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PSYC 475 > Quiz Answers Midterm > Flashcards

Quiz Answers Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

The blood brain barrier is most permeable to what kind of molecule?

A

small, lipid-soluble

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2
Q

The central nervous system (CNS) is comprised of

A

the brain and the spine

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3
Q

Which of the following is NOT a part of the “reward circuit”?
A. frontal lobe
B. tectum
C. ventral tegmental area (VTA)
D. nucleus accumbens

A

B. tectum

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4
Q

Which division of the nervous system controls bodily organs, glands, ducts, and pupils?
A. somatic
B. enteric
C. central
D. autonomic

A

D. autonomic

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5
Q

What division of the nervous system controls the gut?
A. enteric
B. central
C. somatic
D. autonomic

A

A. enteric

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6
Q

What ionic movement begins an action potential?
A. exit of sodium ions
B. exit of potassium ions
C. entrance of sodium ions
D. entrance of potassium ions

A

C. entrance of sodium ions

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7
Q

An ion channel that contains a receptor site is called

A

an ionotropic receptor

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8
Q

Which of the following is NOT a monoamine?
A. dopamine
B. glutamate
C. norepinephrine
D. serotonin

A

B. glutamate

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9
Q

Which neurotransmitter is particularly important for mood, appetite, and sleep?
A. serotonin
B. GABA
C. glutamate
D. dopamine

A

A. serotonin

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10
Q

Drugs administered “sublingually” (under the tongue) and drugs administered orally are absorbed mostly in the ____ and ____ respectively.
A. mouth; stomach
B. small intestine; large intestine
C. stomach; small intestine
D. mouth; small intestine

A

D. mouth; small intestine

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11
Q

Which route of administration is characterized as “enteral”?
A. topical
B. inhalation
C. injection
D. oral

A

D. oral

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12
Q

All of the following drug attributes decrease the likelihood of drug absorption EXCEPT:
A. small size
B. low lipid-solubility
C. high water-solubility
D. large size

A

A. small size

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13
Q

What are the two main differences between capillaries in the periphery and capillaries in the brain?

A

capillaries in the brain have tighter junctions & are surrounded by membranes of astrocyte cells

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14
Q

Of the following, which is the most dangerous mode of drug administration?
A. subcutaneous
B. topical
C. intramuscular
D. intravenous

A

D. intravenous

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15
Q

The degradation of drugs by enzymes present in the gastrointestinal tract and liver is known as:

A

first-pass metabolism

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16
Q

Most drugs are excreted via the

A

kidneys

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17
Q

The time for the plasma level of a drug to fall by 50% is called the

A

elimination half-life

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18
Q

The “steady-state” concentration of a drug (the stable level achieved in blood with repeated, regular dosing) is

A

achieved when the amount of drug administered per unit time equals the amount eliminated per unit time

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19
Q

The ability of liver enzymes to degrade a drug more efficiently in the continued presence of the drug is termed

A

metabolic tolerance

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20
Q

“Pharmacodynamic” tolerance occurs in the ____; “metabolic” tolerance occurs in the _____.

A

synapse/neuron; liver

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21
Q

The term placebo is best described as

A

A pharmacologically inactive substance that elicits a significant therapeutic response

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22
Q

A drug that is more potent than another drug has

A

a smaller ED50

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23
Q

Most side effects are:
A. predictable and serious
B. predictable and mild
C. unpredictable and mild
D. unpredictable and serious

A

B. predictable and mild

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24
Q

The therapeutic index (TI) refers to the

A

relative safety of a drug

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25
Q

A drug that blocks the effect of the naturally occurring (endogenous) compound is called:

A

an antagonist

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26
Q

The dose of a drug that produces the desired effect in half of the subject is called the drug’s

A

ED50

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27
Q

The study of the effects a drug has when it binds to its target/receptor is termed

A

pharmacodynamics

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28
Q

Compared to males, most females:
A. have increased intestinal motility
B. have more intestinal enzymatic activity
C. have more water
D. have more fat

