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BMS 123 Anatomy & Histology > Quiz2 > Flashcards

Quiz2 Flashcards

1
Q

(general) what is in the tunica media (types)

A

smooth muscle cells, elastic, reticular and collagenous fibers type III and IV
-external elastic lamina surrounds it

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2
Q

(general) what is in the tunica intima

A

subendothelial layer( thin CT), endothelium, and internal elastic lamina around that.

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3
Q

Which BVs:

  1. pressure highest, lowest
  2. muscle highest, lowest
  3. vasa vasorum highest, lowest
  4. elasticity highest lowest (none)
  5. speed of blood
A
  1. arteries, veins (huge drop in capillaries)
  2. arterioles, capillaries (none)
    - – less in venules and veins than arteries,arterioles
  3. arteries and veins, none in arterioles, capillaries and venules
  4. highest in large arteries aka elastic arteries/conducting down from there and none in capillaries, back up venules and higher in veins- but not distinct laminae
  5. highest in arteries, slowest in capillaries.
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4
Q

which bvs does external elastic lamina start to diminish

A

starts in muscular (distributing) arties. less in small muscular arteries and none in arterioles

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5
Q

which BVS does inner elastic lamina dissapear

A

arterioles

  • still exists in the “transition” from muscular artery to arteriole
  • none in arterioles, capillaries, then back again in venules and veins.

-slide 8

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6
Q

how many layers of muscle are in arterioles

A

2-3 layers. terminal arterioles are 1 muscle cell thick.

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7
Q

what is the junction of capillaries and arterioles

A

precapillary sphincter

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8
Q

which bvs have most control over BP

A

arterioles (resistance)

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9
Q

how to tell venule from arteriole

A

venules have larger lumens and less distinct muscular layers

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10
Q

(general) what is in the tunica adventita`

A

loost connective tissue, blood vessels (vasa vasorum) , lymphatics and nerves (nervi vassorum)

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11
Q

what are the 3 types of capillaries, where are they and defining features

A
  1. continuous capillaries (muscles and CNS) : occluding junctions make the endothelium tight together. basement membrane wraps completely. gas exchange and pinocytosis, and transcytosis
  2. fenestrated capillaries (endocrine glands, kidneys, small intestine) - fenestrations /openings in the endothelium can have diaphrams sometimes.basement membrane is continous throughout but more readily allow filtration nutrients etc across capillary wall.
  3. discontinuous capillaries (liver, spleen, bone marrow) fenestrations are larger than in fenestrated, and basement membrane is DISCONTINUOUS!! red blood cells can leave in the spleen ONLY!
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12
Q

what are the functions of endothelial cells

A
  • permeability barrier
  • modulates vascular tone
  • promotes angiogenesis( dev of new BVs)
  • trigggers blood coagulation
  • inibits platelet adhesion
  • regulates inflammatory cell migration
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13
Q

what are anastomes

A

connection between blood vessels, could be arterioles and venules or even two arterioles or two venules. just means a direct conneciton between bvs

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14
Q

what is collateral circulation

A

when there are alternative blood supply pathways!! like multiple arterioles going into a capillary bed, if ones cut off, the cap bad still provides blood all over the area.

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15
Q

what are end arteries

A

when theres only ONE pathway to something like retina central artery, if its cut off, retina dies (unlike collateral)

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16
Q

what are arteriovenous shunts

A

or AV shunt

  • where theres a connection from an arteriole to a venule without going through a capillary bed, bypass of cap bed so we dont lose as much body heat through the skin, thats an inmportant function of it.
  • also if jogging, dont need a lot of blood in walls of digestive tract, etc. shunt blood away
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17
Q

what is a portal system (examples)

A

takes blood from one capillary bed directly to another capillary bed with no heart circulation in between.

  • portal vein from gut to liver
  • also in kidneys, pituitary gland etc
18
Q

what is the pathway of venous return?

A

capillary -> postcapillary venules -> collecting venules -> muscular venules -> small veins -> large veins

– gradually gets larger

19
Q

differences between arteries and veins

A

veins: larger lumen, t adventita is thickest layer, thinner wall overall . have valves. more numerous and variable than arteries. muscular tunica media is thinner than in arteries, smooth muscle fibers have irregular orientation, circular approximately.
arteries: thicker wall, thinner lumen. no valves.

