radiation

Question 1

when were x rays discovered and who by

Answer 1

roentgen 1895

Question 2

what did bequerel discover in 1896

Answer 2

radioactivity

Question 3

when did pierre and marie curie discover the radioactive element of radium

Answer 3

1898

Question 4

what are the laws of Bergonie and Tribondeau (1906)

Answer 4

stem cells are more sensitive
younger tissue is more sensitive
tissues with high metabolic activity are more sensitive
rapidly dividing cells more sensitive

Question 5

what did muller show in 1927

Answer 5

radiation is mutagenic

Question 6

where does radium accumulate

Answer 6

bones

Question 7

what doesthe alpha particle emitter ra226 kill

Answer 7

osteoblasts and other cells required for bone maintenance

Question 8

how does O2 increase killing effects of ionising radiation

Answer 8

leads to hydrolysisn of water (radiolysis) leading to free radicals

Question 9

when was the atom bomb dropped on hiroshima

Answer 9

1945

Question 10

what are the three main types of radiation

Answer 10

alpha
beta
x andgamma rays

Question 11

what is exposure measured in

Answer 11

grays (Gy)

Question 12

what do grays measre

Answer 12

amount of energy absorbed and released

Question 13

what does one Sv equal

Answer 13

Gy x radiating factor

Question 14

faster release of radiation is…

Answer 14

more damaging than slow

Question 15

what measures rate of release when radiation travels through matter

Answer 15

Linear energy transfer

Question 16

what is LET a function of

Answer 16

mass and charge

Question 17

why does alpha have a greater LEt

Answer 17

more chance it will interact with molecules and deposit its energy

Question 18

what are the sources of radiation

Answer 18

cosmic rays, solar rays, terrestrial radiation

Question 19

what is the radioactive product of radium 226

Answer 19

radon 222

Question 20

where is radon 222 found

Answer 20

rocks soil ground water

Question 21

what form of radiation is mostly found in our bodies

Answer 21

potassium 40

Question 22

what are anthropogenic sources of radiation

Answer 22

x rays
radioactive waste
accidents at nuclear power plants

Question 23

when was the windscale incident

Answer 23

1957

Question 24

when was three mile islan

Answer 24

1997

Question 25

when was chernobyl

Answer 25

1986

Question 26

when was fukushima

Answer 26

2011

Question 27

what are the deterministic effects of radiation

Answer 27

radiation sickness, damage to skin and cateracts

Question 28

what are the stochastic effects

Answer 28

genetic damage and cancers

Question 29

why do high doses cause immediate death

Answer 29

damage to CNS

Question 30

what is the cause of death from medium doses

Answer 30

damage to gi tract

Question 31

how long does death occur after exposure to medium doses

Answer 31

few weeks

Question 32

what are medium doses

Answer 32

10-50gy

Question 33

what do low doses cause

Answer 33

radiation sickness

Question 34

what are the symptoms of radiation sickness

Answer 34

nausea vomiting diarrhoea lethargy fever bleeding

Question 35

why does fever occur

Answer 35

damage to cells–> cell lysis

Question 36

how is radiation treated

Answer 36

blood transfusion
intravenous feeding
antibiotics

Question 37

what are the effects of foetal exposure

Answer 37

mortality, malformations, mental retardation, reduced intelligence, childhood cancer