Quiz Answers Midterm Flashcards by Yasmeen Qtaish

The blood brain barrier is most permeable to what kind of molecule?

small, lipid-soluble

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The central nervous system (CNS) is comprised of

the brain and the spine

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Which of the following is NOT a part of the “reward circuit”?
A. frontal lobe
B. tectum
C. ventral tegmental area (VTA)
D. nucleus accumbens

B. tectum

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Which division of the nervous system controls bodily organs, glands, ducts, and pupils?
A. somatic
B. enteric
C. central
D. autonomic

D. autonomic

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What division of the nervous system controls the gut?
A. enteric
B. central
C. somatic
D. autonomic

A. enteric

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What ionic movement begins an action potential?
A. exit of sodium ions
B. exit of potassium ions
C. entrance of sodium ions
D. entrance of potassium ions

C. entrance of sodium ions

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An ion channel that contains a receptor site is called

an ionotropic receptor

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Which of the following is NOT a monoamine?
A. dopamine
B. glutamate
C. norepinephrine
D. serotonin

B. glutamate

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Which neurotransmitter is particularly important for mood, appetite, and sleep?
A. serotonin
B. GABA
C. glutamate
D. dopamine

A. serotonin

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Drugs administered “sublingually” (under the tongue) and drugs administered orally are absorbed mostly in the ____ and ____ respectively.
A. mouth; stomach
B. small intestine; large intestine
C. stomach; small intestine
D. mouth; small intestine

D. mouth; small intestine

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Which route of administration is characterized as “enteral”?
A. topical
B. inhalation
C. injection
D. oral

D. oral

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All of the following drug attributes decrease the likelihood of drug absorption EXCEPT:
A. small size
B. low lipid-solubility
C. high water-solubility
D. large size

A. small size

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What are the two main differences between capillaries in the periphery and capillaries in the brain?

capillaries in the brain have tighter junctions & are surrounded by membranes of astrocyte cells

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Of the following, which is the most dangerous mode of drug administration?
A. subcutaneous
B. topical
C. intramuscular
D. intravenous

D. intravenous

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The degradation of drugs by enzymes present in the gastrointestinal tract and liver is known as:

first-pass metabolism

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Most drugs are excreted via the

kidneys

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The time for the plasma level of a drug to fall by 50% is called the

elimination half-life

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The “steady-state” concentration of a drug (the stable level achieved in blood with repeated, regular dosing) is

achieved when the amount of drug administered per unit time equals the amount eliminated per unit time

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The ability of liver enzymes to degrade a drug more efficiently in the continued presence of the drug is termed

metabolic tolerance

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“Pharmacodynamic” tolerance occurs in the ____; “metabolic” tolerance occurs in the _____.

synapse/neuron; liver

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The term placebo is best described as

A pharmacologically inactive substance that elicits a significant therapeutic response

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A drug that is more potent than another drug has

a smaller ED50

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Most side effects are:
A. predictable and serious
B. predictable and mild
C. unpredictable and mild
D. unpredictable and serious

B. predictable and mild

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The therapeutic index (TI) refers to the

relative safety of a drug

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A drug that blocks the effect of the naturally occurring (endogenous) compound is called:

an antagonist

The dose of a drug that produces the desired effect in half of the subject is called the drug's

ED50

The study of the effects a drug has when it binds to its target/receptor is termed

pharmacodynamics

Compared to males, most females: A. have increased intestinal motility B. have more intestinal enzymatic activity C. have more water D. have more fat

D. have more fat

Which of the following drug names are capitalized? A. trade B. none of these drug names are capitalized C. generic D. chemical

A. trade

Affinity refers to

the strength of attraction between a molecule (ligand) and its target (receptor)

The observation that caffeine cannot exert as much central nervous system stimulation as amphetamine indicates that caffeine

is less efficacious than amphetamine

A drug that is more efficacious than another drug has

a larger maximum effect

During pregnancy, intestinal motility ___

decreases

According to the DEA, the most dangerous drugs are typically scheduled as

Schedule I

In general, antipsychotics have a _____ potential for dependence, and a ____ potential for tolerance. A. strong; weak B. strong; strong C. weak; weak D. weak; strong

C. weak; weak

The word tardive in tardive dyskinesia indicates that the symptoms A. appear later in treatment B. can be reduced by lowering the dose of antipsychotic drug C. are permanent D. affect the upper parts of the body first

A. appear later in treatment

Carprazine should not be used by A. patients with schizophrenia B. elderly patients with dementia-related psychosis C. male patients D. patients with bipolar disorder

B. elderly patients with dementia-related psychosis

The single best predictor of antipsychotic efficacy in a drug is an affinity for ____ receptors.