A

D. have more fat

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29
Q

Which of the following drug names are capitalized?
A. trade
B. none of these drug names are capitalized
C. generic
D. chemical

A

A. trade

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30
Q

Affinity refers to

A

the strength of attraction between a molecule (ligand) and its target (receptor)

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31
Q

The observation that caffeine cannot exert as much central nervous system stimulation as amphetamine indicates that caffeine

A

is less efficacious than amphetamine

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32
Q

A drug that is more efficacious than another drug has

A

a larger maximum effect

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33
Q

During pregnancy, intestinal motility ___

A

decreases

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34
Q

According to the DEA, the most dangerous drugs are typically scheduled as

A

Schedule I

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35
Q

In general, antipsychotics have a _____ potential for dependence, and a ____ potential for tolerance.

A. strong; weak
B. strong; strong
C. weak; weak
D. weak; strong

A

C. weak; weak

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36
Q

The word tardive in tardive dyskinesia indicates that the symptoms

A. appear later in treatment
B. can be reduced by lowering the dose of antipsychotic drug
C. are permanent
D. affect the upper parts of the body first

A

A. appear later in treatment

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37
Q

Carprazine should not be used by

A. patients with schizophrenia
B. elderly patients with dementia-related psychosis
C. male patients
D. patients with bipolar disorder

A

B. elderly patients with dementia-related psychosis

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38
Q

The single best predictor of antipsychotic efficacy in a drug is an affinity for ____ receptors.

A

D2

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39
Q

Loxapine is the only antipsychotic that

A. does not produce EPS
B. is administered via inhalation
C. does not induce weight gain
D. does not bind to D2 receptors

A

B. is administered via inhalation

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40
Q

The most problematic side effect caused by clozapine is

A

agranulocytosis

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41
Q

The percentage of the world’s population suffering from schizophrenia is

A

1%

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42
Q

Chlorpromazine was originally developed to be a
A. sedative
B. soporific
C. stimulant
D. pain reliever

A

A. sedative

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43
Q

An off-label use for risperidone is
A. nausea
B. OCD
C. schizophrenia
D. narcolepsy

A

B. OCD

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44
Q

What is the most common side effect of treatment with olanzapine?
A. weight gain
B. blurred vision
C. seizures
D. nausea

A

A. weight gain

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45
Q

Which of the following is NOT a negative symptom of schizophrenia?

A

disorganized behavior

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46
Q

Phenothiazines are in the class of antipsychotics known as

A

first-generation antipsychotics

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47
Q

What is the primary indication of haloperidol?

A

psychosis

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48
Q

amisulpride is a good choice of antipsychotic for patients who have a high risk for

A

diabetes

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49
Q

Which of the following is NOT a positive symptom of schizophrenia?

A

Flat affect

50
Q

The uncontrollable movements of muscles commonly in the limbs, face, and tongue produced by ACUTE treatment with antipsychotics are called

A

dystonia

51
Q

The major side effect of the first-generation antipsychotics is

A

motor impairment

52
Q

Compared to SSRIs, TCAs are:

A

equally effective, but have different side effects

53
Q

Impairment of memory is a side effect clearly associated with the use of

A

TCAs

54
Q

First-generation tricyclic antidepressants are defined by a commonality in basic

A

molecular structure

55
Q

What type of antidepressant is amitriptyline?
A. SNRI
B. TCA
C. SSRI
D. MAOI

A

B. TCA

56
Q

The tricyclic antidepressants differ from Prozac and Zoloft in that they also have major effects on _______.

