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Instrumentation > Radiation Safety > Flashcards

Radiation Safety Flashcards

1
Q

What are the hazards of ionizing radiation

A

Harmful to immature and rapidly dividing cells

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2
Q

What is a millisievert

A

Unit for measuring amounts of low-level radiation received

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3
Q

What is the acceptable exposure limit of radiation per year

A

50 mSv’s per year

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4
Q

What is the exposure limit for five years of radiation

A

100 mSv

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5
Q

What is the limit of radiation for a declared pregnant worker

A

4 millisievert’s

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6
Q

Which patients are at risk for x-rays

A

Breeding animal

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7
Q

What are three sources of exposure to radiation for personnel

A

Primary beam, scatter radiation, x-ray tube hosting

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8
Q

Do lead gloves protect from the primary beam

A

No just from scatter radiation

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9
Q

How do you expose large animals to the primary beam

A

Use a cassette holder instead of holding the cassette with your hands

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10
Q

What is scatter radiation

A

It is produced when x-rays from the primary beam change direction after colliding with objects in their path. Large portion travels in an upward path towards chest and head of restrainer.

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11
Q

What is a personal radiation monitoring device called

A

Dosimeter

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12
Q

What does a dosimeter do

A

Registers amount of radiation received

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13
Q

What are the two dosimeter types

A

Film badge dosimeter, thermoluminescent dosimeter

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14
Q

How often is the dosimeter sent to the lab for analysis

A

Every three months or every two weeks during pregnancy

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15
Q

How do you shield yourself from radiation

A

Using protective apparel, a portable lead wall, collimation.

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16
Q

What are four examples of protective apparel for radiation

A

Aprons, thyroid shield, gloves, lead-based glasses

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17
Q

How do you clean lead apparel

A

With a soapy water and a soft brush

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18
Q

What is a portable led wall used for

A

Preventing radiation.

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19
Q

What does an aluminum filter do

A

Absorbs soft x-rays

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20
Q

What does collimation do

A

Reduces exposure to primary beam and scatter radiation

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21
Q

What is fluoroscopy

A

Special imaging modality that uses x-rays to produce a real time moving image. Used for evaluation of dynamic processes and to facilitate surgical treatment

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22
Q

What is digital radiography

A

Uses digital sensors instead of traditional film

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23
Q

What are the two types of digital radiography

A

Computer radiography

Digital radiography

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24
Q

What is computer radiography

A

Image receptor screen is phosphor crystals that become energized during exposition. Latent image is read by a laser and sent to the computer

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25
Q

What is digital radiography

A

The image sent directly to the computer

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26
Q

What are the advantages to digital radiography

A

Reduced need for retakes, time efficiency, easier storage, can be sent to specialists

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27
Q

What is a cat scan

A

X-ray generating tube that makes a continuous circular movement around the patient. X-rays are picked up by a row of detectors and table moves in sync with x-ray tube. A computer is used to mathematically reconstruct a cross-sectional images of a body area

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28
Q

Why do we do CAT scans

A

Visualize internal organs, bones, soft tissue, blood vessels

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29
Q

What is an MRI

A

Does not use ionizing radiation. Uses strong magnetic field and radio waves to form images of the body. Provides better imaging then CAT scan for soft tissues

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30
Q

What is an ultrasound

A

Does not use ionizing radiation. Uses soundwaves with a higher frequency than the upper limit of the human hearing range. Gives a dynamic image. Allows for better soft tissue differentiation then x Rays

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31
Q

What is ionizing radiation

A

Radiation composed of particles that carry enough Kinetic Energy to liberate an electron from an atom.

32
Q

What is radiation

A

Energy that comes from a source and travels through media or space.

