quiz for exam 2 Flashcards
the figure represents a phylogenetic tree of birds and their closest relatives. which group of organisms represents the outgroup in the clade that includes only crocodilians, ornithischian dinosaurs, saurischian dinosaurs, and birds
crocodilians
in the phylogenetic trees shown, each number represents a unique species of organisms. which two species are represented as sister species in tree 2 but are not represented as sister species in tree 1
3 and 4
which of the following statements best describes the rationale for applying the principle of maximum parsimony in constructing phylogenetic trees
for trees based on morphology, the most parsimonious tree requires the fewest evolutionary events
which of the following statements is most consistent with the model of evolutionary relatedness represented in the phylogenetic tree?
salamanders are a sister group to the group containing lizards, goats, and humans.
which of the following statements describes a difference between the taxonomic levels of the hierarchical classification system?
their inclusiveness
which of the following statements best supports the argument that viruses are non-living?
they do not carry out metabolic processes
which of the following statements best describes unity within a species
members of a given species have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring
some beetles and flies have antler-like structures on their hands, much like male deer. the existence of antlers in beetle, fly, and deer species with strong male-male competition is an example of which of the following
convergent evolution
if organisms 1, 2, and 3 belong to the same class but to different orders and if organisms 3, 4, and 5 belong to the same order but to different families, which of the following pairs of organisms would be expected to show the greatest degree of morphological homology?
4 and 5
which of the following pairs is the best example of homologous structures
bones in the bat wing and bones in the human forelimb
the following phylogeny shows six living species (a-f) and five ancestral (now extinct) species (1-5). if the phylogeny had been developed on the basis of similarities in bone structure, which of the following predictions would you make in terms of the structure of a particular enzyme
the enzymes of species b and c are more similar to ancestor 4 than to ancestor 2
the diagram represents the splitting of one population into two separate lineages that become more different over time (the distance between the two lines represents the amount of difference between the two lineages). which of the following statements about the two lineages is most accurate
they are more likely to be separate species at time z than at time x
which of the following provides an example of a mechanical isolation as a prezygotic barrier
two snails have shells that spiral in different directions
two populations of birds with somewhat different coloration live on opposite sides of a peninsula. the habitat between the populations is not suitable for these birds. when birds from the two populations are brought together in captivity, they interbreed and produce fertile young whose appearance is intermediate between the two parents. in the wild, the two populations remain separate as a result of which of the following factors
habitat isolation
three populations of crickets look very similar, but the males have different courtship songs. if the cricket populations were to contact each other in the wild, the different courtship songs would most likely function as which type of reproductive isolating mechanism
behavioral
many songbirds breed in north america in the spring and summer, and then migrate to central and south america in the fall. they spend the winter in these warmer areas where they feed and prepare for the spring migration north and another breeding season. two hypothetical species of sparrow, species x and species y, overwinter together in mixed flocks in costa rica. in spring, species x goes to the east coast of north america, and species y goes to the west coast. which of the following factors most likely keeps these species separate?
the two species reproduce in different geographical areas
which of the following characteristics is a postzygotic barrier that prevents hybrids between two species from producing offspring
hybrid breakdown
which of the various species concepts distinguishes two species based on the degree of genetic exchange between their gene pools
biological
