons work together to carry messages from all over the body to the ______ ____ and the _____
Sensory, spinal cord, brain
What neurons carry messages away from the spinal cord and brain?
Motor neurons
____________/_________ neurons transmits impulses from _______ neurons to _____ neurons in the ___
Interneurons, Associate, sensory, motor, CNS
The spinal cord is the centre for ______ or ___________ responses
Reflex, involuntary
Define reflex arc
When a stimulus is sent through the sensory neurons into the spinal cord and a response is automatically processed and sent back through motor neurons for an action
The spinal cord transmits _______ from the ____ to the _____ where the message is ___________ and then a response is sent back to an _____ or a ______
Stimuli, body, brain, interpreted, organ, muscle
What cranial nerves conducts impulses from receptors in the nose to the brain?
Olfactory nerves
Olfactory nerves are _______ in function
Sensory
What cranial nerves conduct impulses from receptors in the eyes to the brain?
Optic nerves
Optic nerves are _______ in function
Sensory
What cranial nerves sends motor impulses to four of the external eye muscles, as well as to certain internal eye muscles?
Oculomotor nerves
What cranial nerves send motor impulses to one external eye muscle of each eye?
Trochlear nerves
Which cranial nerves divide into three branches? What are the three branches?
Trigeminal nerves, Ophthalmic, Maxillary, Mandibular
Where do the ophthalmic branches go?
To eyes and forehead
Where do the maxillary branches go?
To upper jaw
Where do the mandibular branches go?
To lower jaw
What cranial nerves innervate the muscles that turn the eye to the side?
Abducens nerves
What do facial nerves innervate? (4)
Facial muscles, salivary glands, lacrimal glands, sensation of taste on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue
What cranial nerves divide into two branches?
Acoustic nerves
What do the cochlear branches do?
Concerned with the sense of hearing
What do the vestibular branches do?
Concerned with the sense of balance
What cranial nerves innervate the parotid glands, the sense of taste on the posterior third of the tongue, and part of the pharynx?
Glossopharyngeal nerves
What cranial nerves innervate part of the pharynx, larynx, and vocal cords, and parts of the thoracic and abdominal viscera?
Vagus nerves
What cranial nerves innervate the shoulder muscles?
Spinal accessory nerves
Where do some fibers of the spinal accessory nerves arise from?
Spinal cord
What cranial nerves primarily innervate the muscles concerned with movements of the tongue?
Hypoglossal nerves
What blocks patients’ pain and makes dental procedures possible?
Anesthesia
What nerve located in the lower back and travelling down the back of the thigh do dental team members experience pain with?
Sciatic nerve
Identify: Inflammation of nerves
Neuritis
What can cause neuritis?
Fall or a blow
What is neuritis also used to describe?
Nerve tissue degeneration
Identify: A disease that destroys the myelin sheath of neurons in the CNS
Multiple sclerosis(MS)
What age does Multiple Sclerosis occur in?
20 to 40
What results when the myelin sheath of neurons in the CNS is destroyed?
Impulses cannot be transmitted to their destinations
Identify: A chronic nervous disease characterized by slowly spreading tremors, muscular weakness, and a peculiar gait
Parkinson’s Disease
Identify: A sudden onset of facial paralysis
Bell’s Palsy
The endocrine system, like the nervous system, is a _______ and ____________ system
Control and communication
Endocrine system is much ______ than the nervous system, its results are ______ lasting
Slower, longer
Endocrine and nervous system are connected as the nervous system controls the _________ gland
Pituitary
What are glands and what do they do?
Produce secretions(hormones), are ductless(no tube for secretions from the glands to pass through)
Main functions of pituitary gland and hormones produced(2)
Master gland that releases hormones, which affect the workings of other glands; Growth hormone and thyroid stimulation hormone
Main functions of thyroid gland and hormones produced(1)
Increases metabolic rate, which affects both mental and physical activities, needed for normal growth; Thyroxin
Main functions of parathyroid gland and hormones produced(1)
Increases the level of calcium in the blood, regulates the calcium between bone and blood; Parathyroid hormone
Main functions of adrenal gland and hormones produced(2)
Releases the fight or flight hormone(increases heart rate and blood pressure), aids in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats during stress; Cortisol, adrenalin
Main functions of pancreas gland and hormones produced(1)
Produces hormones, including insulin and glucagon; Insulin
Main functions of testes gland and hormones produced(1)
Responsible for the development of male sex characteristics; Testosterone
Main functions of ovaries gland and hormones produced(2)
Responsible for the development of female sex characteristics; Estrogen, progesterone
What is the pancreas gland also known as?