33
Q

What are the two forms of radiation use the medical imagery

A

Corpuscular an electromagnetic

34
Q

What are x-rays considered

A

A form of electromagnetic radiation

35
Q

Describe electromagnetic radiation

A

Has no Mass, no charge, can travel in a vacuum, constant speed, travels in a straight line, its wavelength is inversely proportional to its energy

36
Q

What is wavelength

A

Distance between two consecutive corresponding points. Measured in nanometers

37
Q

What is frequency

A

The number of cycles per second. Inversely proportional to the wavelength

38
Q

What is energy

A

Proportional to the frequency and inversely proportional to the wavelength

39
Q

Describe a shorter wavelength

A

High frequency and high energy

40
Q

Describe a long wavelength

A

Low-frequency and low energy

41
Q

What are four basic properties of x-rays

A

Can penetrate through materials that absorb or reflect visible light.
Can make certain substances fluoresce.
Can produce Latent images on film. Can cause biological changes in living tissue

42
Q

Describe x-ray production

A

Produced in an x-ray tube that is a glass tube with a vacuum

43
Q

What is the Cathode

A

Produces the electrons

44
Q

What is the anode

A

Attracts electrons and creates X-rays

45
Q

What are the two components of the cathode

A

Coiled wire filaments and focusing cups

46
Q

What is the cathode controlled by

A

The mA

47
Q

What are the two components of the anode

A

The tungsten target and copper casing

48
Q

What are the two types of anodes

A

Stationary and rotating

49
Q

Where is a stationary anode usually found

A

In dental or small portable x-ray units

50
Q

Where is the rotating anode generally found

A

And large x-ray units

51
Q

Describe the logic behind the focal spot

A

The smaller the focal spot the more heat at the spot and the clear the image

52
Q

Describe the angle of the anode target

A

Smaller angle makes a smaller focal point and better detail

53
Q

What is a penumbra

A

The loss of detail

54
Q

What happens if the focal spot is bigger than the pinpoint

A

Causes a penumbra

55
Q

On which side is the primary X-ray beams intensity stronger

A

On the cathode side

56
Q

What is a transformer necessary for

A

Necessary to multiply the incoming voltage to the necessary kilovolt a

57
Q

What are step down transformers used for

A

Provides electricity to heat the filament and creates mA

58
Q

What do step up transformers do

A

Creates the KVP

59
Q

Which type of current is necessary to generate X-rays

A

Direct current

60
Q

What does monophasic direct current needs to be changed to

A

Triphasic

61
Q

What is the KVP

A

The difference between the cathode on the anode. Determines the speed and energy of electrons. Causes a high penetrating power

62
Q

What is the MA

A

Determines the quality of x-rays in the beam

63
Q

What is MAS

A

Total quantity of x-rays produced in a certain amount of time

64
Q

What do x-rays due to the film

A

Make the radiographic film go black

65
Q

How do you reduce scatter radiation

A

Collimate and use an anti-diffusion grid

66
Q

What is the collimator used for

A

Nerves the atomic region to x-ray. Decreases scatter radiation. Increases quality of image

67
Q

What is the anti-diffusion grid

A

Thin vertical lead strips that absorb x-rays which travel at abnormal angles

68
Q

What does the potter Bucky diaphragm do

A

Prevents the outline of the grid from appearing on the film by moving the grade during the exposure

69
Q

Describe the cassette

A

Lightproof, rigid, has two intensifying screens, contains foam padding. Lead blocker for patient ID

70
Q

Describe the back of the Cassette

A

Lead lined to absorb back scatter radiation

71
Q

What crystals are located in the intensifying screen

A

Phosphor crystals that expose the film an account for more than 95% of film exposure

72
Q

Describe a slow screen

A

High definition when exposure time is not critical

73
Q

Describe a medium speed

A

Good resolution with relatively low exposure time

74
Q

Describe a fast speed

A

Reduce exposure time and lower MAS needed

75
Q

What are five factors that affect screen speed

A

Phosphor type, crystal size, layer thickness of phosphors, reflective later efficiency, dyes in phosphor layer

76
Q

Describe the emulsion layer of the x-ray film

A

Has silver halid crystals

77
Q

What are the four steps to manual developing

A

Developer five minutes. Fix or 10 minutes. Final wash 30 minutes. Drying

Instrumentation (17 decks)

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