ch41

Question 1

__________ are needed in the diet as components of teeth and bone, as parts of certain enzymes, for normal muscle and nerve function, and for water balance.

Answer 1

Minerals

Question 2

In humans, most nutrient molecules are absorbed by the __________.

Answer 2

small intestine

Question 3

Which of the following might make the most effective medication to treat gastric ulcers?

Answer 3

A chemical that kills bacteria in the stomach

Question 3

Mutualistic microorganisms living in herbivore alimentary canals help herbivores digest ________.

Answer 3

cellulose

Question 4

In vertebrates, food is moved along the length of the digestive system by __________.

Answer 4

peristalsis

Question 4

A breakfast cereal advertises that it contains essential vitamins and minerals. In this context, the word essential means __________.

Answer 4

that the nutrients must be supplied in the diet and cannot be made in the body

Question 5

Which of the following is/are an adaptation to an herbivorous diet?

Answer 5

Premolars and molars with broad, ridged surfaces

Question 6

The two main functions of the large intestine are _________.

Answer 6

reabsorb water and eliminate undigested materials

Question 6

The lungs consist of many small air sacs and blood vessels, which greatly increase surface area and improve the transfer of substances through their walls. The structures in the digestive system most similar in function to these air sacs and capillaries are the __________.

Answer 6

villi and microvilli

Question 6

Which of the following pairs of vitamins and their deficiency symptoms is correctly matched?

Answer 6

Vitamin E; nervous system degeneration

Question 7

In general, B vitamins function in your body as ________.

Answer 7

coenzymes

Question 8

Several days after a long holiday weekend including much overeating, you try to cut back on your calories. The first day that you reduce your calorie intake to below the levels that you need, your body will respond by using __________.

Answer 8

glycogen from the liver

Question 9

The mammalian trachea and esophagus both connect to the __________.

Answer 9

pharynx

Question 10

How is the stomach lining protected from the strongly acidic pH of its contents?

Answer 10

Mucous cells secrete a protective lubricant into the stomach.

Question 10

Which of the following two organic molecules must animals obtain from their diets in order to grow and maintain their bodies?

Answer 10

Organic nitrogen and organic carbon

Question 11

An insufficient supply of chemical energy in the diet or a shortage of one or more essential nutrients results in __________.

Answer 11

malnutrition

Question 12

Materials that an animal cannot assemble from simpler organic molecules and that must be obtained from the diet are called __________.

Answer 12

essential nutrients

Question 13

The natural antacid that protects the intestines against stomach acid is produced by the __________.

Answer 13

pancreas

Question 14

Which of the following pairs of vitamins and their function(s) is correctly matched?

Answer 14

Vitamin D; absorption and use of calcium and phosphorous

Question 15

The process of __________ breaks down food into small molecules, and during the process of __________, these molecules are taken up by an animal’s cells.

Answer 15

digestion; absorption

Question 16

For which of the following molecules does chemical digestion begin in the mouth?

Answer 16

Carbohydrates

Question 17

Which of the following statements correctly describes the difference(s) between a gastrovascular cavity and an alimentary canal?

Answer 17

A gastrovascular cavity has only one opening, and an alimentary canal has two openings.

Question 18

Vitamins are classified based on their solubility in water. Which of the following statements regarding the classification of the vitamins listed is correct?

Answer 18

Vitamin C is water-soluble, and vitamin A is fat-soluble.

Question 19

Which of the following is acquired outside of an animal’s diet?

Answer 19

Oxygen

Question 20

When blood glucose levels rise in an animal, _______ is secreted to trigger the uptake of glucose from the blood into body cells; but when glucose levels decline, _______ is secreted to promote the release of glucose into the blood.

Answer 20

insulin; glucagon

Question 21

Gallstone surgery sometimes requires that the gallbladder be removed. Patients are then advised to avoid ingesting large amounts of fat because __________.

Answer 21

the gallbladder stores large quantities of bile, which is used to emulsify fats

Question 22

Which of the following human digestive system components is correctly matched with the nutrient that is chemically digested there?

Answer 22

Small intestine; fats

Question 23

Leptin, an appetite regulator, is produced in __________ and at high levels can lead to __________.