Islets of Langerhans
What disease/condition could affect patients and how they respond to dental treatment?
Diabetes
Possible emergencies could occur with younger patients going through _______ and older patients going through _________
Puberty, menopause
Dental assistant is responsible for knowing and following all precautions and standards regarding _________ and the use of _______ _____ in the dental examination room
Radiation, nitrous oxide
Using a ____ _____ when exposing radiographs
Lead apron
Providing ________ ___________ during nitrous oxide sedation
Adequate ventilation
Identify: A disease that occurs when the pancreas produces an insufficient amount of insulin
Diabetes mellitus
During ________, dental treatments may need to be altered depending on the stage
Pregnancy
Identify: An underactive thyroid gland
Hypothyroidism
Identify: An overactive thyroid gland with excessive secretion of hormones
Hyperthyroidism
What system maintains a balance between intracellular and extracellular fluids?
Circulatory system
What are the two pathways of cirulation?
Pulmonary circulation and Systemic circulation
Define pulmonary circulation
Pathway circulates blood through the heart to the lungs and back to the heart
Define systemic circulation
Carries the blood from the aorta to the smallest blood vessels and back to the heart
What are the main components of the circulatory system?(6)
Heart, blood vessels(arteries, veins, capillaries), blood
List: Percent of population Antigen/agglutinogen on RBC Antibody/agglutinin in plasma Can receive Can donate to for Blood Type A
41 A Anti-B A or O A or AB
List: Percent of population Antigen/agglutinogen on RBC Antibody/agglutinin in plasma Can receive Can donate to for Blood Type B
12 B Anti-A B or O B or AB
List: Percent of population Antigen/agglutinogen on RBC Antibody/agglutinin in plasma Can receive Can donate to for Blood Type AB
3 A and B None A, B, AB, or O AB only
List: Percent of population Antigen/agglutinogen on RBC Antibody/agglutinin in plasma Can receive Can donate to for Blood Type O
44 None Anti-A and Anti-B O only A, B, AB, or O
Identify: An inflammation of the lining of the heart
Bacterial endocarditis
Patients with what should be treated with antibiotics before dental treatment? (6)
Rheumatic fever Congenital heart disease Open-heart surgery Joint replacement Organ transplants Dental implants
Identify: The failure of blood to clot
Hemophilia
Identify: A malignant, progressive disease of the blood-forming organs that is marked by unrestrained growth of abnormal leukocytes
Leukemia
Leukemia cells infiltrate the ____ ______ and _____ ______. These cells then advance to the ____________ and various ____ ______
Bone marrow, lymph tissue, bloodstream, body organs
What 2 parts are the digestive system divided into?
Alimentary canal
Accessory Organs
The digestive system provides a mean for ________ ____ to be prepared for use by the ____, circulated to all _____, and eliminating ______
Consumed food, body, cells, wastes
What is the alimentary canal of the digestive system?
Forms a canal or tube from the mouth to the anus
What is the accessory organs in the digestive system?
Aids in the process of digestion
What organs does the alimentary canal of the digestive system consist of? (6)
Mouth (oral cavity) Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Large intestine
What organs does the accessory organs of the digestive system consist of? (6)
Teeth Tongue Salivary glands and ducts Liver Gallbladder Pancreas
List the processes completed in the oral cavity (3)
Taste
Mastication
Swallowing/deglutition
Describe the processes completed in the oral cavity (3)
Receives food and tastes
Mechanical breakdown of food
Saliva glands produce enzymes to start chemical digestion
List the processes completed in the pharynx (1)
Deglutition
Describe the processes completed in the pharynx (2)
Movement of food as a result of swallowing
Passageway for food and air
List the processes completed in the esophagus (2)
Deglutition
Peristalsis
Describe the processes completed in the esophagus (1)
Mucus is secreted as food is transported in waves toward the stomach
List the processes completed in the stomach (2)
Churning
Peristalsis
Describe the processes completed in the stomach (1)
Chemical breakdown continues as stomach enzymes are released and mechanical movements churn the contents
List the processes completed in the small intestine (2)
Absorption
Peristalsis
Describe the processes completed in the small intestine (2)
Absorption of digested food
Move contents along intestinal track
List the processes completed in the large intestine (2)
Peristalsis
Defecation
Describe the processes completed in the large intestine (1)
Mechanical movement occur, emptying of rectum
Identify: Destruction of the tooth surface
Tooth Decay
Identify: Inflammation and deterioration of the periodontal tissue
Periodontal disease
Identify: Disease where individuals ‘purge” of vomit after eating large quantities of food
Bulimia
How does bulimia cause serious dental problems in patients?
