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BMS 123 Anatomy & Histology > mediastinum and great vessels > Flashcards

mediastinum and great vessels Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 areas of the mediastinum

A

anterior (infront of heart), posterior (behind heart), superior (above sternal angle), middle (heart region)

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2
Q

what does thymus gland do/ how is it in adults and where is it

A

makes t lymphocytes. in superior mediastinum but may extend partly into anterior mediastinum
atrophied in adults?

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3
Q

what important bvs/nerves are in the superior mediastinum

A
  • great vessels of heart: aorta , pulmonary trunk, superior vena cava
  • phrenic and vagus nerves
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4
Q

how can you distinguish vagus from phrenic nerve

A

vagus loops under aortic arch and is more medial

phrenic is more anterior and goes to heart and diaphram

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5
Q

where do coronary arteries come from

A

ascending part of aorta

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6
Q

where do intercostal arteries come from

A

descending aorta

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7
Q

what connects the aorta and the pulmonary trunk

A

ligamentum arteriosum

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8
Q

where is the left recurrent laryngeal nerve?

A

behind ligamentum arteriosum between arch of aorta aand pulmonary trunk

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9
Q

where does trachea bifurcate to bronchi

A

t4-t5, sternal plane?

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10
Q

what is in the posterior mediastinum

A
  • descending aorta
  • azygous veins (hemiazygous veins, azygous)
  • esophagus (vagal plexus)
  • thoracic duct
  • sympathetic trunks (splanchic nerves)
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11
Q

what forms the azygous vein

A

right ascending lumbar vein on posterior abdominal wall, right intercostal veins.

empties into superior vena cava from just above root of right lung

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12
Q

what forms the hemiazygous veins

A

inferior and superior formed by :

  • left ascending lumbar vein on posterior abdominal wall
  • left intercostal veins
  • both cross midline at about t8 to drain into azyogus vein
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13
Q

which side of the body has hemiazygous veins and where do they join into azygous

A

left!! sup and inf, drain into azygous vein and drain from left intercosta; veins
join around t8

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14
Q

where does thoracic duct arise from? where is it in the thorax and what does it drain into

A

arise from cisterna chyli in abdomen
-ascends in thorax behind the esophagus, bw azygous and hemiazygous veins, on top of vertebral column
drains into left internal jugular vein and left subclavian vein!!

drains everything except the right arm/head and neck

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15
Q

what are the nerves of the thorax

A

intercostal nerves, sympathetic trunks, splanchic nerves, phrenic, vagus

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16
Q

which rami do intercostal nerves come from

A

t1-t12

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17
Q

what do white/gray rami communicantes do

A

white: spinal nerve to ganglia
gray: ganglia to spinal nerve

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18
Q

what are splanchic nerves- 3 types ,? where do they synapse and where do they pass into abdomen?

A

greater, lesser , least are the 3 types

-they are preganglionic sympathetic fibers, continuations of white rami communicantes that do not synapse in chain ganglia, pass into abdomen with descending aorta, synapse in ganglia on surface of abdominal aorta !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

-pass into abdomen with descending aorta
synapse in ganglia on surface of abdominal aorta

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19
Q

where does phrenic nerve originate (rami?), what does it do? which mediastinum is it in? which vein is it behind? what is it anterior to?

A

c3,c4,c5 origin

  • motor innervation of diaphram
  • in superior and anterior mediastinum
  • behind brachiocephalic vein
  • anterior to : subclavian arteries, aortic arch, pulmonary arteries, roots of lungs, pericardium
20
Q

what does the vagus nerve supply and which system? where does it enter posterior mediastinum? what are its its branches?

A

parasympathetic nerves to thorax and abdomen

  • eenter from neck behind brachiocephalic veins, in front of arteries
  • each side branches into recurrent (inferior) laryngeal nerves and esophageal plexus
21
Q

where do right/ left recurrent laryngeal nerves loop?

