Oral Health and Nutrition Flashcards
What is the goal of preventive dentistry?
Each individual maintains optimal oral health
What do effective habits in maintaining oral health include?(6)
Brushing and flossing daily(to remove plaque and bacteria), Periodically disclosing to evaluate the effectiveness of brushing and flossing, Seeing dentist for routine care, Following a fluoride program, Following a good nutrition and exercise program, Scheduling regular dental visits
What is dental plaque?
A sticky mass containing bacteria and grows in colonies on the teeth
Bacteria in plaque is fed by ____ in food and converts it into ____
Sugar, Acid
What does demineralization of teeth mean and what causes it?
Minerals, calcium, and phosphate are lost from the enamel surface caused by acid released by bacteria attacking teeth
What is it called when the minerals lost and replaced in the tooth?
Reminerlization
If plaque continues to attack the teeth after the demineralization, what happens?
Decay or caries
What is the formula for plaque formation?
Sugar + Plaque = Acid + Teeth = Decay
Ultimately, whose responsibility is it to prevent dental disease?
The Patient’s
What is the first step in patient motivation?
Assessing oral hygiene and listening to the patient
What do age characteristics comprise of?(5)
Age, oral hygiene knowledge, skills, attitude, and any special considerations
What is used to make plaque visible?
Disclosing agents
What is a dentifrice?
The toothpaste used with brushing and flossing for patient oral hygiene self-care
What can mouth rinses do?(3)
Reduce the total number of microorganisms in the mouth, may loosen debris and temporarily eliminate halitosis
How can chewing gum help with oral hygiene?(2)
Stimulate saliva, helps dislodge particles from the teeth
What are interdental aids used for?(2)
Used to aid in cleaning the area between the teeth and to stimulate the gingival tissue in that area
What is an interproximal brush?
A small hand-held brush with soft nylon bristles twisted in wire and adapted into a handle
How is a rubber/wooden dental stimulator used?
Placed in the interproximal area, angled toward the occlusal surface and rotated in circular pattern
What does the action of a rubber/wooden dental stimulator do?
Stimulate soft tissue and removes plaque in the area
What is a floss holder?
A Y-shaped device with a handle used by some individuals to hold floss tightly as it is placed into the interproximal area of the teeth and around the posterior end of the last tooth in each quadrant
What is used to remove plaque and debris from under fixed bridges, orthodontic wires, and retainers?
Floss threaders
What are water irrigation devices used for?
It flushes away debris from orthodontic brackets and other prosthetic devices
What is important to remember about water irrigation devices and mouth rinses?
It should not replace brushing and flossing, despite what advertisements may say
How many surfaces can a toothbrush clean?
3 out of 5
Which surface(s) can a toothbrush normally not clean?
The proximal tooth surfaces
What are the proximal tooth surfaces?
The surfaces between the teeth
What are the two types of toothbrushes?
Manual and Mechanical
What are manual toothbrushes powered by?
Human hand
What are mechanical toothbrushes powered by?
Electricity or electricity
What are the 3 parts of a manual toothbrush?
The head, shank and handle
Should a patient use lighter or heavier pressure when using a mechanical toothbrush?
Lighter pressure
What are the motions of a mechanical toothbrush?(6)
Reciprocating(back and forth), orbital(circle), vibratory(back and forth quickly), arched(arc), elliptical(oval), or a combination of two or more of these
What are water irrigation devices, floss holders and such known as?
Interdental Aids
What brushing techniques are there?(6)
Bass/Modified Bass, Charters, Modified Stillman, Rolling Stroke, Fones, Modified Scrub
Describe the Bass or Modified Bass Brushing Technique
Most popular in dental community, used to remove plaque next to and directly beneath gingival margin
Describe the Charters Brushing Technique
Used to loosen plaque and debris to stimulate both the marginal and interdental gingiva
Describe the Modified Stillman Brushing Technique
Designed to do a good overall cleaning, remove plaque, stimulate and massage the gingiva; Bristles are positioned to point toward the root of the tooth
Describe the Rolling Stroke Brushing Technique
Used to remove food debris and plaque from teeth and to stimulate the gingival tissue; Brush placed parallel to the tooth and bristles pointed apically
Describe the Fones Technique
Used as an initial brushing method to achieve a good overall cleaning, easy to learn and perform
Describe the Modified Scrub
Uses a scrubbing motion to remove plaque and stimulate the gingival tissue
How is hygienic care done on a fixed bridge?
A fixed bridge that is anchored on both sides with a pontic in the middle; Won’t allow for normal flossing and thus requires special instructions on using floss threader to remove plaque and debris from under the bridge
How is hygienic care done on implants(full and partial dentures)?
Carefully clean all removable dentures/appliances daily and rinse after meals or as needed
What is used to brush implants/dentures/appliances?