The hydrochloric acid from the stomach dissolves tooth structure
Identify: Inflammation of liver caused by several viruses
Hepatitis
What are the three main hepatitis viruses?
Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, and Hepatitis C
What form of hepatitis is contracted through exposure by body fluids of infected individuals and is of the most concern because of its serious prognosis?
Hepatitis B
Main function of respiratory system is _________, air is inhaled through the ____ into the _____, where it’s absorbed into the ___________ and carried to all body cells. Once the ______ reaches the cells, it’s exchanged for the waste product, ______ _______. It is then transported by the blood back to the lungs and _______
Breathing, nose, lungs, bloodstream, oxygen, carbon dioxide, exhaled
What are the main parts of the respiratory system? (11)
Sinuses Nasal cavity Epiglottis Larynx Pharynx Bronchial tree (trachea, lung, bronchus) Pulmonary vein Pulmonary artery
The lungs are located between the ________ _________ and _______
Thoracic vertebrae
Sternum
The pleura is split into two, what are the two parts?
Internal visceral pleura
External parietal pleura
What is between the two parts of the pleura?
Pleural space
The pleura is like the lung’s “____”
Skin
What are the five smallest structures in the respiratory system?
Bronchiole Pulmonary arteriole Pulmonary venule Bronchiole artery Alveoli
Identify: Muscular spasm of the walls of the bronchi; Air passages is constricted so the person cannot easily exhale
Asthma
Identify: Highly contagious disease of respiratory system; Transmitted by breathing or swallowing droplets contaminated by __ ________
Tuberculosis
TB bacillus
Identify: Malignancy of lung tissue
Lung cancer
How common is lung cancer? What is it often caused by?
Very common
Cigarette smoking
What other conditions can affect the respiratory system? (3)
Common cold
Pneumonia
Bronchitis
Following ________ ___________ protects the office staff and the patient when treatment is required during times of infection
Standard precautions
The lymphatic system is composed of a _______ of _______ that drains and filters the tissue fluid surrounding _____
Network, vessels, cells
What are the three tonsils? Where are they located?
Palatine (sides)
Lingual (rear of mouth, pharynx)
Pharyngeal (rear of nasal cavity)
The immune system functions as part of the body’s _______ against _______ _________. Composed of specialized cells (__________ and ___________) and molecules (__________ and ________)
Defence, harmful organisms, phagocytes, lymphocytes, antibodies, antigens
What is the immune system split into? (2)
Nonspecific immunity
Specific immunity
What is nonspecific immunity?
The body’s defence against any harmful agents
What is specific immunity?
Acts against selected agents
Identify: Chronic infection of the tonsil tissue
Tonsillitis
Identify: Malignant disorder, causes enlargement of lymph nodes
Hodgkin’s Disease
What organs and vessels from other body systems involved in the immune system? (10)
Tonsils Adenoids Lymph nodes Lymphatic vessels Bone marrow Thymus Skin Appendix Peyer's patches Spleen
What are the three main portions of the integumentary system?
Skin, hair, and nails
What are the functions of the integumentary system? (5)
Protection: The body’s first defence against foreign invaders, injury, and harmful sunrays
Temperature regulation and metabolic regulation
Prevention of water loss
Synthesis of Vitamin D
Amazing wound-healing abilities that require extensive intercellular cooperation
Identify: Characterized by lesions with irregular border and uneven colour, associated with exposure to sun
Malignant melanoma
Identify: Inflammation of the skin; skin is pink/red and forms itchy rash
Dermatitis
Identify: Skin disorder where sebaceous glands and hair follicles of skin become infected and clogged, causing pimples and blackheads
Acne
Identify: Bacterial infection of skin that spreads through the tissues
Cellulitis
Identify: Small growths caused by viral infections of the skin
Warts
What three layers is the skin split into?
Subcutaneous
Dermis
Epidermis
What three sections is the epidermis split into?
Stratum corneum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum germinatirium
Stratum corneum is the ___________ (_____) layer
Stratum spinosum is in the ______
Stratum germinatirium is the _______ (_____) layer
Superficial (outer)
Middle
Deepest (inner)
The dermis has what? (4)
Sweat glands
Sebaceous glands
Blood vessels
Capillaries
What goes into the epidermis? (5)
Capillaries Papillae Nerve fibres Pores Hair shafts
The subcutaneous (inner layer) has what cells?
Adipose (fat) cells