Answer 23

adipose tissue; suppressed appetite

Question 24

________ mainly eat plants and algae, and ________ mainly eat other animals.

Answer 24

Herbivores; carnivores

Question 25

how can animals extract the nutrients they need from food while not digesting their own tissues

Answer 25

compartmentalized processing protects body tissues while allowing enzymes and acids to break down nutrients

Question 26

herbivores

Answer 26

eat plants and algae

Question 27

nutrition

Answer 27

food is taken in, taken apart, and taken up

Question 28

carnivores

Answer 28

eat other animals

Question 29

omnivores

Answer 29

consume animals and plants or algae

Question 30

an animals diet provides

Answer 30

chemical energy, organic building blocks, adn essential nutrients

Question 31

essential nutrients

Answer 31

amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals

Question 32

animals require 20 amino acids and can

Answer 32

synthesize about half from molecules in their diet - remaining amino acids are the essential amino acids. obtained from food

Question 33

essential fatty acids

Answer 33

obtained from the diet and include certain unsaturated fatty acids

Question 34

vitamins

Answer 34

organic molecules required in small amounts

Question 35

malnourishment

Answer 35

long-term absence from the diet of one or more essential nutrients

Question 36

undernutrition

Answer 36

diet does not provide enough chemical energy

Question 37

an undernourished individual will

Answer 37

- use up stored fat and carbs - break down its own proteins - lose muscle mass - suffer protein deficiency of the brain - die or suffer irreversible damage

Question 38

many aquatic animals are suspension feeders which

Answer 38

sift small food particles from the water

Question 39

substrate feeders

Answer 39

animals that live in or on their own food source

Question 40

fluid feeders

Answer 40

suck nutrient-rich fluid from a living host

Question 41

bulk feeders

Answer 41

eat relatively large pieces of food

Question 42

digestion

Answer 42

process of breaking food down into molecules small enough to absorb

Question 43

mechanical digestion increases

Answer 43

the surface area of food

Question 44

chemical digestion

Answer 44

splits food into small molecules that can pass through membranes - used to build larger molecules

Question 45

enzymatic hydrolysis

Answer 45

splits bonds in molecules with the addition of water

Question 46

absorption

Answer 46

uptake of nutrients by body cells

Question 47

elimination

Answer 47

passage of undigested material out of the digestive system

Question 48

most animals process food in specialized compartments

Answer 48

reduces the risk of an animal digesting its own cells and tissues

Question 49

intracellular digestion

Answer 49

food particles are engulfed by phagocytosis

Question 50

extracellular digestion

Answer 50

breakdown of food particles outside of cells

Question 51

food is pushed along by PERISTALSIS

Answer 51

rhythmic contractions of muscles in the wall of the canal

Question 52

sphincters

Answer 52

regulate the movement of material between compartments

Question 53

oral cavity

Answer 53

1st stage of digestion is mechanical

Question 54

salivary glands

Answer 54

saliva to lubricate food

Question 55

teeth chew food into smaller particles that are exposed to salivary AMYLASE

Answer 55

initiating breakdown of glucose

Question 56

mucus

Answer 56

a viscous mixture of water, salts, cells, and glycoproteins

Question 57

pharynx

Answer 57

junction that opens to both the esophagus and the trachea

Question 58

esophagus connects to the

Answer 58

stomach

Question 59

trachea/windpipe leads to the

Answer 59

lungs

Question 60

esophagus conducts food from the pharynx to stomach by

Answer 60

peristalsis

Question 61

coughing occurs when the swallowing reflex fails and

Answer 61

food or liquids reach the windpipe

Question 62

stomach

Answer 62

stores food and secretes gastric juice - converts a meal to acid chyme

Question 63

gastric juice

Answer 63

kills bacteria and denatures proteins

Question 64

pepsin/protease

Answer 64

proteins into smaller peptides

Question 65

parietal cells

Answer 65

H and Cl ions separately into the lumen

Question 66

chief cells

Answer 66

inactive pepsinogen, which is activated to pepsin when mixed with hydrochloric acid in the stomach

Question 67

mucus protects the stomach lining from

Answer 67

gastric juice

Question 68

sphincters

Answer 68

prevent chyme from entering the esophagus and regulate entry into small intestine

Question 69

small intestine

Answer 69

longest section, digestion and absorption

Question 70

duodenum

Answer 70

chyme from the stomach mixes with digestive juices from the pancreas, liver, gallbladder, and the small intestine itself

Question 71

pancreas

Answer 71

proteases trypsin and chymotrypsin - alkaline and neutralizes the acidic chyme

Question 72

bile

Answer 72

aids in digestion and absorption of fats - made in liver and stored in gallbladder

Question 73

jejunum and ileum

Answer 73

nutrients and water absorption

Question 74

villi and microvilli

Answer 74

intestinal lumen surface area increases rate of nutrient absorption