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ch40 Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following lists of animal structures is ordered from smallest to largest?

A

Cell, tissue, organ, organ system

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2
Q

The main function(s) of connective tissues in the body is/are _________.

A

to hold tissues and organs in place and to join adjacent tissues together

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3
Q

An epithelial cell with a relatively large amount of cytoplasm probably has what function?

A

Absorption and secretion

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4
Q

Skeletal muscle is said to be “striated” because __________.

A

the arrangement of the sarcomeres gives it a striped appearance

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5
Q

A physiological state of decreased activity and metabolism that is an adaptation enabling animals to save energy while avoiding difficult and dangerous conditions is known as _________.

A

torpor

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6
Q

When a person’s body temperature increases, sweating helps bring the temperature down. This is an example of __________.

A

negative feedback

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7
Q

During a fever, the __________ readjusts the set point of the body to a __________ temperature.

A

hypothalamus; higher

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8
Q

Which of the following pairs of connective tissue and its function is correctly matched?

A

Tendons; attach muscles to bones

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9
Q

A neuron receives nerve impulses from other neurons via its _________ and __________.

A

cell body; dendrites

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10
Q

__________ feedback most directly maintains homeostasis because it __________.

A

Negative; tends to keep a system at a desirable “set point”

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10
Q

Which of the following characteristics is likely to be found in larger versus smaller animals?

A

A highly branched respiratory system

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11
Q

Which of the six major types of connective tissue has a rigid matrix that contains collagen and calcium salts?

A

Bone

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12
Q

An organism that generates body heat by means of its own metabolism is _________, and an organism that gains body heat from external sources is ________.

A

endothermic; ectothermic

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13
Q

Where in the body would you be most likely to find secretory cells shaped like dice?

A

Thyroid and salivary glands

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14
Q

The __________ system and the __________ system work together to coordinate and control the bodies of most animals.

A

nervous; endocrine

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15
Q

Most cells are microscopic because at this small size, __________.

A

the ratio of surface area to cell volume is maximized

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16
Q

Which of the following statements correctly describes the differences between simple squamous cells and stratified squamous cells?

A

Simple squamous cells form a single layer, which is useful for gas exchange, and stratified squamous cells are multilayered and regenerate rapidly.

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17
Q

Which of the following organ systems in mammals is mismatched with its function?

A

Circulatory; coordination of body activities

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18
Q

Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal muscle consists of cells that each have a single nucleus.

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19
Q

Which of the following systems is correctly paired with one of its parts?

A

Endocrine system; thyroid gland

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20
Q

Which of the following is a benefit of multicellularity compared to organisms consisting of just one cell?

A

Cells can specialize.

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21
Q

Interstitial fluid is __________.

A

the fluid that fills the spaces between cells of vertebrates

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22
Q

Microscopic analysis of an unknown tissue sample reveals the presence of chondrocytes, indicating that the sample was probably taken from __________ tissue.

A

cartilage

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23
Q

Humid weather makes you feel warmer because humid air, which is saturated with water molecules, __________.

