pleural cavities, lungs, mediastinum

Question 1

what is the origin and insertion of the diaphram

Answer 1

origin: sternal slips from xiphoid, costal slips from lower 6 costal cartilages and 12th ribs , lumbar L1-L3, a right crus from bodies of L2/L3 and a left crus from bodies of L1/L2 (forms median arcuate lig)
insertion: fibers converge and insert into the central tendon

Question 2

what is the :function, blood supply and innervation of the diaphram

Answer 2

function: respiration
blood supply: internal thoracic artery (branches via intercostal and phrenic areries)

innervation: embryological origin is cervical region, so motor and sensory innervation is from anterior rami of C3, C4, C5 via the phrenic nerve

Question 3

what cells make up visceral pleura - what is a special function / for what?

Answer 3

flattened cuboidal mesothelium w/long microvilli

-microvilli trap hyaluronic acid - a mucopolysaccharide that binds w/water to provide lubrication of pleural surfaces

Question 4

what is the blood supply/innervation to parietal pleura?

Answer 4

blood: visceral and intercostal branches of descending aorta
innervation: to each component it is th esame as adjacent structures (phrenic, intercostal etc)

Question 5

what are pleural recesses

Answer 5

spaces b/w reflected layers of pleura that arent filled on quiet respiration.
-can be area of fluid accumulation

costodiaphragmatic (inferior/lateral) and costomediastinal (mediastinum inferior region)

Question 6

what are the 4 surfaces of lungs

Answer 6

apex, costal surface (lateral), mediastinal surface (medial) and diaphragmatic surface (inferior)

Question 7

what is distinct about the left lung (depression) whats it called

Answer 7

cardiac notch and lingula (tongue like extension)

Question 8

how many segments are lungs divided into?

Answer 8

10 each, diseased segments can be removed

Question 9

on the medial view of the left/right lung, what type of bronchi do you see? on which does the pulmonary veini look larger /smaller

Answer 9

• on left; primary bronchi. on right; intermediate bronchi

- on left; pulmonary vein appears smaller , on right, pulm vein looks larger

Question 10

which bronchus is foreign object likely to go to

Answer 10

right

Question 11

whats it called to take fluid from lung

Answer 11

aspiration/effusion

Question 12

what rib does lung end at

Answer 12

about 8?

Question 13

which lung can u see inferior/superior vena cava marks

Answer 13

right lung

Question 14

how many lobes does each lung have

Answer 14

left 2, right 3

sup/inf

sup/middle,inf

Question 15

how many cartilagenous rings are theere in trachea

Answer 15

20

Question 16

what changes to support bronchiole walls

Answer 16

more smooth muscle! increase to support their walls

Question 17

how do bronchiles end

Answer 17

terminal respiratory bronchioles from which ductules lead to blind sacs and alveoli

Question 18

what supplies lung tissue with blood?

Answer 18

bronchial arteries, branches from descending aorta

-unpaired!

Question 19

what is the parasympathetic innervation to lungs? which cranial nerve? what does it do

(efferent)

Answer 19

• vagus nerve
• CNX
• bronchodilators
• secretomotor (lubricaton?)

Question 20

what is the sympathetic efferent innervation to lungs origin? what does it cause

Answer 20

derived from 3rd and 4th ganglia of sympathetic trunk mainly. bronchodilators

Question 21

what are the somatic afferent innervation from lung through

Answer 21

via vagus and sympathetic trunk

Question 22

how is transverse diameter increasd for lungs resp, where are ribs raised?

Answer 22

via intercostals! raises ribs at costovertebral and costosternal joints!!

Question 23

how is anteroposterior diamter increased for lung respiration? which bones move ?

Answer 23

right/left rib pairs rise as a unit= rise at costovertebral joints and lift sternum

Question 24

how is vertical plane increased for lung resp

Answer 24

enlarged by diaphram contracting downwards

Question 25

what are accessory muscles for inspiration & what each do

Answer 25

sternocleidomastoid (elevates sternum), scalene group (elevate upper ribs), pectoralis minor

Question 26

what are the principal muscles for inspiration?

Answer 26

external intercostals, interchondral part of internal intercostals (elevate ribs)
-diaphram (dome descends, thus increasing verttical dimension of thoracic cavity and elevates lower ribs

Question 27

what causes quiet breathing expiration? mechanics

-same for active breathing expiration? what do each muscle do exactly?

Answer 27

quiet : expiration from passive, elastic recoil of lungs, rib cage and diaphram

active: internal intercostals , EXCEPTT interchondral part, pulls ribs down. abdominals (pulls ribs down, compress abdominal contents thus pushing diaphram up)
also quadratus lumborum pulls ribs down

Question 28

what is forced expiration called (CPR)

Answer 28

heimlich maneuver