Alcohol

Question 1

The half-life of alcohol varies and depends on several factors, including 1) size and weight, 2) specific beverage consumed, 3) related food intake, and 4?

Answer 1

individual metabolism rate (e.g., experienced users will metabolize alcohol at a faster rate)

Question 2

Tolerance occurs with chronic, heavy alcohol users but does not tend to occur in…

Answer 2

sporadic or light drinkers

Question 3

Liver damage due to alcoholism is called _________ and is the 12th leading cause of death in the U.S and is responsible for 75% of the lethal cases of alcoholism.

Answer 3

cirrhosis or hepatitis

Question 4

Nonbenzodiazepine benzodiazepine receptor agonists (BzRAs) have a _____ risk for dependence.

Answer 4

lower

Question 5

Flunitrazepan is a benzodiazepine used in hospital settings for heavy sedation and can induce

Answer 5

amnestic effects

Question 6

Triazolam is a benzodiazepine that is best for

Answer 6

sleep onset insomnia

Question 7

Which benzodiazepine is more effective the longer you take it due to the accumulation of active metabolite with a long half-life?

Answer 7

flurazepam

Question 8

The amnestic ED50 of triazolam is lower than somnolent ED50, meaning…

Answer 8

It is guaranteed to be amnestic because the dose that induces amnesia is lower than the dose that induces sleep. This is the main reason benzodiazepines are not used (in addition to the short half-lives).

Question 9

Barbiturates have a _____ safety index than benzodiazepines.

Answer 9

lower

Question 10

Bupropion is a dopamine agonist used for alcohol addiction is a good option for patients who are also

Answer 10

depressed

Question 11

Serotonin agonists are used for alcohol addiction and are best for patients who started drinking later and have less…

Answer 11

psychopathology

Question 12

Which alcohol deterrent blocks metabolism, allowing acetaldehyde to build up and produce an unpleasant reaction to alcohol?

Answer 12

disulfiram

Question 13

Acamprosate is a GABA agonist and glutamate NMDA __________ used for alcohol addiction.

Answer 13

antagonist

Question 14

________ is a nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic used to help treat insomnia, which likely increases chloride transmission due to GABA receptor complexes near benzo receptors, therefore depressing the CNS and slowing down brain activity.

Answer 14

eszopiclone

Question 15

An orexin receptor antagonist used effectively for the treatment of insomnia in adults and one that should not be mixed with alcohol due to CNS effects (impairment of psychomotor performance and risk of CNS depression)

Answer 15

daridorexant

Question 16

A benzodiazepine used for short-term management of insomnia, which develops tolerance quickly and has a high-risk profile (there are better sleep aid options that don’t such risks).

Answer 16

temazepam

Question 17

agonist substitution

Answer 17

purposeful administration of a different substance with the same effect as the drug itself that a person wants to quit to improve outcomes for pt –> trading one substance for another so patient still remains addicted to the substance. tends to have longer half-lives

Question 18

partial agonist substitution

Answer 18

Provides a level of receptor stimulation that prevents craving but does not induce abuse (provides enough stimulation at the target to reduce cravings and ease withdrawal symptoms)

Question 19

antagonist

Answer 19

Block receptors stimulated by the abused drug so that taking the drug no longer has the effect –> biggest problem = patient noncompliance because they know what the drug is doing and thus they stop taking them