QUOTES: U4 AOS1 -> WW1

Question 1

Documentary: ‘The War That Changed Us’ (on impact of WW1)

Answer 1

WW1 “drove a wedge right through Australian society”

Question 2

On the 31st of July 1914, the Opposition Leader, Andrew Fisher, famously committed Australia to supporting Britain…

Answer 2

“to the last man and the last shilling.”

Question 3

DIFFERING HISTORIAN PERSPECTIVE: Historian Ken Inglis states that (about the divisive nature of Historian perspectives on the 1st referendum for conscription):

Answer 3

“The result was thus achieved so narrowly that any one of a number of things can be said to have been decisive; and historians can choose, according to taste and interest, the Easter Rising or the canniness of farmers or some other factor. It might even be argued without much perversity that the vote of soldiers was in a sense decisive.”

Question 4

STATISTICS ON THE 1ST REFERENDUM

Answer 4

The 1st plebiscite rules from the 28th of OCT 1916: South Australia most strongly voted against conscription with 57.56% saying NO whilst Western Australia most strongly voted for conscription with 69.71% of people voting YES

Question 5

A left-wing socialist newspaper warned that conscription would result in Australian women marrying Indian/Chinese men which attempt to appeal to prevalent racist attitudes in AUS by emphasising that:

Answer 5

“you don’t win the war if you substitute [people of colour] for Australians” (Adcock et al.)

Question 6

STATISTICS ON THE 2ND REFERENDUM RESULTS

Answer 6

Votes in favour of conscription fell by 7,200 whilst votes against conscription rose by 21,000

Question 7

Archbishop Daniel Mannix’s anti-conscriptionist views which he reconfirmed in 1962:

Answer 7

“I wanted to win the war. I wanted to promote voluntary enlistment, but I did not want conscription.

Question 8

Vida Goldstein, during WW1 in particular, advocated

Answer 8

“to conserve life”

Question 9

Historian David Day on Australia’s eager involvement in WW1:

Answer 9

“As an integral part of the British Empire, there [was] no question of Australia standing aside. It was convinced that its fate rested on Britain’s.”

Question 10

Historian David Day on Australia’s eager involvement in WW1:

Answer 10

“Australian identity was so intermingled with that of a grander British imperial identity, that sentiment alone would have impelled Australians into battle’

Question 11

Historian John Lack on censorship in WW1

Answer 11

“Censorship […] was imposed at three levels: in the field by the Allied armies, by quarantining correspondents from the action, and by correspondents, anxious for lively copy, imaginatively dressing up the scant information they received.”

Question 12

Historian John Lack on censorship in WW1

Answer 12

“Reports of failure were delayed, uninformative, bereft of truth and realism, and flavoured with upbeat and victorious terminology.”

Question 13

Extract from the ‘War Precautions Act 1914’ on possible penalties for violating the act

Answer 13

“One hundred pounds or six months’ imprisonment, or both.”

Question 14

Extract from the ‘War Precautions Act 1914’ explaining the act

Answer 14

“Australian press coverage of the Great War, even by Australian official war correspondents, was from the outset characterised by optimism, anticipations of glorious success, and silence about the horrors and huge casualties”

Question 15

Extract from the Manifesto issued by The National Executive at the Australian Trade Union Congress in 1916:

Answer 15

“conscription has been used to render null and void all the achievements of Trade unionism”

Question 16

Extract from the manifesto issued by The National Executive at the Australian Trade Union Congress in 1916

Answer 16

“conscription has been used not merely as an instrument of national defence, but as a bludgeon to break down the standard of the industrial classes.”

Question 17

Billy Hughes in November 1917 in support of conscription:

Answer 17

“There are men in Australia, and they must fight.”

Question 18

A catholic view on conscription cited in ‘The Argus’, 30 November 1917

Answer 18

“The church as a whole was loyal to Empire and the British throne.”

Question 19

‘Propaganda and the Conscription Debate’, unknown curator at the Old Treasury Building

Answer 19

“The conscription debate generated an enormous volume of propaganda material.”

Question 20

Cited in J. M. Main, Conscription: The Australian Debate, 1901–1970, Sydney: Cassell Australia, 1979

Answer 20

“Voluntary recruiting has brought in only some 18,000 in the last three months. It is obvious that these are quite insufficient to maintain our Australian army at its proper strength.”

Question 21

Referendum question put to Australian voters on 28 October 1916

Answer 21

the Government would possess “the same compulsory powers over citizens in regard to requiring their military service, for the term of this war, outside the Commonwealth”

Question 22

In a speech given at a Catholic Church fete in Clifton Hill, Melbourne, in September 1916, Archbishop Daniel Mannix argued:

Answer 22

“the people must decide for themselves.”

Question 23

Vida Goldstein 1916 condemning the brutality of war and the notion of conscription:

Answer 23

“frantic effort to get enough men to do enough killing to wipe out the enemy.”