Loxapine is the only antipsychotic that A. does not produce EPS B. is administered via inhalation C. does not induce weight gain D. does not bind to D2 receptors

B. is administered via inhalation

The most problematic side effect caused by clozapine is

agranulocytosis

The percentage of the world's population suffering from schizophrenia is

Chlorpromazine was originally developed to be a A. sedative B. soporific C. stimulant D. pain reliever

A. sedative

An off-label use for risperidone is A. nausea B. OCD C. schizophrenia D. narcolepsy

B. OCD

What is the most common side effect of treatment with olanzapine? A. weight gain B. blurred vision C. seizures D. nausea

A. weight gain

Which of the following is NOT a negative symptom of schizophrenia?

disorganized behavior

Phenothiazines are in the class of antipsychotics known as

first-generation antipsychotics

What is the primary indication of haloperidol?

psychosis

amisulpride is a good choice of antipsychotic for patients who have a high risk for

diabetes

Which of the following is NOT a positive symptom of schizophrenia?

Flat affect

The uncontrollable movements of muscles commonly in the limbs, face, and tongue produced by ACUTE treatment with antipsychotics are called

dystonia

The major side effect of the first-generation antipsychotics is

motor impairment

Compared to SSRIs, TCAs are:

equally effective, but have different side effects

Impairment of memory is a side effect clearly associated with the use of

TCAs

First-generation tricyclic antidepressants are defined by a commonality in basic

molecular structure

What type of antidepressant is amitriptyline? A. SNRI B. TCA C. SSRI D. MAOI

B. TCA

The tricyclic antidepressants differ from Prozac and Zoloft in that they also have major effects on _______. A. serotonin B. GABA C. norepinephrine D. glutamate

norepinephrine

Venlafaxine is a/an A. TCA B. SNRI C. SSRI D. MAOI

B. SNRI

An SNRI would be a good treatment choice for someone A. with GAD B. with OCD C. with MDD and pain D. with anorexia

C. with MDD and pain

Which neurotransmitters are affected by amitriptyline? A. 5-HT, NE, DA B. GABA, NE, ACh C. NE, ACH, DA D. NE, ACh, 5-HT

D. NE, ACh, 5-HT

The neurogenic theory of depression stems from recent findings that in the mature brain

neurons are capable of being repaired and produced

Of the following classes of antidepressant drugs, the one associated with the highest incidence of sexual dysfunction is A. TCAs B. SSRIs C. SNRIs D. MAOIs

B. SSRIs

Orthostatic hypotension is a common side effect of

TCAs and MAOIs

Which statement best describes the pharmacodynamics of escitalopram?

It primarily effects 5-HT systems with minimal effects on NE/DA/ACh systems

What is the pharmacodynamic mechanism of bupropion?

it blocks DA and NE reuptake

If an SSRI is taken in conjunction with an MAOI, the levels of 5-HT can become dangerously high leading to

serotonin syndrome

Electro-convulsive therapy (ECT) is sometimes used to treat Bipolar Disorder because

it has rapid effects

The rate of suicide for bipolar patients is approximately ___ times that of the general population.

The classic drug for treating bipolar disorder is

lithium

Atypical antipsychotics are often used as a first-time treatment for Bipolar Disorder because

they have a better safety profile than lithium

Oxcarbazepine is an improvement of the carbamazepine molecule, and has a better side-effect profile. Which of the following is NOT one of the improvements? A. lower rate of leucopenia B. no alternations in liver enzymes C. less weight gain D. fewer GI issues

C. less weight gain

Which of the following is NOT a side effect of lithium? A. EPS B. weight gain C. nystagmus D. goiter

A. EPS

Valproate appears to be more effective for patients who have _____, compared to lithium.

mixed episodes

Similarly to antidepressants, lithium appears to: A. increase neuroprotective factors B. block the SERT C. block DA receptors D. increase monamine production

A. increase neuroprotective factors

One of the biggest problems with carbamazepine is that it can induce

agranulocytosis

Topamaz is used in the treatment of bipolar disorder to decrease

weight gain

One of the most serious side effects associated with taking Lamictal is

rash

What is the original primary indication for lamotrigine?

