R TL Flashcards
1
Q
Significant events before 1189
A
Henry II and Richard fought against HYK and Geoffrey for Poitou. HYK died in 1183.
Henry wanted John to succeed to Aquitaine, but Richard refused. John was made ‘Lord of Ireland’ instead.
In November 1188, Richard performed homage to Philip II out of frustration at not being clarified as heir. He fought his father - two days before his death he agreed to Richard’s terms and agreed to pay homage to Philip II. Saladin Tithe in 1188 raised £80,000.
2
Q
1189
A
- Richard crowned and wants to go on crusade as early as possible
How?- The Quitclaim of Canterbury
- Richard released Scotland from its obligations in the Treaty of Falaise (1174) - which involved accepting England’s overlordship - for 10,000 marks
- He also sold offices and increased fines and feudal dues to raise money
- For example, bishop of Winchester purchased 2 royal estates in Hampshire for £3000
- Sold charters to Bath, Colchester and more.
- Sacked Ranulf de Glanville and appointed co-justiciars:
- William de Mandeville, earl of Essex - layman
- Hugh de Puiset, bishop of Durham - clergyman
- Made younger brother Geoffrey Archbishop of York and made him promise to say out of England for three years.
- John:
- Made count of Mortain
- Married to Isabelle of Gloucester
- Granted 7 English counties - Richard held the most important castles in these counties, but John was allowed to take their revenues free from Exchequer supervision
- John had to promise to stay out of England for three years while he was on crusade, but Eleanor made him relent on this
- In December, William de Mandeville died.
- Regency council named: William Marshall, William Brewer, Geoffrey FitzPeter, Hugh Bardulf.
- By the end of 1189, only 5 pre-existing sheriffs remained in their post.
3
Q
1190
A
- By mid-1190, William Longchamp, chancellor (which he bought for £3000) and bishop of Ely, was made sole justiciar with Richard’s consent - he was overbearing and arrogant. E.g. signing writs in his own name, not the king’s and didn’t speak English.
- Longchamp wanted his men as castellans of Lincoln castle, but the holder, Gerald de Camville refused.
- Longchamp besieged Lincoln and John responded by seizing Tickhill and Nottingham.
- Exchequer records he raised £31,000 in this year.
- Massacre of the Jews in York, and destruction of the records (leads to greater administration of loans).
4
Q
1191
A
- A compromise was reached in July in the crusade and Walter of Coutances, archbishop of Rouen, returned with the army.
- Geoffrey returned to England, but was taken by Longchamp’s men and held at Dover castle.
- Longchamp argued that his men were not acting on his orders, and fled to the Tower of London.
- Walter of Coutances presided over a the Council of Lodden Bridge, and deprived Longchamp of the office of justiciar.
- Walter took over as justiciar until 1193, and removed Longchamp’s associates from offices.
- Philip Augustus had returned from crusade, and John wanted to scheme for the crown. John was invited to Paris where people thought Philip would make him lord of all the Angevin lands if he would marry Philip’s sister, Alice (who Richard was meant to marry, but whom he had abandoned, claiming she had been seduced by his father and had an illegitimate child with him). Eleanor stopped these plans by threatening to confiscate his English possessions.
- Richard married Berengaria of Navarre in Cyprus.
5
Q
1192
A
Richard left the Holy Land but was captured by Leopald, duke of Austria (whom he had offended at the siege of Acre) and was handed to the Holy Roman Emperor, Henry VI, who wanted a ransom of £100,000.
6
Q
1193
A
- John went to Paris, paid homage to Philip for Normandy and all of Richard’s other lands (some think even England).
- He promised to put aside Isabelle and marry Alice, and surrender Gisors in the Vexin.
- Philip made plans to invade England.
- John returned to England and announced that Richard was dead so that he should claim the throne. He captured the castles of Windsor and Wallingford with mercenaries. However, the regency council rejected demands he made of them and envoys sent to Germany found Richard was still alive.
- Hubert Walter made Archbishop of Canterbury, and brokered a truce. He was also made Chief Justiciar.
- Philip seized Gisors and laid siege to Rouen. He made Richard’s men agree to a humiliating peace in Mantes:
- Philip keeps all territorial gains and takes major strongholds e.g. Drincourt, Arques etc.
- Richard pays him 20,000 marks.
- Philip and John repeatedly tried to bribe the Holy Roman Emperor not to release Richard.
- Richard’s terms of release agreed (150,000 marks, needing a 25% tax on moveables) and Philip sent John a message ‘look to yourself; the devil is loose’.
7
Q
1194
A
- Richard was released by the Emperor and landed in Sandwich.
- John was summoned before Richard at a council in Nottingham, but didn’t appear.
- Richard replaced many of the sheriffs as he had done before he left to go on crusade - e.g. Gerard de Camville was dismissed. Some of Longchamp’s family was reinstated.
- Richard had a recrowning ceremony and left England, never to return.
- They met a few weeks later, and at Lisieux, John begged forgiveness which Richard gave him (saying he was young and prone to making foolish mistakes), and John became a loyal subordinate. For example, he regained Evreux.
- Coroners, Jewish Records, Articles in Eyre and Increments increased
- Charters sold to Norwich, Doncaster and more.
- Embargo on trade with Flanders enforced.
8
Q
1195
A
- Richard grants John the county of Mortain and the honour of Gloucester, as well as an annual allowance of £2,000.
- Feet of fines introduced, as well as keepers of the peace. Forest eyres and feudal dues were increased.
- Edictum Regium - all men over the age of 15 were made to swear an oath to keep the peace.
- Hubert Walter made a papal legate by pope Celestine III.
9
Q
1196
A
- Tax revolt in London, led by William FitzOsbert.
- One of Richard’s sisters married to the Raymond of Toulouse (resulting in an alliance), and Otto of Brunswick made Count of Poitou
- Peace of Louviers - territory Richard recaptured was recognised in return for the Vexin.
- As a result, Chateau Gaillard begins construction (since he can’t take back Gisors)
10
Q
1197
A
- Assize of Weights and Measures makes trade better
- Richard signs a treaty with Baldwin IX of Flanders - the trade embargo worked.
- Hubert Walter is defied by English bishops when he tells them they had to provide military service overseas.
11
Q
1198
A
- Introduces a carucage - how much land a plough team can do per year. Each is 5 shillings. Only earns £1000.
- Hubert Walter resigns: failure of Carucage, but mainly due to Innocent III’s pressure in that he spent too little time in Church matters.
- Geoffrey FitzPeter took over (one of the apares in the regency council)
William Marshall was other apare and served as a sheriff, justice, baron of the excheuqer - Otto of Brunswick claims Holy Roman Empire, backed by Innocent III.
- Forest eyre raised £748 down from £22 the year before.
12
Q
1199
A
- Richard retook nearly all of the land taken by Philip II but the continent was in a worse state.
- Richard travels south to punish the Viscount of Limonges, but is killed besieging the castle of Chalus-Chabrol.