A

right loops under right subclavian artery
left loops under arch of aorta behind ligamentum arteriosum

both ascend along side of trachea to larynx

22
Q

what/where does azygous drain

A

drains into superior vena cava from behind just above the root of the right lung

23
Q

origin of esophageal plexus

A

vagus

24
Q

which spinal nerves do white rami communicantes exist and what do they do

A

t1-l2, they communicate from spinal nerve to ganglia

25
Q

which spinal nerves do gray rami communicantes communicate and hwat do they do

A

all 31! ganglia to spinal nerve

26
Q

what does the right recurrent nerve loop under?

A

right subclavian artery /brachiocephalic trunk

27
Q

what does left recurrent nerve loop under?

A

loops under arch of aorta, behind ligamentum arteriosum

28
Q

what do recurrent nerves run along?

A

trachea to larynx

29
Q

what are the two functional units of the respiratory system

A

conducting system, interface for exchange of gas

30
Q

what are 3 types of cells in respiratory epithelium of trachea

A

goblet cells, brush cells w microvilli, basal cells ; w/neuroendocrine function and stem cells

31
Q

what type of glands are in the submucosa of trachea how does the amount change in upper/lower tract

A

seromucinous glands (more in upper tract and less in lower tract)

32
Q

what are the 4 layers of trachea

A

respiratory epithelium, lamina propria, submucosa, fibroelastic tissue

33
Q

what does epithelium of trachea secrete from which cells

A

thick mucus via goblet cells

34
Q

what does seromucous glands secrete

A

mixed serous mucoid secretion with mucins, lysozyme and antiproteases (antiproteases kill bacteria and inactive bacterial enzymes respectively)

35
Q

which cells are trachea secretions enhancing activity of

A

neutrophils and macrophages

36
Q

what changes in bronchi from trachea in terms of cartilage, lamina propria and submucosa

A
  • interconnected cartilaginous plates (hyaline) not rings anymore
  • lamina propria has more elastin
  • separated from submucosa by smooth muscle layer
37
Q

what changes in bronchioles from before in terms of cartilage, submucosa, smooth muscle, epithelium, new cells?

A
  • no cartilage or submucosal glands!
  • walls have smooth muscle
  • epithelium now ciliated columnar (not pseudostratified columnar)
  • neuroendocrine cells (secrete peptide hormones-serotonin and bombesin and regulare muscle tone in bronchial /vessel walls)
  • terminal and respiratory bronchioles have clara cells instead of goblet cells
38
Q

what are neuroendocrine cellls, wehre do you find them and what do they secrete

A

in bronchioles! secrete peptide hormones serotonin and bombesin. regulare muscle tone in bronchial and vessel walls!!!!!!!!!!

39
Q

what is characteristic of respiratory bronchioles in terms of walls, smooth muscle , epithelium ? clara cells

A

thin walled, small number of alveoli in walls

  • smooth muscle no longer encircles bronchiole but is in rings w collagen and elastic fibers.
  • epithelium is now ciliated CUBOIDAL!
  • clara cells dominate in distal parts of tract! no gobblet cells!! produce component of surfactant and act as stem cells- contain enzyme that detoxifies noxious substances
40
Q

in what order do you get to alveoli from repsiratory bronchioles

A

it goes terminal bronchioles then

respiratory bronchioles -> alveolar duct, alveolar sacs-> alveoli

41
Q

what is the word for lobed sacs with alveoli/main unit of lung function

A

acinus!! resp bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli

(coming from terminal bronchiole)

42
Q

what cells are in alveoli

A

type I and squamous epithelial cells (both thin)

type I pneumocyte

43
Q

what type of cells are type II

A

cuboidal! secrete surfactant

type II pneumocyte

44
Q

what connects airspaces in alveoli

A

pores of kohn

45
Q

what do lamellar bodies contribute to alveolar surfactant

A

release phospholipid which combines q secretes from clara cells and form stubular myelin (lipoprotein)

46
Q

what is emphysema

A

disorder of alveoli, destroys alveolar ducts, sacs and alveoli, leads to permanent dilation, reduced surface area for gas exchange and loss of elastic tissue leads to collapse

BMS 123 Anatomy & Histology (9 decks)

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