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PSYC 475 > Quiz Answers Final Exam > Flashcards

Quiz Answers Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

The drugs used in agonist substitution protocols tend to be chosen because they
A) have longer half-lives
B) are more potent
C) work on different NT systems
D) are less efficacious

A

A) have longer half-lives

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2
Q

The “Rat Park” experiments, by Bruce Alexander, demonstrated that addiction rates are powerfully determined by

A

social and environmental factors

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3
Q

The mesolithic pathways begins in the VTA and terminates in the

A

nucleus accumbens, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex

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4
Q

The reason antagonist administration strategies are often unsuccessful is due to

A

patient non-compliance

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5
Q

Relapse is most likely induced by all of the following EXCEPT:
A. stress
B. decreased sensitivity of DA receptors
C. reexperience with the drug
D. exposure to conditioned drug cues

A

B. decreased sensitivity of DA receptors

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6
Q

The biological definition of addiction states that addictive substances
A) decrease DA release in the frontal lobes
B) activate the VTA pathway
C) are pleasurable
D) increase 5-HT levels in the CNS

A

B) activate the VTA pathway

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7
Q

Drug vaccines, such as NicVax, are probably most effective at

A

preventing addiction

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8
Q

The use of Chantix to help people stop using nicotine is an example of what kind of pharmaceutical approach?

A

partial agonist substitution

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9
Q

Stress impacts addiction in all of the following ways EXCEPT:
A) stress and addiction share similar neurobiological pathways
B) stress increases the efficacy of addictive drugs
C) stress increases the likelihood of substance abuse
D) stress increases the likelihood of craving and relapse

A

B) stress increases the efficacy of addictive drugs

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10
Q

Using naltrexone to treat alcohol abuse is an example of which pharmaceutical approach?

A

antagonist administration

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11
Q

The mesolimbic pathway is made up of neurons that produce

A

dopamine

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12
Q

Administration of Methadone to heroin addicts is an example of

A

agonist substitution

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13
Q

Compared to morphine, heroin is:
A. more lipid soluble
B. more efficacious
C. less potent
D. less damaging to the liver

A

A. more lipid soluble

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14
Q

Combining acetaminophen with alcohol is dangerous because it can result in

A

hepatotoxicity (liver failure)

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15
Q

Which of the orders below describes the level of opiate potency, from lowest to highest?

A

opium, morphine, heroin

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16
Q

The cell bodies of nociceptors are found in the

A

dorsal root ganglion of the spinal cord

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17
Q

Fentanyl is at least __ times more potent than morphine.

A

80

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18
Q

Dull, diffuse pain signals are transmitted via ____ fibers.

A

C

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19
Q

To which receptor does oxycodone bind the most?

A

mu opioid

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20
Q

Ibuprofen is an especially good choice for

A

nursing mothers

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21
Q

Acetaminophen is not recommended for people who have

A

rheumatoid arthritus

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22
Q

Suboxone is the combination of buprenorphine and

A

naloxone

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23
Q

What is the primary indication for acetaminophen?

A

analgesia and antipyresis

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24
Q

Which of the following nuclei is NOT a part of the descending pain modification system?

A

nucleus basalis

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25
Q

The metabolism of codeine into morphine can be blocked by

A

SSRIs

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26
Q

Nicotine is an ACh (acetylcholine)

A

agonist

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27
Q

A serious side effect of varenicline is

A

seizures

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28
Q

Caffeine is a/an
A) DA agonist
B) adenosine agonist
C) adenosine antagonist
D) DA antagonist

A

C) adenosine antagonist

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29
Q

In terms of toxicity, nicotine has been compared to

A

cyanide

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30
Q

Nicotine might be a helpful therapeutic for the treatment of

A

Alzheimer’s disease

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31
Q

The route of administration affects nicotine’s

A

efficacy and potency

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32
Q

Which of the following compounds is NOT commonly found in e-cigarettes?
A) flavorants
B) propylene glycol
C) BPA
D) vegetable glycerin

A

C) BPA

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33
Q

What is the most widely abused substance in the world?

A

caffeine

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34
Q

Varenicline is a/an

A

nicotine partial agonist

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35
Q

Caffeine is used therapeutically to treat

A

respiratory problems

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36
Q

Nicotine is extremely toxic when

A

taken orally

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37
Q

Caffeine is used “off-label” to treat migraine headaches, probably because it can

A

constrict cerebral blood vessels

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38
Q

Varenicline should not be combined with alcohol because taking the two together

A

increases the effects of alcohol

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39
Q

Nicotine has a negative interaction with

A

oral contraceptives

40
Q

A drug that has the same effect as adrenaline is known as a

A

sympathomimetic

41
Q

Formication is defined as:

A

the feeling of insects crawling under the skin

42
Q

Methylphenidate blocks the reuptake of:

A

dopamine and norepinephrine

43
Q

The peripheral side effects of psychostimulants resemble activation of the

A

sympathetic nervous system

44
Q

An important target area in the brain for the therapuetic effects of methylphenidate is the

A

prefrontal cortex

45
Q

Methamphetamine is made from amphetamine by substituting a _____ group.

A

CH3

46
Q

Cocaine should be used with caution in patients who have

A

cardiovascular disease

47
Q

The excretion rate of methamphetamine is dependent upon

A

urine pH

48
Q

Compared to modafinil, methylphenidate is _____ effective for the treatment of ADHD, and _____ effective for the treatment of narcolepsy.

