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~RADT 251 - Radiobiology > Radiation Protection > Flashcards

Radiation Protection Flashcards

1
Q

radiation that produces positively and negatively charged particles when passing through matter

A

Ionizing radiation

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2
Q

T/F: X-rays can have varying degrees of penetration depending on their energy

A

True

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3
Q

the degree to which the diagnostic study accurately reveals the presence or absence of disease in the patient

A

Diagnostic efficacy

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4
Q

ORP

A

Optimization for radiation protection

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5
Q

Cardinal rules for radiation protection

A

Time, distance, shielding

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6
Q

Cosmic radiation occurs in which two forms?

A

Solar and Galactic

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7
Q

Long-lived radioactive elements such as uranium-238, radium-226, and thorium-232 that are present in variable quantities in the crust of the Earth

A

Terrestrial radiation

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8
Q

What is the most common unit of measure of equivalent dose?

A

Millisievert

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9
Q

What is a method of explaining radiation to the public?

A

BERT (Background equivalent radiation time)

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10
Q

T/F: radiation-induced cancer does have a dose level at which individuals would have a chance of developing this disease.

A

False

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11
Q

Compton scattering is synonymous with:

A

incoherent scattering.

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12
Q

If two anatomic structures have the same density and atomic number but one is twice as thick as the other, the thicker structure will absorb

A

twice as many x-ray photons.

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13
Q

In photoelectric absorption to dislodge an inner-shell electron from its atomic orbit, the incoming x-ray photon must be able to transfer a quantity of energy

A

as large as or larger than the amount of energy that holds the electron in its orbit.

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14
Q

The probability of occurrence of photoelectric absorption _________ as the energy of the incident photon decreases and the atomic number of the irradiated atoms _________.

A

increases markedly; increases

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15
Q

What are by-products of photoelectric absorption?

A

Photoelectron and characteristic photon

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16
Q

Which of the following particles is considered to be a form of antimatter?

A

Positrons

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17
Q

Which of the following results in all-directional scatter?

A

Compton interaction

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18
Q

The x-ray photon energy required to initiate pair production is

A

1.022 MeV

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19
Q

Which of the following is not a type of interaction between x-radiation and biologic matter?
a. Compton scattering
b. Bremsstrahlung
c. Photoelectric absorption
d. Pair production

A

B

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20
Q

Exposure is measured in:

A

coulombs/kg (SI) or milliroentgens

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21
Q

absorbed dose is measured in:

A

milligray

22
Q

effective dose is measured in:

A

millisievert

23
Q

Effective measures employed by radiation workers to safeguard patients, personnel, and the general public from unnecessary exposure to ionizing radiation defines:

A

Radiation protection

24
Q

The amount of ionization produced in the air when ionizing radiation is present is known as:

A

Exposure

25
Q

The millisievert (mSv) is equal to:

A

1/1000 of a sievert

26
Q

intended to be the best estimate of overall harm that might be produced by a given absorbed dose of radiation in human tissue.

A

Effective dose

27
Q

average amount of natural background radiation

A

3.1 mSv

28
Q

Which of the following processes is the foundation for imaging of the interaction of x-rays with human tissue?

A

Ionization

29
Q

An equivalent dose as low as 250 mSv delivered to the whole body may cause which of the following within a few days?
A. An increase in the number of lymphocytes in the circulating blood.
B. A substantial decrease within a few days in the number of lymphocytes or white blood cells that are the body’s primary defense against disease.
C. A drop immediately to zero in the lymphocyte count.
D. A large increase in the number of platelets.

A

B

30
Q

How is actual radiation dose to the global population from atmospheric fallout from nuclear weapons testing received?
A. It is received all at once within a short period of time after such a test.
B. It is received in large quantities within a period of 2 years after such a test.
C. It is not received all at once but instead is delivered over a period of years at changing dose rates.
D. No fallout from such testing is ever received.

A

C

31
Q

Which of the following is recognized as the main adverse health effect from the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear power accident?
A. Increase in the incidence of leukemia in adults
B. Increase in the incidence of leukemia in children
C. Increase in the incidence of thyroid cancer in adults
D. Increase in the incidence of thyroid cancer in children and adolescents

A

D

32
Q

If an interaction occurs, electromagnetic energy is transferred from the x-rays to the atoms of the patient’s biologic tissue. This process is called:

A

Absorption

33
Q

The amount of energy absorbed per unit mass

A

Absorbed dose

34
Q

______ are the photons that have undergone either absorption or scatter and do not strike the image receptor

A

Attenuated photons

35
Q

The [more/less] a given structure attenuates radiation, the brighter its appearance will be on a raw digital detector image

A

less

36
Q

Exit, or image-formation, radiation is composed of which of the following?
A. Primary photons and wide-angle Compton scattered photons
B. Noninteracting and small angle scattered photons
C. Very low energy photons D. Auger electrons

A

B

37
Q

Which of the following contributes significantly to the exposure of the radiographer?
A. Positrons
B. Electrons
C. Compton scattered photons
D. Compton scattered electrons

A

C

38
Q

In the radiographic kilovoltage range, which of the following structures undergoes the most photoelectric absorption?

A

Compact bone

39
Q

In which of the following x-ray interactions with matter is the energy of the incident photon partially absorbed?

A

Compton

40
Q

In which of the following x-ray interactions with matter is the energy of the incident photon completely absorbed?

A

Photoelectric

41
Q

Which of the following characteristics primarily differentiates the probability of occurrence of the various interactions of x-radiation with human tissue?
A. Energy of the incoming photon
B. Direction of the incident photon
C. X-ray beam intensity
D. Exposure time

A

A

42
Q

Which of the following influences attenuation?
1. Effective atomic number of the absorber
2. Mass density
3. Thickness of the absorber

A

1, 2 and 3

43
Q

A decrease in contrast of the image by adding an unwanted additional exposure (radiographic fog) results from:

A

Compton Scattering

44
Q

The interactions of x-ray photons with any atoms of biologic matter are:
A. Able to be preplanned to selective atoms to limit radiation exposure to those atoms
B. Important only in therapeutic radiology
C. Random, so the effects of such interactions cannot be predicted with certainty
D. Unimportant in diagnostic radiology, thus making radiation protection unnecessary

A

C

45
Q

Although coherent scattering is most likely to occur ____________, some of this unmodified scattering occurs throughout the diagnostic range and can result in small amounts of radiographic fog.

A

at less than 10 keV

46
Q

The ALARA principle provides a method for comparing the amount of radiation used in various health care facilities in a particular area for specific imaging procedures. This information may be helpful to many

A

Regulatory agencies

47
Q

Which of the following instruments is called a cutie pie?

A

Ionization chamber-type survey meter

48
Q

Why is a question concerning the amount of radiation a patient will receive during a specific x-ray procedure difficult to answer?
1. Because the received dose is specified in a number of different units of measure.
2. Because the scientific units for radiation dose are normally not comprehensible by a patient.
3. Because the patient should not receive any information about radiation dose.

A

1 and 2

49
Q

During the process of coherent scattering, an incident low-energy x-ray photon interacts with:

A

an atom and may transfer its energy by causing some or all of the electrons of the atom to momentarily vibrate and radiate energy in the form of electromagnetic waves.

50
Q

If two anatomic structures have the same density and atomic number but one is twice as thick as the other, the thicker structure will absorb

A

twice as many x-ray photons.

~RADT 251 - Radiobiology (15 decks)

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