R&M

Question 1

What are 5 key points about Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis?

Answer 1

PSC is a biliary tract dz causing a direct hyperbilirubinemia

1. “Beads on a string” on ERCP
2. Men around age 40
3. 80% with positive p-ANCA
4. Associated with Ulcerative Colitis
5. Cholangiocarcinoma

Question 2

Tell me about Primary Biliary Cirrhosis

Answer 2

1. AI dz -T cells attacking bile ductules within liver parenchyma
2. Lymphocyte infiltration awa Granulomas
3. Anti-Mitochondrial Ab (AMA)
4. Middle aged women
5. Associated with other AI dz (celiac dz, RA, Sjogren’s, CREST)
6. Tx with Ursodiol

Question 3

What is the equation for physiologic dead space?

Answer 3

Vd=Vt*(PaCO2-PECO2)/PaCO2

Vd: physiologic dead space (anatomic dead space plus functional dead space in the alveoli), aka volume not participating in gas exchange
Vt: tidal volume
PaCO2: arterial pCO2
PECO2: pCO2 of expired air

Question 4

What’s the alveolar gas equation?

Answer 4

PAO2=150-(PaCO2/0.8)

PA02: alveolar pO2
PaCO2: aterial pCO2

Question 5

How do we determine the A-a gradient?

Answer 5

PA02-PaO2

Question 6

What are the 5 components of the Apgar score?

Answer 6

"APGAR"
Appearance 
Pulse
Grimace
Activity
Respiration
-scored out of 10 w/ >7 being healthy