circ system/ heart & mediastinum

Question 1

what is the location (vs costal/sternum) of superior and inferior border of heart?

Answer 1

superior border: sternal angle (2nd costal cartilage)

inferior border: 5th intercostal space

Question 2

what happens to a heart with increase of resistance?

Answer 2

hypertrophy/enlargement

Question 3

which side of body has a brachiocephalic artery

Answer 3

right!!! both have brachiocephalic vein

brachiocephalic trunk or artery

Question 4

what is the large artery behind the heart?

Answer 4

thoracic aorta

Question 5

what are the veins that run along common carotid artery

Answer 5

internal jugular l/r

Question 6

whats another term for parietal/visceral pericardiums

Answer 6

visceral/epicardium: serous

parietal:fibrous

Question 7

what are the 3 layers of the heart wall

Answer 7

1. endocardium (tunica intima)
2. myocardium (tunica media)
3. epicardium (tunica adventita)

Question 8

what are the smallest cardiac veins called

Answer 8

venae cordis minimae

Question 9

what is the fat in heart called

Answer 9

subendocardial fat

Question 10

what is the valve of IVC

Answer 10

valve of inferior vena cava, in inferior right atrium

Question 11

externally , where are the right atrium/ventricles ?

Answer 11

right atrium makes up the entire right border of the heart and 1/4 of anterior surface.

right ventricle makes up most of the anteiror surface of the heart and 2/3 of inferior border

Question 12

what is the inferior surfcae of heart called

Answer 12

diaphragmatic

Question 13

what are the pectineate muscles

Answer 13

of atrium!! weird muscles stringy

Question 14

what are the irregular muscles of ventricle

Answer 14

trabeculae carnae! lead to papillary which branch into chordae tendinae

Question 15

what muscle extends away from papillary muscle (specific)

Answer 15

moderator band/ septomarginal trabeculaa

Question 16

how many cusps of the pulmonary trunk valve are there

Answer 16

3

Question 17

what are the cusps of the right av valve called

Answer 17

septal, anterior, posterior

Question 18

where does the left ventricle externally

Answer 18

all of left broder almost, smalll part of inferior border

Question 19

where is left ventricle externally on posterior

Answer 19

large part of posterior surface

Question 20

what is the left av valve called

Answer 20

mitral or bicuspid orifice /valve

Question 21

what is the circuit of the right/left sides of heart

Answer 21

right is pulmonary left is systemic

Question 22

what are the shunts to bypass lungs and liver

Answer 22

1. umbilical vein (enters at liver and joins left portal vein, branches off as ducturs venosus-bypasses liver, and portal sinus -to portal vein/ to liver)
2. ductus venosus (branch from umbilical vein, enters the inferior vena cava directly to bring oxygenated blood to heart)
3. foramen ovale (hole in septum between the two atria)
4. ductus arteriosus (connects pulmonary artery to the aorta to bypass the lungs!!! blood leaves heart and instead goes into circulation)
5. umbilical arteries (enteres into internal illiac artery)

Question 23

what does the foramen ovale become

Answer 23

fossa ovale

Question 24

what does the ductus arteriosus become

Answer 24

ligamentum arteriosum

Question 25

what does the ductus venosus become

Answer 25

ligamentum venosum

Question 26

what does the umbilical vein become

Answer 26

ligamentum teres of liver

Question 27

what is the “pacemaker of the heart”

Answer 27

sinoatrial node- in the right atrium

Question 28

what two nodes are for intrinsic control of heartbeat

Answer 28

sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes

Question 29

what is the path of impulse for contraction

Answer 29

sa node– av node – bundle of his r/l branches– purkinje fibers

Question 30

what is the extrinsic control of the heartbeat from the parasympathetic ns- which nerve/origin and what part of the nervous system? impact on the heart? which cranial nerve? where does it synapse

Answer 30

autonomic fibers synapse on SA node

-parasympathetics; slow heart beat from vagus nerve CN x

Question 31

extrinsic control of heartbeat from sympathetic ns? whats the origin

Answer 31

sa node synapse also

-speed up heartbeat, from cervical and T1 sympathetic chain ganglia

Question 32

where does pre-ganglionic parasympathetic nerves synapse for the heart? where can u locate it?

Answer 32

in cardiac plexus under the aortic arch and anterior to tracheal bifurcation into primary bronchi
-from vagus nerve

Question 33

where do the post ganglionic sympathetic nerves for heart control originate

Answer 33

sympathetic chain ganglia