Question 24

Historian Olga Tsara on the theme of sport in propaganda:

Answer 24

soldiers were expected to “embody the qualities of virility, sportsmanship, loyalty and honour.”

Question 25

statistics on the role of women in WW1:

Answer 25

Initially, women could not enter the armed forces, even the 2,000 nurses who served the Army abroad were denied the dignity of a military rink

Question 26

statistics of Indigenous involvement in war:

Answer 26

it is estimated that about 1,000 Indigenous men served in WW1

Question 27

Historian Richard Broome states that while Aboriginal servicemen fought for “freedom from tyranny” at Gallipoli and then in France, the Board increasingly controlled the lives of their families back home and those who applied for soldier settler blocks of land under a government scheme were often refused

Answer 27

“freedom from tyranny”

Question 28

according to the Australian War Memorial website - Indigenous soldiers return to AUS:

Answer 28

“only a small percentage of settlement blocks were allocated to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander servicemen.”

Question 29

STATISTICS ON ‘ALIENS’

Answer 29

By 1918, there were 7000 people interned, of whom 4500 were classified as ‘enemy aliens’.

Question 30

PM Billy Hughes said in Parliament in 1919 that (positive outlook on aftermath of war for soldiers):

Answer 30

“died for the safety of Australia and in doing so had made for themselves a name that will not die”

Question 31

statistics on post-war economy

Answer 31

The returned soldiers were helped economically by returning to a booming economy as of the 170,000 repatriated soldiers only 13,000 failed to find work. (7.5%)

Question 32

PM Hughes in the Paris Peace Conference:

Answer 32

“I speak for sixty thousand dead” as Hughes even stated at the Paris Peace Conference that he was representing the 66,000 dead Australian soldiers rather than merely acting as an extension of Britain

Question 33

DIFFERING HISTORIAN VIEWS on AUSTRALIA’S perception of itself as a fully independent nation following WW1-> Historian - - Henry Reynolds conversely thinks that this is not the case:

• however historian Kate Laing believes that the war was an opportunity for AUS’s independence:

Answer 33

• “Gallipoli served to lock Australia more firmly into the Imperial embrace.”
• “shift from imperial dependency to independent representation on new international bodies”

Question 34

Historian Stuart Macintrye on the expectation of women in WW1:

Answer 34

“It was expected that women would keep the home fires burning and provide comforts for their protectors.”

Question 35

Historian Stuart Macintrye on the role of women in WW1:

Answer 35

“allowed females to replace males in the workplace”

Question 36

Vida Goldstein in her journal ‘The Woman Voter’ on the importance of women advocating for an alternate means of conflict resolution:

Answer 36

“they recognise that human life must be the first consideration of nations”

Question 37

Australian War Memorial historians/website state of the reasons for Indigenous involvement in war

Answer 37

“loyalty and patriotism doubtless played a part.”

Question 38

Australian War Memorial historians/website state of the reasons for Indigenous involvement in war

Answer 38

“There was also the incentive of receiving a wage. Indigenous soldiers were paid the same rate as non-Indigenous soldiers.”

Question 39

Australian War Memorial historians/website state of the reasons for Indigenous involvement in war

Answer 39

“many experiencing in the Army equal treatment for the first time in their lives.”

Question 40

Historian Claire Phelps on the cause of Indigenous enlistment in WW1:

Answer 40

“participation in the war gave Indigenous men a sense of empowerment, new economic opportunities, and a sense of equality.”

Question 41

Historian Richard Broome on Indigenous participation in WW1:

Answer 41

“the Aboriginal sacrifice was greater”

Question 42

Historian Claire Phelps on an anonymous comment made by an Indigenous solder upon his return from WW1:

Answer 42

“I always thought that fighting for our King and Country would make me naturalise[d] British subject and a man with freedom in the country but … they place me under the Act and put me on settlement like a dog.”

Question 43

Historian Stuart Macintyre describes the internment
process of ‘enemy aliens’:

Answer 43

“[enemy aliens] were rounded up and put in internment camps.”

Question 44

Historian Stuart Macintyre describes the internment
process of ‘enemy aliens’:

Answer 44

“In 1917 it was declared an offence to Anglicise one’s name.”
“there was an upsurge of xenophobic repression.”

Question 45

Historian Michael McKernan

Answer 45

“Exaggerated patriotism, impossible demands, flowered in this climate of unreality.”

Question 46

Freemason’s Journal, Sydney, 27 April, 1916 - highlights the sense of identity and independence that the war gave to AUS

Answer 46

“we are at last a nation, with one heart, one soul and one thrilling aspiration.”

Question 47

Eric Bogle, The Band Played Waltzing Matilda, 1971 highlights the difficult circumstances of the war

Answer 47

“mad world of blood, death and fire”

Question 48

On the 31st of July 1914, the Opposition Leader, Andrew Fisher, famously committed Australia to supporting Britain:

Answer 48

“to the last man and the last shilling.”