Quiz Three Material Flashcards
What is Metaplasia?
Replacement of one cell type with another
What is Dysplasia?
Disordered hyperplasia without maturation
What term describes the enhanced odds of getting a tumor from hyperplasia?
Preneoplastic
What is ischemia?
Inadequate circulation
What causes swelling in injured cells?
Loss of the Na pump
What two cellular signals can result in apoptosis?
- Fas or 2. TNF
What is the word for necrosis that causes the nucleus to become shriveled and dark?
Nuclear pyknosis
What is the word for necrosis that causes the nucleus to become digested and light?
Karyolysis
What is the word for necrosis that causes the nucleus to become fragmented?
Karyorrhexis
What sort of change in the liver would correspond to alcoholism, obesity, starvation and toxins?
Fatty changes
What sort of change in the liver would correspond to diabetes, glycogen storage disease and certain tumors?
Glycogen accumulation
What two diseases are linked to lipid storage in the liver?
Fabry’s and Gaucher’s
What are the three brown storage products?
- Lipofuscin, 2. Bilirubin and 3. Hemosiderin
What term describes too much fluid in the peritoneal space?
Ascites
What disease is associated with an increased end diastolic volume resulting in an increased stroke volume?
Frank Starling
What are the four causes of left sided heart failure?
- Ischemic heart disease, 2. Hypertension, 3. Aortic/mitral valve disease and 4. myocardial disease (cardiomyopathy or myocarditis)
What is the word for breathlessness?
Dyspnea
What describes Orthopnea (3)?
- Dyspnea while lying down, 2. reflection of vascular congestion and 3. develops quickly
What is paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea?
Extreme dyspnea caused from heart failure while lying down
What effect does left-sided heart failure have on the kidneys?
Prerenal azotemia (high BUN with normalish creatinine) and ischemic tubular necrosis
What is Prinzmetal’s angina?
Angina that occurs at rest, is brief/reversible and has ST-segment elevation/depression
What drugs target the proximal convoluted tubules?
Acetazolamides (carbonic anhydrase inhibitors)
What two drugs are loop diuretics?
- Furosemide and 2. Bumetanide
What are two side effects of loop diuretics?
Hypokalemia and inhibit NSAIDs
What are the two Thiazide diuretics?
- Hydrochlorothiaide and 2. Chlorthalindone
What are the two side effects of Thiazide diuretics?
- Hypokalemia and 2. inhibit NSAIDs
Where do Potassium-sparing diuretics effect?
Collecting tubule
Where do Thiazides effect?
Proximal convoluted tubule
What are the two Potassium-sparing drugs that we need to know?
- Spironolactone and 2. Amiloride
Why is Mecamylamine rarely used?
It shuts down Nicotinic receptors - irrespective of their location
What is the MOA for Guanethidine?
Inhibits release of NE
What are the two B1 blockers?
- Atenolol and 2. Metoprolol
What are the two non-selective B blockers?
- Propanolol and 2. Nadolol
What are the two beta + alpha 1 blockers?
- Labetalol and 2. Carvedilol
What are the two alpha one blockers?
- Prozosin and 2. Terazosin
What are the two non-selective A blockers?
- Phentolamine and 2. Phenoxybenzamine
What are two side effects to using Alpha one blockers?
- Orthostatic hypotension and 2. Nasal congestion
What drug releases NO from the drug into the endothelium?
Hydralazine
What three drugs reduce Ca influx?
- Verapamil, 2. Diltiazem and 3. Nifedipine
What drug causes the hyperpolization of smooth muscles by opening K channels (and causes hair growth)?
Minoxidil
What are the five vasodilators?
- Hydralazine, 2. Verapamil, 3. Diltiazem, 4. Nefidipine and 5. Minoxidil
What is the name of the ACE inhibitor that we need to know?
Captopril
What is the Angiotensin II Inhibitor we need to know?
Losartan
What should be used as a short-acting treatment of angina?
Amyl Nitrate
What three drugs are Ca channel blockers?
- Verapamil, 2. Nifedipine and 3. Diltiazem
What are the three statins we need to know?
- Lovastatin, 2. Atorvastin and 3. Simvastatin
What drug is a Fibrate?
Fenobrate
What anti-cholesterol drug has toxicity and mild flushing as side effects?
Niacin
What drug is associated with the bile acid-binding agents and is used to treat high cholesterol?
Cholesteramine
What drug may aid in weight loss, is used to treat high cholesterol, and blocks the intestine from absorbing cholesterol?
Ezetimibe
What drug can be used to treat heart disease?
Digitalis
What drug acts like foxglove?
Bipyridines (Milrinone)
What B1 adrenoceptor agonist helps counter heart attacks?
Dobutamine
Which diuretic can be used to treat heart attacks?
Furosemide
What ACE inhibitor is a prototype drug for the treatment of heart attacks?
Captopril
Which vasodilator is used to treat heart attacks?
Hydralazine
Which B-adrenoceptor blocker can help with heart attacks?
Metoprolol
What antiarrhythmic drug functions by blocking Na channels (Class 1)?
Procainamide
What antiarrhythmic drug functions by similar functions to a class 1 drug (Class 2)?
Quinidine
What antiarrhythmic drug is the first choice for ventricular arrhythmias (Class 3)?
Lidocaine
What antiarrhythmic drug functions by prolonging refractory periods (Class 3)?
Amiodarone
What two antiarrhythmic drugs function by blocking Ca channels (Class 4)?
- Verapamil and 2. Diltiazem