A

equally; more

49
Q

Cocaine is used medically

A

as an anesthetic

50
Q

The major pharmacodynamic mechanism of amphetamine is

A

increased release of neurotransmitters

51
Q

Which of the following is NOT a serious side effect of methamphetamine use?

A

liver failure

52
Q

The primary indication of sibutramine is the treatment of

A

obesity

53
Q

Withdrawal symptoms of amphetamine dependency include all of the following EXCEPT

A

altered pain threshold

54
Q

Methamphetamine produces anorexigenic effects by

A

increasing CART production in the hypothalamus

55
Q

The therapeutic use(s) of amphetamine is/are:

A

treatment of both narcolepsy and ADHD

56
Q

Temazepam is listed as pregnancy category _

A

X

57
Q

Aldehyde dehydrogenase is an important enzyme in the metabolism of alcohol because it converts _____ into _____.

A

acetaldehyde; acetate

58
Q

Zolpidem is in the _______ drug class

A

non-benzodiazepine BZRA

59
Q

The most common cause of death when combining benzodiazepines with another CNS depressant is

A

respiratory depression

60
Q

What class of sedative is temazepam?

A

benzodiazepine

61
Q

Zolpidem is used as a sleep aid because it has a relatively ______ half-life and ____ metabolites.

A

short; inactive

62
Q

A reason that women have higher blood ethanol levels than men, after accounting for size/body weight, is because women have:
A) higher levels of alcohol dehydrogenase in their liver
B) lower levels of alcohol dehydrogenase in their GI system
C) higher levels of alcohol dehydrogenase in their GI system
D) lower levels of alcohol dehydrogenase in their liver

A

B) lower levels of alcohol dehydrogenase in their GI system

63
Q

Severe acute liver toxicity can occur when alcohol is combined with:
A) acetaminophen
B) benzodiazepine
C) SSRIs
D) amphetamine

A

A) acetaminophen

64
Q

What percentage of automobile accidents that result in at least one fatality are thought to involve alcohol?

A

50%

65
Q

Ethanol is readily soluble in

A

both fat and water

66
Q

The pharmacodynamic mechanisms of naltrexone are to

A

block opiate receptors

67
Q

The half-life of ethanol is determined by all of the following EXCEPT

A

amount consumed

68
Q

Benzodiazepines have largely replaced treatment for insomnia for the following reasons EXCEPT:

A

they are less addictive

69
Q

In California, marijuana was legalized for non-medical use in what year?

A

2016

70
Q

Which of the following is NOT a primary indication of dronabinol?
A. nausea/vomiting
B. anxiety
C. appetite stimulation
D. anorexia

A

B. anxiety

71
Q

Marinol is a:
A. synthetic cannabinoid agonist
B. synthetic cannabinoid antagonist
C. non-synthetic cannabinoid agonist
D. non-synthetic cannabinoid antagonist

A

A. synthetic cannabinoid agonist

72
Q

The route of administration of Sativex is

A

oral mucosal spray

73
Q

Nabiximols is a
A. synthetic cannabinoid agonist
B. non-synthetic cannabinoid antagonist
C. non-synthetic cannabinoid agonist
D. synthetic cannabinoid antagonist

A

C. non-synthetic cannabinoid agonist

74
Q

Epidiolex is a ______ at CB receptors.

A

partial agonist

75
Q

The major psychoactive ingredient in the marijuana plant is:

A

delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

76
Q

The most ubiquitous receptors in the brain appear to be those responsive to:

A

cannabinoids

77
Q

The main ROA for dronabinol is

A

oral

78
Q

A primary indication for cannabidiol is

A

seizure reduction

79
Q

In the US, marijuana is currently listed under which DEA schedule?

A

Schedule I

80
Q

Hashish and marijuana differ mainly in their

A

potency

81
Q

Which of the following is NOT an off-label use for Epidiolex?

A

weight loss

82
Q

In the U.S., ___ states have legalized marijuana for either medical or recreational use.

A

46

83
Q

The neurotransmitter affected by the psychedelic scopolamine is

A

acetylcholine

84
Q

What is the psychedelic class of mescaline?

A

enactogen (catecholaminelike)

85
Q

The NMDA antagonist class of psychedelics was initially developed as

A

anesthetics

86
Q

LSD has been studied as a treatment for all of the following EXCEPT:
A. cancer
B. anxiety
C. PTSD
D. depression

A

A. cancer

87
Q

The psychedelic whose action does not directly involve serotonin, dopamine, or acetylcholine neurons is

A

PCP

88
Q

Which of the following is NOT a seretoninlike psychedelic?

A

PCP

89
Q

LSD is derived from

A

ergot

90
Q

PCP is a/n:
A. dopamine antagonist
B. glutamate antagonist
C. serotonin partial agonist
D. GABA agonist

A

B. glutamate antagonist

91
Q

A therapeutic use of scopolamine is in the treatment of

A

motion sickness

92
Q

Myristicin is derived from

A

nutmeg

93
Q

The use of psychedelics is not recommended for people who have a history of

A

schizophrenia

94
Q

Mescaline is commonly derived from

A

peyote cactus

95
Q

The catecholaminelike psychedelics have major effects on the following neurotransmitters:

A

serotonin and dopamine

96
Q

The molecular structure of LSD is very similar to that of

A

serotonin

PSYC 475 (18 decks)

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