seizure disorder/epilepsy

Bipolar patients spend most of their lives in a ____ state.

asymptomatic

The therapeutic index for lithium is ___; the antidote for overdose is ___.

low; unavailable

Antiepileptics include all of the following drugs except:

lithium

barbituates are in a class of drugs known as

sedative-hypnotics

Drugs that reduce the activity of the ____ seem to be particularly efficacious for treating Panic Disorder.

locus coeruleus

In addition to treating anxiety, Buspirone can be used to improve the ____ side effects caused by SSRIs. A. motor B. cognitive C. gastrointestinal D. sexual

D. sexual

Barbiturates and benzodiazepines bind to what kind of receptor?

GABA A

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of Buspirone? A. It has fewer side effects, compared to benzodiazepines. B. It is equally efficacious, compared to other anxiolytics. C. It is non-habit forming. D. It is immediately effective.

D. It is immediately effective

Which of the following neurotransmitters is NOT thought to be important to the etiology of anxiety? A. GABA B. norepinephrine C. dopamine D. serotonin

C. dopamine

The most common sub-type of anxiety disorder is: A. post-traumatic stress disorder B. social anxiety C. phobia D. generalized anxiety disorder

C. phobia

It is recommended that pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders begins with: A. barbituates B. SSRIs C. beta blockers D. benzodiazepines

B. SSRIs

Benzodiazepines differ from one another mainly in terms of

pharmacokinetics

Compared to benzodiazepines, SSRIs seem to be particularly effective for treating: A. GAD B. Panic Disorder C. OCD D. Social Anxiety Disorder

C. OCD

Alprazolam is contraindicated in patients who

smoke

Compared to barbiturates, benzodiazepines are

safer

Of the following anxiety disorders, which one has equal gender ratios?

Social Anxiety

Propanolol is a

beta blocker

Venlafaxine is associated with a higher risk of _____ in young (<24) patients.

suicide

Which of the following is NOT a concern regarding barbiturates?

some have extremely long half-lives

The cortical hyperactivity seen in patients with anxiety disorders is thought to be due to all of the following EXCEPT:

DA hypofunction

Unlike other anxiolytics, beta-blockers primarily work

peripherally

The anticipatory anxiety experienced by people who have panic attacks can sometimes progress to

agoraphobia

The most common cause of death when combining benzodiazepines with another CNS depressant (like alcohol) is

respiratory depression

Stimulation of the GABAA1 receptor is thought to result in all of the following effects EXCEPT

anxiolysis

Ma huang should not be combined with caffeine, as this can increase the risk of

cardiac arrest

What is the ideal ratio of omega-3 to omega-6 fatty acids?

1:1

Pharmacodynamically, valerian is classified as a/n

GABA agonist

Valerian is best described as a/n: A. depressant B. sedative C. antipsychotic D. stimulant

B. sedative

Gingkgo biloba should not be combined with: A. SSRIs B. grapefruit juice C. tamoxifen D. aspirin

D. aspirin

What part of the kava plant is traditionally consumed? A. flowers B. roots C. leaves D. stems

B. roots

The pharmacodynamic mechanism of St. John's wort is very similar to that of: A. TCAs B. SSRIs C. MAOIs D. SNRIs

A. TCAs

Ginkgo bliboba is mainly used to improve: A. cognition B. insomnia C. mania D. ADHD

A. cognition

Valerian is commonly called "Nature's ____."

Valium

All of the following are active compounds found in kava EXCEPT: A. kavain B. terpene trilactones C. yangonin D. methysticin

B. terpene trilactones

Which of the following is ma huang used for?

asthma

Valerian is commonly used to treat all of the following EXCEPT

high blood pressure

Toxicity can result from the consumption of the ginkgo biloba

seeds

Which of the following plants is NOT used as an anxiolytic?

Ma huang

Kava grows naturally in what part of the world?

South Pacific

The active ingredient in St. John's wort is thought to be

hypericum perfortatum

An important property of omega-3 fatty acids is that they have ____ effects.

anti-inflammatory

An important pharmacodynamic effect of ginkgo biloba is

anticoagulation

Kava has pharmacodynamic effects very similar to

alcohol

In the past, use of kava has been linked to

hepatotoxicity