A. serotonin
B. GABA
C. norepinephrine
D. glutamate

A

norepinephrine

57
Q

Venlafaxine is a/an
A. TCA
B. SNRI
C. SSRI
D. MAOI

A

B. SNRI

58
Q

An SNRI would be a good treatment choice for someone
A. with GAD
B. with OCD
C. with MDD and pain
D. with anorexia

A

C. with MDD and pain

59
Q

Which neurotransmitters are affected by amitriptyline?
A. 5-HT, NE, DA
B. GABA, NE, ACh
C. NE, ACH, DA
D. NE, ACh, 5-HT

A

D. NE, ACh, 5-HT

60
Q

The neurogenic theory of depression stems from recent findings that in the mature brain

A

neurons are capable of being repaired and produced

61
Q

Of the following classes of antidepressant drugs, the one associated with the highest incidence of sexual dysfunction is
A. TCAs
B. SSRIs
C. SNRIs
D. MAOIs

A

B. SSRIs

62
Q

Orthostatic hypotension is a common side effect of

A

TCAs and MAOIs

63
Q

Which statement best describes the pharmacodynamics of escitalopram?

A

It primarily effects 5-HT systems with minimal effects on NE/DA/ACh systems

64
Q

What is the pharmacodynamic mechanism of bupropion?

A

it blocks DA and NE reuptake

65
Q

If an SSRI is taken in conjunction with an MAOI, the levels of 5-HT can become dangerously high leading to

A

serotonin syndrome

66
Q

Electro-convulsive therapy (ECT) is sometimes used to treat Bipolar Disorder because

A

it has rapid effects

67
Q

The rate of suicide for bipolar patients is approximately ___ times that of the general population.

A

10

68
Q

The classic drug for treating bipolar disorder is

A

lithium

69
Q

Atypical antipsychotics are often used as a first-time treatment for Bipolar Disorder because

A

they have a better safety profile than lithium

70
Q

Oxcarbazepine is an improvement of the carbamazepine molecule, and has a better side-effect profile. Which of the following is NOT one of the improvements?
A. lower rate of leucopenia
B. no alternations in liver enzymes
C. less weight gain
D. fewer GI issues

A

C. less weight gain

71
Q

Which of the following is NOT a side effect of lithium?
A. EPS
B. weight gain
C. nystagmus
D. goiter

A

A. EPS

72
Q

Valproate appears to be more effective for patients who have _____, compared to lithium.

A

mixed episodes

73
Q

Similarly to antidepressants, lithium appears to:
A. increase neuroprotective factors
B. block the SERT
C. block DA receptors
D. increase monamine production

A

A. increase neuroprotective factors

74
Q

One of the biggest problems with carbamazepine is that it can induce

A

agranulocytosis

75
Q

Topamaz is used in the treatment of bipolar disorder to decrease

A

weight gain

76
Q

One of the most serious side effects associated with taking Lamictal is

A

rash

77
Q

What is the original primary indication for lamotrigine?

A

seizure disorder/epilepsy

78
Q

Bipolar patients spend most of their lives in a ____ state.

A

asymptomatic

79
Q

The therapeutic index for lithium is ___; the antidote for overdose is ___.

A

low; unavailable

80
Q

Antiepileptics include all of the following drugs except:

A

lithium

81
Q

barbituates are in a class of drugs known as

A

sedative-hypnotics

82
Q

Drugs that reduce the activity of the ____ seem to be particularly efficacious for treating Panic Disorder.

A

locus coeruleus

83
Q

In addition to treating anxiety, Buspirone can be used to improve the ____ side effects caused by SSRIs.
A. motor
B. cognitive
C. gastrointestinal
D. sexual

A

D. sexual

84
Q

Barbiturates and benzodiazepines bind to what kind of receptor?

A

GABA A

85
Q

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of Buspirone?
A. It has fewer side effects, compared to benzodiazepines.
B. It is equally efficacious, compared to other anxiolytics.
C. It is non-habit forming.
D. It is immediately effective.

