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Toxo Exam I > R E V I E W > Flashcards

R E V I E W Flashcards

1
Q

What is the “Threshold dose”?

A

Dose that is less than or equal to no detrimental effects measured

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2
Q

What is the most common route of toxicant exposure?

A

Oral (ingestion)

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3
Q

What is a dispositional antidote and what is an example?

A

Dispositional antidote alters the absorption of toxin, making it less available to tissues (activated charcoal)

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4
Q

0.30% = ____ ppm

A

3,000

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5
Q

KNOW ALL OF THE CALCULATIONS

A

!!!

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6
Q

What are the sources of nitrate? When are the levels the highest?

A

Sources are plants and commercial fertilizers or stored feces, accumulate in vegetative tissue, highest levels are just before flowering

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7
Q

What is an example of nitrate plant?

A

Forage Sorghum.

Also corn, wheat, oats, soybeans. Bermuda grass, Hay grasses and some weeds

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8
Q

Desiccation (wilting) of a plant will lower nitrate level of that plant. T/F

A

False!!! Will increase levels

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9
Q

Ruminants are the most susceptible to ____ toxicosis because the conversion of it in the rumen

A

Nitrate… they convert nitrate to nitrite in the rumen (which is the more toxic form)

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10
Q

Clinical signs of Nitrate poisoning….

A

Cyanosis, brownish cast to mm and dark, chocolate colored blood

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11
Q

Nitrate poisoning diagnosis—>

A

Weakness +/- hypoxia and chocolate brown blood

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12
Q

Tx of Nitrate toxicity:

A

Methylene blue

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13
Q

What test is done in the field for nitrate levels by testing the forages???

A

Diphenylamine test

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14
Q

Excess copper evaluation is done by this ratio..; what level is considered dangerous???

A

Cu:Mo ratio

>25:1 is dangerous

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15
Q

What’s the gold standard of testing for Copper toxicosis?

A

Liver biopsy

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16
Q

Copper toxicosis on necropsy will show this….

A

Gun metal blue kidneys, enlarged black/brown liver and spleen. Pale organs

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17
Q

Clinical signs of sulfur:

A

Violent purgation, colic, “Muddy” mucous membranes, ADR/lethargy

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18
Q

Necropsy shows what with sulfur toxicosis???

A

GI issues, congested liver and kidneys, excessive gas in GI tract (rotten egg smell bc of hydrogen sulfide)

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19
Q

Sulfur toxicosis in cattle is from _____ and ___ ____

A

Pasture and water sources (with high sulfate contents)

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20
Q

Signs assoc. sulfur = what condition?

A

signs assoc. with PEM (Polioencephalomacia)

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21
Q

What are the diagnosis of sulfur toxicosis:

A

Look at environment, do a full PE, check for lead poisoning

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22
Q

Treatment of PEM from sulfur toxicosis:

A

Thiamine, remove the animals from the possible source

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23
Q

Sodium Ion toxicosis water deprivation– Salt toxicity is directly related to low ____ _______. What species are most sensitive?

A

water consumption; swine are most sensitive

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24
Q

Clinical signs from sodium ion toxicosis/water deprivation:

A

Head pressing, disorientation, aimlessly walking/circling, blindness, dog sitting, paddling/seizures, death eventually

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25
Q

Pigs with salt poisoning = _____ ______

A

Eosinophilic meningoencephalitis

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26
Q

COWS LOVE ____

A

ARSENIC

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27
Q

Arsenic toxicosis:

Inorganic forms include:

A

!!!More toxic!!!!

Pesticides, insecticides, herbicides, cotton defoliants, insulation materials, and wood preservatives

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28
Q

Arsenic toxicosis:

Organic forms:

A

Herbicides (cacodylic acid, MSMA and DMSA) and feed additives

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29
Q

What are “The 3 D’s” associated with arsenic toxicosis?

A

Diarrhea, dehydration, death

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30
Q

Beside the 3 D’s, which also occurs as a clinical sign with arsenic toxicity?

A

Neuro signs

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31
Q

What is the Tx of arsenic toxicosis?

A

Activated charcoal, oil demulcents, FLUIDSSS!!!, sodium thiosulfate, dimercaprol (BAL)

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32
Q

Clinical signs of Mercury; what is the TX?

A

Stomatitis, loosening of teeth, ulcers, keratinization; no TX

33
Q

Sorghum species and fruits are sources of ____

A

Cyanide (Prussic acid)

34
Q

Cyanide/Prussic acid often follows ____ of plants

35
Q

MM will be bright red with _____ poisoning

36
Q

Cyanide toxicity signs—>

A

Bright red blood that clots slowly. Rumen contents will smell like “bitter almonds”.

