Quiz 7 Flashcards
Failure of testicles to descend
cryptorchidism
pg 17
At what age is cryptorchidism diagnosed?
1 year
pg 17
Complications of cryptorchidism if left uncorrected
atrophy, sterility, increased CA risk
pg 17
Inflammation of the testis
orchitis
pg 18
Inflammation of the epididymis
epididymitis
pg 18
Features of orchitis
pain, bloody ejaculation, edma
pg 18
Features of epididymitis
pain, fever, MC unilateral
pg 18
Spermatic cord twisting
testicular torsion
pg 19
Testicular torsion is a urologic emergency because of the risk of what?
infarction
pg 19
How long do you have to untwist the spermatic cord?
6 hours
pg 19
Adults who experience testicular torsion commonly have what deformity?
bell-clapper deformity; the testicle is not adhered to the scrotal wall
pg 19
Age group most commonly affected by testicular torsion
12-18 years
pg 19
Enlarged pampiniform venous plexus of the scrotum
varicocele
pg 23
Varicocele is most common in what condition?
renal cell carcinoma
RULE OUT!
pg 24
Age group most commonly affected by testicular neoplasia
15-34 years
pg 25
Risks for testicular neoplasia
cryptorchidism, family history, Caucasians, gonadal dysgenesis, or androgen insensitivity
pg 25
Types of testicular neoplasias
1) sex-cord stromal tumors
2) germ cell tumors
pg 26
Which testicular neoplasia is more likely to be benign?
sex cord-stromal tumors
pg 26
Sex cord stromal tumors come from what cells?
sertoli and leydig
pg 26
Which testicular neoplasia is more likely to be malignant?
germ cell tumor
pg 26
Germ cell tumors come from…
intratubular germ cell neoplasia
pg 26
Types of germ cell tumors
1) seminomas
2) nonseminomatous GCTs
pg 26
Which type of germ cell tumor has a more favorable prognosis?
seminomas
pg 28
What % of seminomas have increased hCG?
10%
pg 28
Features of seminomas
soft texture, well-demarcated, gray-white; cells are large unform with round nuclei
pg 28
Types of nonseminomatous germ cell tumors
1) embryonal carcinoma
2) yolk sac tumor
3) choriocarcinoma
4) teratoma
pg 30
Nonseminomatous germ cell tumor with indistinct boarders and no tumor markers
embryonal carcinoma
pg 30
Nonseminomatous germ cell tumor affecting 3 year olds, 90% have AFP
yolk sac tumor
pg 30
Nonseminomatous germ cell tumor with 100% of cases having an increase in hCG
choriocarcinoma
pg 30
Nonseminomatous germ cell tumor containing all 3 germ cell layers
teratoma
pg 30
Features of testicular cancer
painless testicular mass, non-translucent, blood in semen, dull achy pain in groin/abdomen
pg 32
Pathologies MC in the peripheral zone of the prostate
carcinomas
pg 37
Pathologies MC in the transitional zone of the prostate
hyperplasia
pg 37
Inflammation of the prostate
prostatitis
pg 41
Causes of prostatitis
bacterial, chronic nonbacterial(MC), asymptomatic
pg 41
Hyperplasia creating an overall growth of the prostate
benign prostatic hyperplasia
pg 43
BPH is most commonly located in which zone?
transitional
pg 43
What % of BPH is symptomatic?
10%
pg 43
If BPH is symptomatic, what are the symptoms?
urethral obstruction, increase in frequency/urgency, nocturia
pg 43
TURP
transurethral resection of the prostate
pg 45
2nd MC cause of CA related death in males
Prostate cancer
pg 46
Risks for carcinoma of the prostate
> 50(MC 65-75), increased androgens, African or Asian descent, mutations
pg 47
MC location of carcinoma of the prostate
peripheral zone
pg 48
If prostate cancer mets to the spine is it osteoblastic or osteolytic?
osteoblastic
pg 48
Dilation of the renal pelvis/calyces
hydronephrosis
pg 53
Complications of hydronephrosis
decrease in function, possibly atrophy
pg 53
Kidney stone
renal calculus
pg 55
What are renal calculi made of?
calcium oxalate
pg 55
Features of renal calculus
ureter pain, flank pain referred to the groin, intermittent and severe
pg 55
Risks for renal calculus
males, family history, dehydration, UTIs, decreased vit A, gout
pg 55
Upper urinary tract stone
Staghorn calculus
pg 55
what are staghorn calculus made of?
magnesium ammonium phosphate
pg 57
Deficiency of vitamin A causes…
kidney stones, bitot spots
pg 59
Overdoes of vitamin A causes…
vomiting/weight loss, arthritis, headache, dizziness/stupor, diplopia
pg 59
Blind-ended pouch in the bladder wall
diverticulum
pg 60
Inflammation of the urinary bladder
cystitis
pg 60
Types of bladder cancer
1) urothelial carcinoma
2) squamous cell carcinoma
pg 62
What type of bladder cancer is MC?
urothelial carcinoma (90%) pg 62
Risk for bladder cancer
age 50-80, males, chronic irritation/infection, smoking, occupational and environmental carcinogens
pg 62
Features of bladder cancer
painless hematuria, high recurrence
pg 64
Reminder: look at extra credit article
pg 65
