Metals Flashcards
Copper deficiency vs. toxicosis in different animals:
Cattle= def
Sheep=toxicosis
What dog breeds are predisposed to copper storage dz?
Dob. Bedlington, westie- can lead to hepatotoxicosis
Excess copper is rare but can occur over a short period of time and cause…
GI upset with blue green diarrhea and liver damage as well as muscle tremors/weakness, and down
Excess copper can be caused by….
injectable products, feed mixing errors, copper sulfate footbaths in dairy farms for foot rot, residual Cu on forages, ponds being treated, etc.
What species are MOST sensitive to Cu excess?
Sheep
Levels (ratio of Cu:Mo) more than ____ are dangerous
> 25:1
What species are most tolerant to excess Cu?
Cattle
Diagnosis of Cu toxicosis–>
Sx, trace minerals in blood (blue top tube), GOLD STANDARD IS LIVER BIOPSY**
Cu toxicosis necropsy usually reveals….
Gun metal blue kidneys ((and enlarged black/brown liver and spleen))
Sulfur clinical signs and necropsy results–>
Violent purgation, colic, muddy mm, ADR.
Necropsy: GI issues, Congested liver/kidneys, excessive gas and rotten egg smell (hydrogen sulfide)
Sulfur toxicosis in cattle main source is _____
Pasture
Pathophysiology of sulfur in rumen–>
Sulfur in rumen–> microbes produce hydrogen sulfide gas which is toxic–> decrease production of B1 (thrombin)–> assoc. with neurological function
Sulfur clinical signs are associated with ____
PEM (polioencephalomacia)
Sulfur toxicosis diagnosis:
Look at enviro., PE, check for lead poisoning (if negative, suspected to be sulfur or Listeria), check feed and water sulfur levels
Sulfur toxicosis treatment assoc, with PEM:
Thiamine, remove source, supportive care
Salt toxicity is directly related to…..
water consumption
What animal is most sensitive to salt toxicity?
Swine
Sodium toxicosis and water deprivation clinical signs—>
Head pressing, disorientation, aimless walking, blind, dog sitting, paddling, circling, death
Salt poisoning in pigs= _____ _________
Eosinophilic meningoencephalitis
Sodium ion toxicosis and water deprivation tx
None specific, goal is to restore SLOWLYYYY serum and CNS sodium
COWS LOVE _____
ARSENIC
Arsenic toxicosis is more common in what species
cows
Inorganic forms of arsenic
Considered more toxic (examples: pesticides, insecticides, herbicides, cotton defoliants, insulation materials, and wood preservatives)
Organic forms of Arsenic–>
Herbicides, MSMA and DMSA, feed additives
Arsenic causes…
Capillary dilation, necrosis of intestinal epith., renal tubular cell necrosis
What 3 GI signs does Arsenic cause? (Hint: The 3 D’s)
Diarrhea, dehydration, Death
Arsenic in dogs:
Chronic= dose dependent wt loss
Acute= death within hours or several days
targets liver and kidney
Animortem arsenic toxicosis diagnosis:
RBC and casts in urine with 1ppm and some protein. Liver biopsy >2ppm, Hair 1ppm
Tx for arsenic toxicosis:
Activated charcoal, oil demulcent, FLUIDSSS, sodium thiosulfate, BAL
Half life of arsenic is slow. T/F
False!! its very rapid
What does increased Fe (Iron) cause?
Capillary permeability, vascular collapse, decreased plasma volume, direct toxic effects to the liver
Tx of iron OD:
Usually futile, supportive care includes glucose and norepi
Zinc ingestion is ____ and was related to the ingestion of _____
rare; pennies
What does excess lead cause?
Rupture of lysosomes and release of acid phosphatase, may interfere with antibody production too (mice)
What is the cascade of clinical signs due to lead OD?
Constipation–diarrhea– neuro signs– Hgb destruction– pain–bilateral facial nerve paralysis– seizures– blindness
nonregenerative anemia, CNS signs, roaring in horses
Mercury clincial signs:
Stomatitis, anorexia, hypersalivation, loosening of teeth, GI issues and skin issues, weakness, hematuria, melena, death
Is there a tx for mercury OD?
Nope, just remove the source