37
Q

Tx for cyanide poisoning—>

A

Sodium thiosulfate IV and repeat as needed. Also supportive care (O2) repeat as needed and may also have to do MB

38
Q

Cyanide testing:

A

freeze lab sample to prevent further hydrolysis. DO A PICRATE test- test will turn bright yellow in presence of cyanide

39
Q

Ionophore toxicity clinical signs:

A

Pulm. congestion, pleural effusion, cardiac necrosis, meningeal congestion

40
Q

All mycotoxins are ______

A

Immunosuppressants

41
Q

Mycotoxins often present as ___, subacute or ____ conditions.

A

Vague; chronic

42
Q

Fusarium includes what subcategories?

A

Deoxynivalenol, Zearalenone, T2 toxin, Fumonisin

43
Q

What are included as subcategory for Aspergillus?

44
Q

What is a subcategory of Penicillium?

45
Q

Aflatoxin- what is the primary organ that is targeted? What does this cause?

A

Liver is the primary target organ, leads to loss of proteins, improper antibody formation and decreased clotting factors. In humans, it is possible carcinogenic

46
Q

Public health concerns involving Aflatoxin–>

A

Carcinogens, milk is monitored closely for M1 metabolites, 20ppb in feed is the legal limit

47
Q

Fusarium toxins include:

A

Deoxynivalenol (T2 or DON) and Zearalenone (estrogenic effects)

48
Q

Zearalenone mode of action:

A

functions as a weak estrogen and inhibits secretion and release of GnRH

49
Q

Zearalenone causes what clinical signs in open/non pregnant young livestock?

A

Mammary enlargement

50
Q

What species is most susceptible to Trichothecenes (T2, Don, or Vomitoxin)??

51
Q

Trichothecenes lab diagnosis is what?

A

Anemia and leukopenia

52
Q

Fumonisins cause….

A

Equine leukocephalamalacia

53
Q

Ergotism MOA:

A

Initiates the contraction of smooth muscle and causes vasoconstriction, resulting in terminal necrosis of extremities. Inhibits release of prolactin (DMI and milk production DECREASES)

54
Q

What are the clinical signs of Ergotism???

A

Psychoactive, abortions, paralysis, GI issues, gangrene of extremities, death

55
Q

Xylitol aka ___ ____

A

Birch sugar

56
Q

Xylitol primary target organ is ____ with indirect _____

A

Pancreas; hepatotoxicity

57
Q

Xylitol MOA:

A

Stimulation of the pancreas to release insulin in a dose-dependent manner, causes hypoglycemia

58
Q

Where is insulin stimulated for glucose intake?

A

Skeletal muscles (mostly) and some in adipose tissues

59
Q

Is activated charcoal an effective tx for xylitol toxicity?

A

No because does not bind to the Xylitol

60
Q

Cycad (sago palm) toxins are concentrated in _____

61
Q

Cycad (sago palm) toxin principles….

62
Q

Microcystis aeruginosa aka

A

Blue green algae

63
Q

What is the toxic principal of Microcystis aeruginosa???

A

Microcystin as a cyanotoxin

64
Q

Microcystis aeruginosa TX–>

A

Cholestyramine (ion exchange resin)

65
Q

Amanita phalloides (deadly amanita, death angel) Toxic principle and 3 clinical phases:

A 
Toxic principle is Amanitins and phalloidins
Clinical phases (in this progression/order): GI---> Hepatic --> Hepatorenal
66
Q

What are the TX for Amanita?

A

SAM-e hepatoprotectants

67
Q

Xanthium strumarium (cocklebur) and X. spinosum (sheepbur): what are the toxic parts?

A

Seed and seedlings in cotyledon stages

68
Q

Xanthium strumarium (cocklebur), what is the toxin that is also a plant growth inhibitor?

A

Carboxyatractyloside is the toxin

69
Q

X. Straumarium (cocklebur) most sensitive species is _____

A

Pigs (anddd then sheeps)

70
Q

_______ plants are not toxic themselves but their metabolism in the body makes them toxic

71
Q

Chronic dietary exposure to this plant = PA toxicosis

A

Common ragwort/ragweed/ Senecio jacobaea

72
Q

Ricinus communis is the castor bean plant and its seeds look like ticks. What is the toxic compound?

A

Phytotoxin (ricin)

73
Q

Tetradymia toxin is:

A

Furanosesquiterpenes

74
Q

Know mushroom stuff and bugs/stings/snakes lecture

75
Q

Ionophores unique clinical signs-

A

rumensin (heart and skeletal musc. affected)

Bovatex (heart and pulm. system affected)

76
Q

Lead toxicity unique clinical signs are….

A

Non regen. anemia, roaring, CNS issues, wing drop

77
Q

Zinc toxicity unique clinical signs….

A

Intravascular regenerative hemolytic anemia and hemolysis

78
Q

remember calculations

Toxo Exam I (11 decks)

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