A

D. It is immediately effective

86
Q

Which of the following neurotransmitters is NOT thought to be important to the etiology of anxiety?
A. GABA
B. norepinephrine
C. dopamine
D. serotonin

A

C. dopamine

87
Q

The most common sub-type of anxiety disorder is:
A. post-traumatic stress disorder
B. social anxiety
C. phobia
D. generalized anxiety disorder

A

C. phobia

88
Q

It is recommended that pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders begins with:
A. barbituates
B. SSRIs
C. beta blockers
D. benzodiazepines

A

B. SSRIs

89
Q

Benzodiazepines differ from one another mainly in terms of

A

pharmacokinetics

90
Q

Compared to benzodiazepines, SSRIs seem to be particularly effective for treating:
A. GAD
B. Panic Disorder
C. OCD
D. Social Anxiety Disorder

A

C. OCD

91
Q

Alprazolam is contraindicated in patients who

A

smoke

92
Q

Compared to barbiturates, benzodiazepines are

A

safer

93
Q

Of the following anxiety disorders, which one has equal gender ratios?

A

Social Anxiety

94
Q

Propanolol is a

A

beta blocker

95
Q

Venlafaxine is associated with a higher risk of _____ in young (<24) patients.

A

suicide

96
Q

Which of the following is NOT a concern regarding barbiturates?

A

some have extremely long half-lives

97
Q

The cortical hyperactivity seen in patients with anxiety disorders is thought to be due to all of the following EXCEPT:

A

DA hypofunction

98
Q

Unlike other anxiolytics, beta-blockers primarily work

A

peripherally

99
Q

The anticipatory anxiety experienced by people who have panic attacks can sometimes progress to

A

agoraphobia

100
Q

The most common cause of death when combining benzodiazepines with another CNS depressant (like alcohol) is

A

respiratory depression

101
Q

Stimulation of the GABAA1 receptor is thought to result in all of the following effects EXCEPT

A

anxiolysis

102
Q

Ma huang should not be combined with caffeine, as this can increase the risk of

A

cardiac arrest

103
Q

What is the ideal ratio of omega-3 to omega-6 fatty acids?

A

1:1

104
Q

Pharmacodynamically, valerian is classified as a/n

A

GABA agonist

105
Q

Valerian is best described as a/n:
A. depressant
B. sedative
C. antipsychotic
D. stimulant

A

B. sedative

106
Q

Gingkgo biloba should not be combined with:
A. SSRIs
B. grapefruit juice
C. tamoxifen
D. aspirin

A

D. aspirin

107
Q

What part of the kava plant is traditionally consumed?
A. flowers
B. roots
C. leaves
D. stems

A

B. roots

108
Q

The pharmacodynamic mechanism of St. John’s wort is very similar to that of:
A. TCAs
B. SSRIs
C. MAOIs
D. SNRIs

A

A. TCAs

109
Q

Ginkgo bliboba is mainly used to improve:
A. cognition
B. insomnia
C. mania
D. ADHD

A

A. cognition

110
Q

Valerian is commonly called “Nature’s ____.”

A

Valium

111
Q

All of the following are active compounds found in kava EXCEPT:
A. kavain
B. terpene trilactones
C. yangonin
D. methysticin

A

B. terpene trilactones

112
Q

Which of the following is ma huang used for?

A

asthma

113
Q

Valerian is commonly used to treat all of the following EXCEPT

A

high blood pressure

114
Q

Toxicity can result from the consumption of the ginkgo biloba

A

seeds

115
Q

Which of the following plants is NOT used as an anxiolytic?

A

Ma huang

116
Q

Kava grows naturally in what part of the world?

A

South Pacific

117
Q

The active ingredient in St. John’s wort is thought to be

A

hypericum perfortatum

118
Q

An important property of omega-3 fatty acids is that they have ____ effects.

A

anti-inflammatory

119
Q

An important pharmacodynamic effect of ginkgo biloba is

A

anticoagulation

120
Q

Kava has pharmacodynamic effects very similar to

A

alcohol

121
Q

In the past, use of kava has been linked to

A

hepatotoxicity

PSYC 475 (18 decks)

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