Quiz Answers Final Exam Flashcards
The drugs used in agonist substitution protocols tend to be chosen because they
A) have longer half-lives
B) are more potent
C) work on different NT systems
D) are less efficacious
A) have longer half-lives
The “Rat Park” experiments, by Bruce Alexander, demonstrated that addiction rates are powerfully determined by
social and environmental factors
The mesolithic pathways begins in the VTA and terminates in the
nucleus accumbens, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex
The reason antagonist administration strategies are often unsuccessful is due to
patient non-compliance
Relapse is most likely induced by all of the following EXCEPT:
A. stress
B. decreased sensitivity of DA receptors
C. reexperience with the drug
D. exposure to conditioned drug cues
B. decreased sensitivity of DA receptors
The biological definition of addiction states that addictive substances
A) decrease DA release in the frontal lobes
B) activate the VTA pathway
C) are pleasurable
D) increase 5-HT levels in the CNS
B) activate the VTA pathway
Drug vaccines, such as NicVax, are probably most effective at
preventing addiction
The use of Chantix to help people stop using nicotine is an example of what kind of pharmaceutical approach?
partial agonist substitution
Stress impacts addiction in all of the following ways EXCEPT:
A) stress and addiction share similar neurobiological pathways
B) stress increases the efficacy of addictive drugs
C) stress increases the likelihood of substance abuse
D) stress increases the likelihood of craving and relapse
B) stress increases the efficacy of addictive drugs
Using naltrexone to treat alcohol abuse is an example of which pharmaceutical approach?
antagonist administration
The mesolimbic pathway is made up of neurons that produce
dopamine
Administration of Methadone to heroin addicts is an example of
agonist substitution
Compared to morphine, heroin is:
A. more lipid soluble
B. more efficacious
C. less potent
D. less damaging to the liver
A. more lipid soluble
Combining acetaminophen with alcohol is dangerous because it can result in
hepatotoxicity (liver failure)
Which of the orders below describes the level of opiate potency, from lowest to highest?
opium, morphine, heroin
The cell bodies of nociceptors are found in the
dorsal root ganglion of the spinal cord
Fentanyl is at least __ times more potent than morphine.
80
Dull, diffuse pain signals are transmitted via ____ fibers.
C
To which receptor does oxycodone bind the most?
mu opioid
Ibuprofen is an especially good choice for
nursing mothers
Acetaminophen is not recommended for people who have
rheumatoid arthritus
Suboxone is the combination of buprenorphine and
naloxone
What is the primary indication for acetaminophen?
analgesia and antipyresis
Which of the following nuclei is NOT a part of the descending pain modification system?
nucleus basalis
The metabolism of codeine into morphine can be blocked by
SSRIs
Nicotine is an ACh (acetylcholine)
agonist
A serious side effect of varenicline is
seizures
Caffeine is a/an
A) DA agonist
B) adenosine agonist
C) adenosine antagonist
D) DA antagonist
C) adenosine antagonist
In terms of toxicity, nicotine has been compared to
cyanide
Nicotine might be a helpful therapeutic for the treatment of
Alzheimer’s disease
The route of administration affects nicotine’s
efficacy and potency
Which of the following compounds is NOT commonly found in e-cigarettes?
A) flavorants
B) propylene glycol
C) BPA
D) vegetable glycerin
C) BPA
What is the most widely abused substance in the world?
caffeine
Varenicline is a/an
nicotine partial agonist
Caffeine is used therapeutically to treat
respiratory problems
Nicotine is extremely toxic when
taken orally
Caffeine is used “off-label” to treat migraine headaches, probably because it can
constrict cerebral blood vessels
Varenicline should not be combined with alcohol because taking the two together
increases the effects of alcohol
Nicotine has a negative interaction with
oral contraceptives
A drug that has the same effect as adrenaline is known as a
sympathomimetic
Formication is defined as:
the feeling of insects crawling under the skin
Methylphenidate blocks the reuptake of:
dopamine and norepinephrine
The peripheral side effects of psychostimulants resemble activation of the
sympathetic nervous system
An important target area in the brain for the therapuetic effects of methylphenidate is the
prefrontal cortex
Methamphetamine is made from amphetamine by substituting a _____ group.
