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Histology > Quiz > Flashcards

Quiz Flashcards

1
Q

A yellow solution of decalcifying agent MAY indicate that it contains what?

A

Nitrous acid

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2
Q

Used to counteract shrinkage in compound fixatives

A

Acetic acid

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3
Q

What inhibits the formation of paraformaldehyde in commercial formalin?

A

Methanol

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4
Q

All connective tissues and cells are derived from ____________ cells

A

mesenchymal

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5
Q

Used as a post-formalin fixative before trichrome staining

A

Bouins

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6
Q

Substrate used with horseradish peroxidase?

A

Hydrogen peroxide

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7
Q

Nuclear chromatin is best preserved by which fixatives containing?

A

Acetic acid

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8
Q

Reagent used to remove tissue discolouration caused by chromic acid (Grocott)

A

Sodium bisulphite

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9
Q

Fixative that forms black granular deposits in tissues

A

Mercurial fixatives

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10
Q

In a dye molecule, the hydroxyl group is a/an?

A

Auxochrome

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11
Q

3 main components of Bouin’s

A
  • picric acid
  • acetic acid
  • formalin
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12
Q

Fixative that would LEAST likely affect IHC staining

A

Alcohol

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13
Q

Streaming artifact occurs with ___________

A

glycogen

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14
Q

Eosin would most likely be quickly differentiated by.

1) treating with acid
2) raising the pH of the rinse solution
3) treating with xylene
4) washing in running water

A

2) raising the pH of the rinse solution

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15
Q

A solution which contains positive and negative dye ions is called a _______ dye

A

neutral

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16
Q

How to remove paraformaldehyde precipitate in concentrated formaldehyde?

A

Filtering

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17
Q

What is added to Zenker’s fixative stock just before use?

a. HCl
b. 10% formalin
c. picric acid
d. glacial acetic acid

A

d. glacial acetic acid

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18
Q

Max length of time tissue can be oxidized w/ periodic acid

A

No maximum - you cannot over-oxidize with periodic acid (unlike chromic acid)

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19
Q

Prolonged exposure of tissue to xylene during paraffin processing causes?

A

Excessive hardening of tissue

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20
Q

Dense IRREGULAR connective tissue may be found in

1) tendon
2) ligament
3) dermis
4) bone

A

3) dermis

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21
Q

Why is it important to cut Congo Red sections at 6-10 microns?

A

Required to give proper birefringence

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22
Q

Effect of formalin on neutral fats?

A

Nothing - leaves them unaltered

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23
Q

Which of the following are not phagocytic cells?

a) Kupffer cells
b) macrophages
c) histiocytes
d) Langerhans giant cells
e) mast cells

A

e) mast cells

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24
Q

___________ are responsible for myelination of axons in the CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

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25
Q

If you find that your muscle staining is gray-pink instead of red in your trichrome procedure

1) left the fast green on for too long
2) did not treat the sections long enough in Bouin’s fixative @60°C
3) forgot the phosphomolybdic acid step
4) iron hematoxylin was over-differentiated by ferric chloride

A

2) did not treat the sections long enough in Bouin’s fixative @60°C

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26
Q

What causes formalin pigment to form?

A

Acid pH in formalin

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27
Q

The purpose for incorporating acetic acid in hematoxylin solutions is to

1) fix or precipitate nucleic acids
2) suppress ionization of negative charges in background tissues
3) prevent growth of microorganisms in the solution
4) oxidize the staining solution

A

2) suppress ionization of negative charges in background tissues

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28
Q

Cytoplasmic dye in Van Gieson’s

A

Picric acid

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29
Q

Picric acid may be removed from tissue sections by.

1) rinsing with a slightly alkaline buffer or salt solution
2) rinsing in a weak acid solution
3) rinsing in formaldehyde
4) none of the above

A

1) rinsing with a slightly alkaline buffer or salt solution

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30
Q

Mercury fixative pigments are removed by treatment with?

A

Alcoholic iodine followed by sodium thiosulphate

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31
Q

This fixative fixes by forming methylene bridges

A

Formaldehyde

32
Q

3 reasons a PASD stain is lighter pink than usual

A
  • Tissue under-oxidized (leave in periodic acid longer)
  • Schiff’s reagent expired
  • Insufficient washing after Schiff’s (wash longer + in warm water to intensify pink)
33
Q

Decolourizer in ZN method?

A

Acid/alcohol

34
Q

The most rapid removal of eosin from tissue sites in over-stained sections would be

1) rinsing in 95% ethanol
2) rinsing in water
3) rinsing in absolute ethanol
4) rinsing in 2% w/v sodium bicarbonate

A

4) rinsing in 2% w/v sodium bicarbonate

35
Q

Why is non-buffered formalin required in reticulin stain?

A

In order to reduce the silver, the tissue requires a more ACIDIC reducing agent

36
Q

PAS reaction is dependent on the production of ___________ groups

A

aldehyde

37
Q

Purpose of secondary fixation?