A

interferes with heat loss by evaporation

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24
Which of the following statements correctly describes a difference between hormone signaling and neuron signaling?
Hormone signals travel throughout the body, but neuron signals travel to specific locations.
25
Ligaments connect ________ to ________.
bone; bone
26
Which of the following mammals would you expect to have the highest basal metabolic rate (BMR)?
Shrew
27
In blood, the matrix component is ________, and the cellular component contains _________.
plasma; red and white blood cells
28
Myosin and actin are __________.
proteins that play a major role in muscle contraction
29
how do animals regulate their internal state even in changing or harsh environments?
adaptations in form, function, and behavior help maintain an animals internal environment.
30
anatomy
organisms biological form
31
physiology
organisms biological functions
32
size and shape
how animals interact with its environment
33
evolutionary convergence
different species adaptations to similar environmental challenges
34
materials (nutrients, waste products, and gases) are exchanged across
cell membranes
35
exchange rate is proportional to surface area while exchange amount is proportional to
volume
36
single-celled protist
sufficient surface area of plasma membrane for cytoplasmic volume
37
large surface area to volume ratio to maximize
the exchange rate
38
multicellular organisms with saclike body plan
body walls that are only two cells thick
39
flat animals (tapeworms)
distance between cells and the environment is minimized
40
complex organisms
highly folded internal surfaces
41
vertebrates
space between cells is filled with interstitial fluid
42
epithelial tissue
covers the outside of the body and lines the organs and cavities within the body
43
connective tissue
binds and supports other tissues
44
protein fibers
collagenous, elastic, reticular
45
connective tissue includes
fibroblasts and macrophages
46
fibroblasts
secrete protein of extracellular fibers
47
macrophages
immune system
48
loose connective tissue
binds epithelia to underlying tissues and holds organs in place
49
cartilage tissue
strong and flexible support material
50
fibrous connective tissue
tendons; muscle to bones ligament; bones at joint
51
adipose tissue
fat
52
blood tissue
blood cells and cell fragments in plasma
53
bone tissue
mineralized and skeleton
54
muscle tissue
muscle fibers; contract in response to nerve signals
55
skeletal muscle
striated muscle, voluntary movement
56
smooth muscle
involuntary body activities
57
cardiac muscle
contractions of the heart
58
nervous tissue
senses stimuli and transmits signals
59
neurons
transmit nerve impulses
60
gilal cells
help nourish, insulate, and replenish neurons
61
endocrine system
transmits hormones (chemical signals) to receptive cells via blood
62
nervous system
transmits information between specific locations
63
feedback control maintains the
internal environment in many animals
64
regulator
internal control mechanisms to moderate internal change in the face of external, environmental fluctuation
65
conformer
allows its internal condition to vary with certain external changes
66
homeostasis
maintain a steady state or internal balance regardless of external environment - temp, blood ph, glucose concentration
67
fluctuations above or below a set point serve as a stimulus
detected by a sensor and trigger response
68
negative feedback
buildup of the end product shuts the system off
69
positive feedback
amplifies a stimulus and does not usually contribute to homeostasis in animals
70
circadian rhythm
physiological changes that occur ~24 hrs after
71
acclimatization
homeostasis can adjust to changes in external environment
72
thermoregulation
maintain an internal temperature within a tolerable range
73
endothermic
generate heat by metabolism - birds and mammals
74
ectothermic
gain heat from external sources - invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, and reptiles
75
poikilotherm
body temperature varies with environment
76
homeotherm
body temperature is constant
77
exchange heat
radiation, evaporation, convection, and conduction - integumentary system
78
five adaptations help animals thermoregulate
- insulation - circulatory adaptations - cooling by evaporative heat loss - behavioral responses - adjusting metabolic heat production
79
circulatory adaptations
blood flow regulation near surface
80
vasodilation
blood flow in the skin increases, facilitating heat loss
81
vasoconstriction
blood flow in the skin decreases, lowering heat loss
82
countercurrent exchange
heat exchanges transfers heat between fluids flowing in opposite directions and reduce heat loss
83
behavioral responses
endotherms and ectotherms use this to control body temperature
84
thermogenesis
adjustment of metabolic heat production to maintain body temperature - increased by muscle activity; moving/shivering
85
nonshivering thermogenesis
hormones cause mitochondria to increase metabolic activity
86
ectotherms can shiver to increase temperature
vary insulation to acclimatize to season changes
87
cooling
evaporation of water from skin
88
when temperatures are subzero, some ectotherms produce "antifreeze" compounds to
prevent ice formation in their cells
89
hypothalamus
controls thermoregulation - triggers heat loss or heat generating mechanisms
90
fever
change in biological thermostat
91
bioenergetics
flow and transformation of energy - how much food an animal needs - relates to an animals size, activity, and environment
92
biosynthesis
body growth and repair, and synthesis of storage material aka fat, and production of gametes
93
metabolic rate
amount of energy over time
94
basal metabolic rate
endotherm metabolic rate at comfortable temp
95
standard metabolic rate
ectotherm metabolic rate at specific temperature
96
ectotherms have a lower
metabolic rate
97
torpor
physiological state in which activity is low and metabolism decreases
98
torpor enables animals to save energy while avoiding
difficult and dangerous conditions
99
hibernation
long-term torpor that is an adaptation to winter cold and food scarcity
100
regulator
internal control mechanisms to moderate internal change in the face of external, environmental fluctuation
101
conformer
allows its internal condition to vary with certain external changes
102
fluctuations above or below a set point serve as a stimulus
detected by a sensor and trigger response
103
negative feedback
buildup of the end product shuts the system off
104
positive feedback
amplifies a stimulus and does not usually contribute to homeostasis in animals
105
acclimatization
homeostasis can adjust to changes in external environment
106
thermoregulation
maintain an internal temperature within a tolerable range
107
endothermic
generate heat by metabolism - birds, mammals
108
ectothermic
gain heat from external sources - invertebrates, fish, amphibians, and reptiles
109
5 adaptations help animals thermoregulate
insulation circulatory adaptations cooling by evaporative heat loss behavioral responses adjusting metabolic heat production
110
behavioral responses
endotherms and ectotherms use this to control body temperature
111
bioenergetics
flow and transformation of energy

Biology (18 decks)

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