CH3
Cocaine should be used with caution in patients who have
cardiovascular disease
The excretion rate of methamphetamine is dependent upon
urine pH
Compared to modafinil, methylphenidate is _____ effective for the treatment of ADHD, and _____ effective for the treatment of narcolepsy.
equally; more
Cocaine is used medically
as an anesthetic
The major pharmacodynamic mechanism of amphetamine is
increased release of neurotransmitters
Which of the following is NOT a serious side effect of methamphetamine use?
liver failure
The primary indication of sibutramine is the treatment of
obesity
Withdrawal symptoms of amphetamine dependency include all of the following EXCEPT
altered pain threshold
Methamphetamine produces anorexigenic effects by
increasing CART production in the hypothalamus
The therapeutic use(s) of amphetamine is/are:
treatment of both narcolepsy and ADHD
Temazepam is listed as pregnancy category _
X
Aldehyde dehydrogenase is an important enzyme in the metabolism of alcohol because it converts _____ into _____.
acetaldehyde; acetate
Zolpidem is in the _______ drug class
non-benzodiazepine BZRA
The most common cause of death when combining benzodiazepines with another CNS depressant is
respiratory depression
What class of sedative is temazepam?
benzodiazepine
Zolpidem is used as a sleep aid because it has a relatively ______ half-life and ____ metabolites.
short; inactive
A reason that women have higher blood ethanol levels than men, after accounting for size/body weight, is because women have:
A) higher levels of alcohol dehydrogenase in their liver
B) lower levels of alcohol dehydrogenase in their GI system
C) higher levels of alcohol dehydrogenase in their GI system
D) lower levels of alcohol dehydrogenase in their liver
B) lower levels of alcohol dehydrogenase in their GI system
Severe acute liver toxicity can occur when alcohol is combined with:
A) acetaminophen
B) benzodiazepine
C) SSRIs
D) amphetamine
A) acetaminophen
What percentage of automobile accidents that result in at least one fatality are thought to involve alcohol?
50%
Ethanol is readily soluble in
both fat and water
The pharmacodynamic mechanisms of naltrexone are to
block opiate receptors
The half-life of ethanol is determined by all of the following EXCEPT
amount consumed
Benzodiazepines have largely replaced treatment for insomnia for the following reasons EXCEPT:
they are less addictive
In California, marijuana was legalized for non-medical use in what year?
2016
Which of the following is NOT a primary indication of dronabinol?
A. nausea/vomiting
B. anxiety
C. appetite stimulation
D. anorexia
B. anxiety
Marinol is a:
A. synthetic cannabinoid agonist
B. synthetic cannabinoid antagonist
C. non-synthetic cannabinoid agonist
D. non-synthetic cannabinoid antagonist
A. synthetic cannabinoid agonist
The route of administration of Sativex is
oral mucosal spray
Nabiximols is a
A. synthetic cannabinoid agonist
B. non-synthetic cannabinoid antagonist
C. non-synthetic cannabinoid agonist
D. synthetic cannabinoid antagonist
C. non-synthetic cannabinoid agonist
Epidiolex is a ______ at CB receptors.
partial agonist
The major psychoactive ingredient in the marijuana plant is:
delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
The most ubiquitous receptors in the brain appear to be those responsive to:
cannabinoids
The main ROA for dronabinol is
oral
A primary indication for cannabidiol is
seizure reduction
In the US, marijuana is currently listed under which DEA schedule?
Schedule I
Hashish and marijuana differ mainly in their
potency
Which of the following is NOT an off-label use for Epidiolex?
weight loss
In the U.S., ___ states have legalized marijuana for either medical or recreational use.
46
The neurotransmitter affected by the psychedelic scopolamine is
acetylcholine
What is the psychedelic class of mescaline?
enactogen (catecholaminelike)
The NMDA antagonist class of psychedelics was initially developed as
anesthetics
LSD has been studied as a treatment for all of the following EXCEPT:
A. cancer
B. anxiety
C. PTSD
D. depression
A. cancer
The psychedelic whose action does not directly involve serotonin, dopamine, or acetylcholine neurons is
PCP
Which of the following is NOT a seretoninlike psychedelic?
PCP
LSD is derived from
ergot
PCP is a/n:
A. dopamine antagonist
B. glutamate antagonist
C. serotonin partial agonist
D. GABA agonist
B. glutamate antagonist
A therapeutic use of scopolamine is in the treatment of
motion sickness
Myristicin is derived from
nutmeg
The use of psychedelics is not recommended for people who have a history of
schizophrenia
Mescaline is commonly derived from
peyote cactus
The catecholaminelike psychedelics have major effects on the following neurotransmitters:
serotonin and dopamine
The molecular structure of LSD is very similar to that of
serotonin