A

To enhance the staining of tissue

38
Q

The purpose of incorporating acetic acid in hematoxylin solutions is to?

fix or precipitate nucleic acids

b) ensure selective ionization of nucleic acids
c) prevent growth of microorganisms in the solution
d) oxidize the staining solution

A

b) ensure selective ionization of nucleic acids

39
Q

If you find that your collagen is purple upon completion of your trichrome stain?

1) you have forgotten the phosphomolybdic acid step in your procedure
2) you have left the Ponceau fuchsin on too long
3) you have left the fast green on for too short a time
4) you have rinsed in water instead of 1% acetic acid

A

1) you have forgotten the phosphomolybdic acid step in your procedure

40
Q

Which component in Zenker’s requires washing the tissue well under running water?

A

Potassium dichromate

41
Q

100% formalin is what %formaldehyde?

A

40%

42
Q

Reagent used to remove tissue discolouration caused by potassium permanganate (retic)

A

Oxalic acid

43
Q

A pigment bleached by the use of alcoholic picric acid?

A

Formalin

*Seen as brown-black crystalline deposits in bloody areas

44
Q

Fixative used for bone marrows

A

B5

45
Q

Purpose of adding HCl to Weigert hematoxylin

A

Lower pH which prevents background non-specific staining

Hematein-iron bond from dissociates in alkaline solution

46
Q

___________ are responsible for myelination of axonis in the PNS

A

Schwann cells

47
Q

Which of the following decalcifying agents can produce a toxic gas when in contact whith formalin.

a) EDTA
b) HCl
c) Nitric acid
d) Formic acid

A

b) HCl

48
Q

Tissue control for Alcian Blue pH 1.0? 2.5?

A
  1. 0 - umbilical cord

2. 5 - small bowel

49
Q

Which of the following fixation methods would least affect antigen functional groups.

a) formalin fixation
b) Bouin’s fixation
c) alcohol fixation
d) snap freezing

A

d) snap freezing

50
Q

Why are frozen sections employed in muscle histochemistry?

a) muscle enzymes are still viable after freezing
b) muscle tissue is damaged by formalin
c) tradition
d) formalin fixation damages muscle nuclei

A

a) muscle enzymes are still viable after freezing

51
Q

Endogenous peroxidase is quenched by the addition of which of the following

a) Biotin
b) Buffer
c) 1:1 mixture of hydrogen peroxide and methanol
d) an excess of Horse radish peroxidase

A

c) 1:1 mixture of hydrogen peroxide and methanol

52
Q

Used in trichrome stain to remove red staining from collagen

A

Phosphomolybdic or phosphotungstic acid

53
Q

Preferred fixative for electron microscopy?

A

Glutaraldehyde

54
Q

Why can’t lipid staining be performed on paraffin sections?

A

The lipids are extracted during alcohol and xylene steps

55
Q

Why is charged slide required for a retic stain?

A

Silver solution very alkaline - can wash tissue off slide (occurs w/ very acidic/alkaline solutions)

56
Q

What are formed aldehydes converted to if a tissue is over-oxidized?

A

Converted to ketones

57
Q

A coloured compound without an auxochrome

A

Lysochrome

58
Q

White pulp of spleen is mostly composed of?

A

Lymphocytes

59
Q

What is the solution that differentiates the cytoplasmic stain from collage in trichrome procedure?

A

Phosphomolybdic acid

60
Q

Quenching = quickly freezing tissue to _______ degC

A

-160 degC

61
Q

Reducing agent in Von Kossa

A

Light

62
Q

In the PAP method

a) the link antibody is from the same species as the primary antibody
b) the link antibody is directed against peroxidase
c) the link antibody is from a different species as the primary antibody
d) the link antibody is conjugated with peroxidase

A

c) the link antibody is from a different species as the primary antibody.

63
Q

What should tissue be fixed in if urate crystals are to be demonstrated?

A

Ethanol

64
Q

Which fixative doesn’t coagulate/precipitate protein?

a. mercuric chloride
b. ethyl alcohol
c. picric acid
d. formaldehyde
e. chromic acid

A

d. formaldehyde

65
Q

Preferred fixative for electron microscopy

A

Glutaraldehyde

66
Q

A substance that can be classified as argentaffin

A

melanin

67
Q

The component in Zenker’s fluid that requires washing the tissue well in running water is?

A

Potassium dichromate

68
Q

Cause of ZN-stained tissue to be too pink?

A

Under-differentiation or improper acid/alcohol concentration

69
Q

Chemical used to remove plastic coverslip? Glass?

A

Plastic - acetone

Glass - xylene

70
Q

A quinoid ring structure in a dye molecule is a/an?

A

Chromophore

71
Q

Everything but muscle stained properly after Alcian blue/Van Gieson stain - probable cause?

A

Yellow picrates washed out after Van Gieson - slides should be dehydrated immediately

72
Q

What is the function of HCl in Perl’s Prussian Blue?

A

Separates the iron from its transport protein (b/c it demonstrates ferric iron)

73
Q

What should tissue be fixed in to demonstrate urate crystals?

A

Ethanol

74
Q

Mechanism of action behind antigen retrieval?

A

Hydrolysis of methylene bridges

75
Q

Stain for ferrous (Fe2+) iron?

A

Turnbull’s blue

Histology (18 decks)

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