radiation Flashcards

1
Q

when were x rays discovered and who by

A

roentgen 1895

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2
Q

what did bequerel discover in 1896

A

radioactivity

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3
Q

when did pierre and marie curie discover the radioactive element of radium

A

1898

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4
Q

what are the laws of Bergonie and Tribondeau (1906)

A

stem cells are more sensitive
younger tissue is more sensitive
tissues with high metabolic activity are more sensitive
rapidly dividing cells more sensitive

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5
Q

what did muller show in 1927

A

radiation is mutagenic

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6
Q

where does radium accumulate

A

bones

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7
Q

what doesthe alpha particle emitter ra226 kill

A

osteoblasts and other cells required for bone maintenance

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8
Q

how does O2 increase killing effects of ionising radiation

A

leads to hydrolysisn of water (radiolysis) leading to free radicals

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9
Q

when was the atom bomb dropped on hiroshima

A

1945

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10
Q

what are the three main types of radiation

A

alpha
beta
x andgamma rays

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11
Q

what is exposure measured in

A

grays (Gy)

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12
Q

what do grays measre

A

amount of energy absorbed and released

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13
Q

what does one Sv equal

A

Gy x radiating factor

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14
Q

faster release of radiation is…

A

more damaging than slow

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15
Q

what measures rate of release when radiation travels through matter

A

Linear energy transfer

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16
Q

what is LET a function of

A

mass and charge

17
Q

why does alpha have a greater LEt

A

more chance it will interact with molecules and deposit its energy

18
Q

what are the sources of radiation

A

cosmic rays, solar rays, terrestrial radiation

19
Q

what is the radioactive product of radium 226

20
Q

where is radon 222 found

A

rocks soil ground water

21
Q

what form of radiation is mostly found in our bodies

A

potassium 40

22
Q

what are anthropogenic sources of radiation

A

x rays
radioactive waste
accidents at nuclear power plants

23
Q

when was the windscale incident

24
Q

when was three mile islan

25
when was chernobyl
1986
26
when was fukushima
2011
27
what are the deterministic effects of radiation
radiation sickness, damage to skin and cateracts
28
what are the stochastic effects
genetic damage and cancers
29
why do high doses cause immediate death
damage to CNS
30
what is the cause of death from medium doses
damage to gi tract
31
how long does death occur after exposure to medium doses
few weeks
32
what are medium doses
10-50gy
33
what do low doses cause
radiation sickness
34
what are the symptoms of radiation sickness
nausea vomiting diarrhoea lethargy fever bleeding
35
why does fever occur
damage to cells--> cell lysis
36
how is radiation treated
blood transfusion intravenous feeding antibiotics
37
what are the effects of foetal exposure
mortality, malformations, mental retardation, reduced intelligence, childhood cancer