Cell Biology Flashcards
____ enables the cell to synthesize proteins and produce energy
Metabolism
The ____ is the chemical building material for all living things
Protoplasm
Organic compounds contain:
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Compounds that to not contain carbon
Inorganic materials
Water and mineral salts (electrolytes) are [organic/inorganic]
inorganic
Four major classes of organic compounds:
Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids
Proteins are formed when organic compounds called _____ combine into long, chainlike molecular complexes.
amino acids
How many different amino acids are involved in protein synthesis in humans?
22
Chemical secretions manufactured by various endocrine glands
Hormones
Antibodies are protein molecules created by specialized cells in the bone marrow called:
B lymphocytes
Antibodies are produced when other lymphocytes in the body, known as ______, detect the presence of molecules that do not belong to the body.
T lymphocytes
The 4 nitrogenous organic bases in DNA macromolecules:
Adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine
Which of the following serves as a prototype for messenger RNA (mRNA)?
DNA
A normal human has ___ pairs of chromosomes
23
The basic units of heredity
Genes
The total amount of genetic material (DNA) contained within the chromosomes of a human being is called the:
human genome
In the human body mineral salts are necessary for
1. proper cell function.
2. creation of energy.
3. conduction of impulses along nerves.
All of the above
The _____ is a frail, semipermeable, flexible structure encasing and surrounding the human cell.
cell membrane
Which of the following are major tasks of the cytoplasm?
1. Accepts and builds up unrefined materials and assembles from these materials new substances such as carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.
2. Breaks down organic materials to produce energy.
3. Packages substances for distribution to other areas of the cell or to various sites in the body through the circulation.
4. Eliminates waste products.
All of the above
The _______ is a vast, irregular network of tubules and vesicles spreading and interconnecting in all directions throughout the cytoplasm.
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
What is any chemical reaction in which atoms lose electrons called?
Oxidation
_____ are small, pea-like sacs or single-membrane spherical bodies that are of great importance for digestion within the cytoplasm.
Lysosomes
_____ are commonly referred to as the cell’s protein factories because their role is to manufacture (synthesize) the various proteins that cells require by using the blueprints provided by mRNA.
Ribosomes
The cell components that contain the centrioles are the:
Centrosomes
When a parent cell divides to form two daughter cells identical to the parent cell
Mitosis
During mitosis, which phase of the cellular life cycle is the actual DNA synthesis period?
S