20
Q

what are vein valves made up of

A

=projections into lumen of tunica intima. covered by endothelial cells, have a core of elastic fibers.

21
Q

what is arteriosclerosis

A

hardening and narrowing of arteries (loss of elasticity and thickening)
-within the tunica intima layer, between that and tunica media. its infiltration of cholesterol and other lipid substances into vessel wall, harden over time and become hard plaques.

(sclerosis means hardening)

-aneurysm is a weakness in blood vessel wall that allows ballooning out , may burst.

22
Q

what are embolus and thrombus

A

embolus is the large plaque that builds up in a arteri in arteriosclerosis. thrombus is it when it breaks free and enters circ system.

23
Q

what vessels have valves

A

veins and lymphatic vessels

large venuoles?

24
Q

how do lymph vessels drain

A

they are “blind ended” , blind lymphatic capillary endings, not actually connected to capillaries. (blunt openings)

25
Q

how do things move in lymphatic system

A

due to Surrounding muscle. no pericytes or muscle of its own.
-takes 10%, other 90% goes to venous end.

26
Q

what are lymph vessels made up of, where does it pick up blood and how is it anchored

A

endothelium with little or no basement membrane, no pericytes, have valves,.

  • picks up through blind sacs.
  • anchoring filaments attach endothelial cells of lymph capillaries to connective tissue surrounding it, prevents lumen from collapse.
27
Q

how to tell lymph vessel from blood vessels on a histology slide

A

thin layer vs venule, but no red blood cells.

28
Q

whats a neurovascular bundle

A

artery, vein and nerve bundled together.

-can tell nerve bc it has nuclei of nerve fibers in lumen.

29
Q

what are the layers of the epidermis

A

top to bottom:

  • stratum corneum (cornified layer)
  • stratum lucidum (lucid layer)
  • stratum granulosum (keratohyaline granules, filaggrin, lamellar bodies)
  • stratum spinosum (desmosomes, tonofilaments- cytokeratins), basal layer (hemidesmosome, anchoring filaments, basal lamina (lucida and densa)
30
Q

which cells of epidermis derive from neural crest (that we know)

A

melanocytes and merkel cells.

31
Q

where do you find meissner corpuscle cells

A

(tactile)

- in dermal papillae attached to epidermis with collagen fibers.

32
Q

where do you find merkel cells

A

they extend up and the merkel disc/nerve ending is inserted into the bottom of the epidermis

33
Q

what are the components to the attachment of keratinocyte basal cells to the basal lamina

A

basal cells attach to the lamina lucida by hemidesmosomes. tonofibrils (cytokeratins) extending from the cytoplasm of the basal cell insert into the hemidesmosomes.

  • under hemidesmisome is a plate and then a plaque inserted into the plasma membrane. Integrins and bullous pemphigoid antigens insert into the plaque and extend into the lamina lucida.
  • also attached to anchoring filaments, laminin 5 of the lamina lucida layer of the basement membranes basal lamina
34
Q

what do pacinian corpuscles look like , where are they and what do they detect

A

they look like ONIONS!

-found deep in hypodermis. They sense pressure!

35
Q

what is in the granular layer

A

stratum granulosum
-has keratohyaline granules , filaggrins which bind to keratin, and lamellar bodies (lipid based) which become the compound cellular envelope on the outside of the cell in the stratum LUCIDUM AND CORNEUM. also in stratums lucidum and corneums, proteins form cornified cell envelope on inside of plasma membrane .

36
Q

what is the nerve that senses stretching, where is it ?

A

in the dermis, its called ruffini end organ

37
Q

which cells of epidermis derive from neural crest (that we know)

A

melanocytes and merkel cells.

38
Q

where do you find meissner corpuscle cells

A

(tactile)

- in dermal papillae attached to epidermis with collagen fibers.

39
Q

where do you find merkel cells

A

they extend up and the merkel disc/nerve ending is inserted into the bottom of the epidermis

40
Q

what do nerve endings detect in skin and where are they

A

they extend from dermis into the epidermis. they detect pain and temperature

41
Q

what do pacinian corpuscles look like , where are they and what do they detect

A

they look like ONIONS!

-found deep in hypodermis. They sense pressure!

BMS 123 Anatomy & Histology (9 decks)

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