A denture brush
How is hygienic care done on orthodontic appliances?
through cleaning methods, the appliances must be kept plaque free, special orthodontic toothbrushes and aids can be used
What needs to be considered in the oral hygiene of pregnant patients?
Pregnant patients often have nausea and regurgitation that brings acid from stomach all over the surface of teeth, requiring special dental hygiene techniques
What needs to be considered in the oral hygiene of cancer patients?
Cancer patients can have loss of muscle function, gingival bleeding, rampant caries and xerostomia which may compromise the skills of good oral hygiene; The effects of the therapy can cause oral manifestations too
What needs to be considered in the oral hygiene of heat disease patients?
Heart disease patients may have similar problems as cancer patients, due to medication and treatment
What needs to be considered in the oral hygiene of older patients?
Older patient with arthritis may have difficulties in holding floss and toothbrush, may require toothbrushes with large, soft handles
What nutrient will significantly reduce dental caries at optimum levels?
Fluoride
What is fluoride essential for?
Formation of healthy bones
Dental enamel contains ___ fluoride while carious teeth contain _______
0.01-0.02%, 0.0069%
Where is fluoride absorbed?
Bloodstream
When fluoride reaches the tooth, it replaces the _________ placed on the surface of the _________ in the enamel forming a _________
Hydroxyl ion, Apatite crystal, Fluoroapatite crystal
Who first revealed that people with mottled enamel(discolorations) did not have as much dental decay?
Dr. G. V. Black and Dr. F. McKay
What is mottled enamel?
Discoloration
What is fluoridation?
The process of adding fluoride to the water supply
What is diet?
The food the individual eats
What is malnutrition?
A disorder resulting from being undernourished
What is a nutrient?
Any chemical substance in food that provides the body tissues and structures with the elements necessary for growth, maintenance, and repair
How many essential nutrients are required by the human body?
Forty plus
How do we make sure the essential nutrients are obtained and the body’s metabolism is maintained?
Having a variety of foods daily
Where do carbohydrates come from?
Fruits, grains, legumers(peas, beans and lentils), and some vegetable roots
What do carbohydrates include?
Sugars, starches, and fibers
What does cariogenic mean?
Foods that break down into simple sugars in the mouth that can be used by bacteria to cause dental caries
Where do fibers in carbohydrates come from?
Fruits, vegetables, and grain food groups
What is the difference between fats and lipids?
Fats encompass substances derived from a solid, Lipids are the oils from a liquid
What do fats/lipids do?
Provide an alternate source of energy to carbohydrates, fats also insulate the body from heat loss, protect vital organs, and aid in the transportation of fat-soluble viatmins(A, D, E, and K)
Where are fats/lipids derived from?
Fats in normal diets are derived from plant and animal foods
What are neutral fats also known as, vice versa?
Triglycerides
Infants who have erupted teeth and are given bottles of milk, fruit juice, or sweet substances for long periods may develop what?
Nursing Bottle Syndrome(NBS) or Baby Bottle Tooth Decay(BBTD)
Where are proteins found?
Found naturally in plants and animals
What are proteins essential for?
Proteins are essential for the growth and repair of body tissues
What are proteins composed of?
Combinations of 20 amino acids
The quality of a protein is determined by the ______ and ________ in its structure
Distribution, Kinds of amino acids
How are proteins classified as “complete”?
If they have all 10 essential amino acids
How are proteins classified as “incomplete”?
If they don’t have all 10 essential amino acids
Most animal proteins(eggs, milk, meat) are ____ and vegetable/grain proteins are ____
Complete, Incomplete
Can essential amino acids be produced or synthesized by the body?
No
Can nonessential amino acids be produced or synthesized by the body?
Yes
What are the 10 essential amino acids?
Arginine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Valine
What are the 10 nonessential amino acids?
Alanine, Asparagine, Aspartate, Cysteine, Glutamate, Glutamine, Glycine, Proline, Serine, Tyrosine
What do vitamins do in the body?
Don’t provide energy, perform other necessary functions
What are the two major groups of vitamins?
Water soluble and Fat soluble
What are the fat-soluble vitamins and where are they stored?
Vitamins A, D, E, and K, Stored in fatty cells(liver etc.), not easily carried in the bloodstream
What are the two forms of Vitamin A and what is the difference?
Carotene(plant form) and Retinol(animal form)
What is Vitamin A essential for?
Healthy skin, maintenance of mucous membranes and gives strength to epithelial tissue, aids continual reshaping of bone, contribution to vision
Where does Vitamin D come from?
Can be manufactured by the body if exposed to ultraviolet rays
What is Vitamin D essential for?
Healthy bones and tooth development
What is most milk fortified with?
Vitamins A and D
What is Vitamin E essential for?
Related to childbearing and aging, protects nutrients from destruction by oxidation, conditions skin
What is Vitamin K essential for?
Promotes the formation of prothrombin
What is prothrombin responsible for?
Blood clotting and coagulation
Where is small amounts of Vitamin K stored?
The liver
