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Question 1

Why does pinching off the top of a plant make it bushier?

Answer 1

Removing the apical meristem stimulates growth in the axillary buds, thus making the plant bushier.

Question 2

If you pound a nail into a tree one meter off the ground and come back to find it in 20 years, it will be __________.

Answer 2

one meter off the ground and more deeply embedded in the tree

Question 3

Preprophase bands __________.

Answer 3

determine the location where the cell plate will form during cell division

Question 4

Water-conducting cells of plants are called ___________.

Answer 4

tracheids and vessel elements

Question 5

A region of dividing cells in a plant is called a __________.

Answer 5

meristem

Question 6

Which of the following correctly describes a feature unique to monocot stems?

Answer 6

Vascular bundles are scattered throughout.

Question 7

What accounts for about 90% of a plant cell’s expansion?

Answer 7

Water uptake stored in a large central vacuole

Question 8

Phase changes are __________.

Answer 8

morphological changes that arise from transitions in shoot apical meristem activity

Question 9

Annual rings in wood are evidence that in climates with a single annual growing season, the __________ divides actively when water is plentiful and temperatures are suitable for growth, and ceases to divide when water is scarce and the weather is cold.

Answer 9

vascular cambium

Question 10

Artichoke hearts are tender and have a strong taste. The leaves have a strong taste too, but most of an artichoke leaf is fibrous and too difficult to chew. The leaves must contain lots of __________.

Answer 10

sclerenchyma cells

Question 11

Most of the photosynthesis in plants takes place in specialized __________ cells called the __________.

Answer 11

parenchyma; mesophyll

Question 12

The ________ of a root or a stem is called the ________.

Answer 12

vascular tissue; stele

Question 13

Root hair formation is regulated by __________.

Answer 13

GLABRA-2

Question 14

In woody plants, the vascular cambium initial is ________.

Answer 14

mitotically active and divides to form an inner layer of secondary xylem and an outer layer of secondary phloem

Question 15

In most leaves, chloroplast-containing cells are most closely compacted in the __________.

Answer 15

palisade mesophyll

Question 16

The layer that covers the apical meristem of a root is called the __________.

Answer 16

root cap

Question 17

Leaves occur at intervals along the plant stem. The region where a leaf is attached to the stem is the __________.

Answer 17

node

Question 18

The difference between primary growth and secondary growth is that ________.

Answer 18

primary growth lengthens roots and shoots and secondary growth increases the diameter of stems and roots in woody plants

Question 19

Sugar-conducting structures of plants are called ___________.

Answer 19

sieve-tube elements

Question 20

The main difference between a primary root and a lateral root is that ________.

Answer 20

lateral roots enhance the ability of the root system to anchor the plant and acquire resources from the soil

Question 21

_________ are the three basic plant organs.

Answer 21

Roots, stems, and leaves

Question 22

The three types of tissue systems that are found in all plant organs are __________.

Answer 22

dermal, vascular, and ground tissue systems

Question 23

Root tips are pushed farther into the soil mainly by __________.

Answer 23

elongation of cells

Question 24

Evolutionary adaptations of stems include __________.

Answer 24

stolons and tubers

Question 25

Evolutionary adaptations of leaves include all of the following except _________.

Answer 25

rhizomes

Question 26

A Hox gene homolog in plants is called __________ and is important in __________.

Answer 26

KNOTTED-1; leaf morphology

Question 27

Leaves consist of __________.

Answer 27

a blade and a petiole

Question 28

Repetitive patterns in plant growth are __________.

Answer 28

fractals

Question 29

Which example below is the site of primary growth that results in the plant increasing in height?

Answer 29

Apical meristems

Question 30

Evolutionary adaptations of roots include all of the following root structures except __________.

Answer 30

stolons

Question 31

plant organs are organized into a

Answer 31

root system and shoot system

Question 32

taproot

Answer 32

main vertical root

Question 33

lateral/branch roots

Answer 33

arise from taproots

Question 34

monocots

Answer 34

fibrous root system

Question 35

absorption of water and minerals occurs near the

Answer 35

root hairs (increase surface area)

Question 36

stem

Answer 36

alternating system of nodes

Question 37

nodes

Answer 37

points at which leaves are attached

Question 38

internodes

Answer 38

stem segments between nodes

Question 39

axillary bud

Answer 39

structure that has the potential to form a lateral shoot or branch

Question 40

apical bud / terminal bud

Answer 40

located near the shoot tip and causes elongation of a young shoot

Question 41

apical dominance

Answer 41

helps to maintain dormancy in most axillary buds

Question 42

petiole

Answer 42

stalk joins the leaf to a node of the stem

Question 43

veins

Answer 43

vascular tissue of leaves

Question 44

tissue system

Answer 44

dermal, vascular, and ground

Question 45

in nonwoody plants, the dermal tissue system consists of the

Answer 45

epidermis

Question 45

cuticle

Answer 45

waxy coating helps prevent water loss from the epidermis

Question 46

in woody plants, protective tissues called

Answer 46

periderm replace the epidermis in older regions of stems and roots

Question 47

trichomes

Answer 47

outgrowths of the shoot epidermis and can help with insect defense

Question 48

vascular tissue system

Answer 48

carries out long-distance transport of materials between roots and shoots

Question 49

xylem

Answer 49

water and dissolved minerals upward from roots into the shoots

Question 50

phloem

Answer 50

organic nutrients from where they are made to where they are needed (food)

Question 51

stele

Answer 51

vascular tissue of a stem or root

Question 52

angiosperms

Answer 52

stele of the root is a solid central vascular cylinder

Question 53

stele of stems and leaves is divided into vascular bundles

Answer 53

strands of xylem and phloem

Question 54

ground tissue system

Answer 54

cells specialized for storage, photosynthesis, and support

Question 55

pith

Answer 55

internal to the vascular tissue

Question 56

sclerenchyma cells

Answer 56

rigid because of thick secondary walls strengthened with lignin; dead at maturity

Question 57

tracheids

Answer 57

xylem of all vascular plants

Question 58

vessel elements

Answer 58

most angiosperms and few gymnosperms

Question 59

vessels

Answer 59

vessel elements align end to end to form long micropipes

Question 60

meristems

Answer 60

perpetually embryonic tissue and allow for indeterminate growth

Question 61

apical meristems

Answer 61

tips of roots and shoots and at the axillary buds of shoots

Question 62

primary growth

Answer 62

elongate shoots and roots

Question 63

secondary growth

Answer 63

lateral meristems add thickness to woody plants

Question 64

vascular cambium

Answer 64

adds layers of vascular tissue called secondary xylem and secondary phloem

Question 65

root cap

Answer 65

protects apical meristem as root pushes through soil

Question 66

pericycle

Answer 66

outermost cell layer in the vascular cylinder

Question 67

shoot apical meristem

Answer 67

dividing cells at shoot tip

Question 68

eudicots stems

Answer 68

vascular bundles arranged in a ring

Question 69

monocot stems

Answer 69

vascular bundles are scattered throughout the ground tissue

Question 70

stomata

Answer 70

pores that allow co2 and o2 exchange between the air and the photosynthetic cells in a leaf

Question 71

guard cells

Answer 71

regulate stomatas opening and closing

Question 72

mesophyll

Answer 72

ground tissue in a leaf

Question 73

secondary growth increases the diameter of

Answer 73

stems and roots in woody plants

Question 74

vascular cambium

Answer 74

cylinder of meristematic cells one cell layer thick

Question 75

tree rings

Answer 75

late and early wood meets, estimates a trees age