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Systems Pathology 2 > Quiz 5 > Flashcards

Quiz 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Cancer of myeloblasts, fill marrow, “pre-leukemia”

A

myelodysplastic syndromes

pg 121

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2
Q

Features of myelodyplastic syndromes

A

hypercellular marrow, megaloblasts, irregular ratios(RBCs, granulocytes, platelets), >1 cytopenia
pg 121/122

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3
Q

~40% of myelodysplastic syndromes turn into…

A

AML

pg 121

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4
Q

Population affected by myelodysplastic syndromes

A 
older adults (50-70)
pg 121
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5
Q

Risks for myelodysplastic syndromes

A

history of chemotherapy or irradiation, monosomy and trisomy

pg 122

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6
Q

Prognosis of myelodysplastic syndromes

A

poor, median survival(1-2years)

pg 122

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7
Q

Group of indolent tumors

A

chronic myeloproliferative disorders

pg 123

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8
Q

Categories of chronic myeloproliferative disorders

A

1) chronic myelogenous leukemia
2) polycythemia vera
3) primary myelofibrosis
pg 123

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9
Q

20% of all leukemia cases, leukocytosis >100,000cell/microL

A

chronic myelogenous leukemia

pg 124

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10
Q

Population of those affect by chronic myelogenous leukemia

A

25-60 years

pg 124

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11
Q

Features of chronic myelogenous leukemia

A

fatigue, weakness, cachexia, extreme splenomegaly, “red pulp” spleen, Philadelphia chromosome (t(9;22))
pg 124/125

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12
Q

What % of cases of chronic myelogenous leukemia enter an accelerated phase?

A

50%

pg 125

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13
Q

Treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia

A 
marrow transplant (70% curative), tyrosine kinase inhibitors
pg 125
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14
Q

Increased concentration of RBCs

A

Polycythemia

pg 128

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15
Q

Relative polycythemia

A

decrease of plasma (fluid)

pg 128

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16
Q

Absolute polycythemia

A

increase total RBC mass

pg 128

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17
Q

Cause of primary absolute polycythemia

A

cancerous growth of myeloid stem cells

pg 128

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18
Q

cause of secondary absolute polycythemia

A

after increase EPO

pg 128

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19
Q

Too many RBCs, WBCs, and platelets

A

panmyelosis

pg 129

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20
Q

Features of polycythemia vera

A

itching, hepatosplenomegaly, dysfunctional platelets, blood is viscous, JAK2 point mutations
pg 131

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21
Q

MC population with polycythemia vera

A 
older adults (MC 60)
pg 131
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22
Q

Treatment for polycythemia vera

A

marrow transplant, chemotherapy

pg 131

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23
Q

Cancer of myeloblasts causing diffuse marrow fibrosis

A

primary myelofibrosis

pg 132

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24
Q

Features of primary myelofibrosis

A

extramedullary hematopoiesis, disordered/inefficient hematopoiesis
pg 132

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25
MC population effected by primary myelofibrosis
elderly (MC 65) | pg 132
26
What microscopic red blood cell feature is common in primary myelofibrosis?
dacrocytes | pg 132/133
27
Histiocytes
macrophages or dendritic cells | pg 136
28
Birbeck granules
"tennis racket" organelle | pg 136
29
How common are histiocytic neoplasms?
rare ~1,000 cases a year in the US | pg 136
30
2 categories of histiocytic neoplasms
1) unisystem Langerhans cells histiocytosis 2) multisystem Langerhans cell histiocytosis pg 136
31
Population most affected by unisystem Langerhans cell histocytosis
children and adolescents | pg 137
32
Osseous involvement of unisystem Langerhans cell histocytosis effects which bones?
calvaria, ribs, femur | pg 137
33
Population affected by multisystem Langerhans cell histiocytosis
young children <2yrs | pg 138
34
Features of multisystem Langerhans cell histiocytosis
multifocal skin lesions and fever, hepatosplenomegaly and lymphadenopathy(may invade lungs and bone) pg 138
35
Bleeding disorders
1) disseminated intravascular coagulation 2) immune thrombocytopenia purpura 3) von Willebrand disease 4) hemophilia A 5) hemophilia B pg 140
36
Systemic coagulation causing widespread thrombi
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) | pg 141
37
Features of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
widespread thrombi, may deplete platelets and clotting factors pg 141
38
Acute DIC
obstetric complications, crush injuries | pg 142
39
Chronic DIC
thrombi, widespread CA mets | pg 142
40
Decreased platelets leading to bleeding tendency
thrombocytopenia | pg 143
41
Antibodies (IgG) attack platelets
immune thrombocytopenic purpura | pg 145
42
Features of Acute ITP
children, self-limited, secondary to viral infection | pg 145
43
Features of chronic ITP
insidious; ADRs lymphomas, idiopathic; reproductive age females, petechiae, epistaxis, bleeding gums, easy bruising pg 145
44
MC inherited bleeding disorder
von Willebrand disease | pg 148
45
Features of von Willebrand disease
decrease in von Willebrand factor, dysfunctional platelet adherence, bleeding gum, easy bruising, epistaxis, heavy menstruation pg 148
46
Features of hemophilia A
spontaneous bleeding and poor wound healing , x-linked recessive, MC in males, bruising/hemorrhage pg 150
47
Mutated in those with hemophilia A
coagulation factor VIII (8) | pg 150
48
Clinically identical to hemophilia A also known as Christmas disease
hemophilia B | pg 151
49
Mutated in those with hemophilia B
coagulation factor IX | pg 151
50
Features of thymic hyperplasia
autoreactive B cells in the thymus | pg 152
51
Conditions with thymic hyperplasia
Myasthenia gravis, SLE, RA | pg 152
52
Tumor of the thymus
Thymoma | pg 152
53
MC condition of the vulva
inflammation | pg 4
54
Inflammation of the vulva
vulvitis | pg 4
55
Causes of vulvitis
1) allergic contact dermatitis 2) infections pg 4
56
Obstruction or dilation of a Bartholin gland
Bartholin cyst | pg 5
57
Features of lichen sclerosus
atrophy; autoimmune, smooth, white, near minora, dermal fibrosis, ages 8 and 60, ~5% risk of SCC pg 9
58
Features of lichen simplex chronicus
hyperplasia and hyperkeratosis, chronic irritation, no cancer risk pg 9
59
Types of condylomas
1) condylomata lata 2) condylomata acuminata pg 13
60
Features of condylomata lata
flat, moist, painless; secondary syphilis | pg 13
61
Virus(es) causing condylomata acuminata
HPV 6 and HPV 11 | pg 13
62
90% of vulvar carcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma | pg 13
63
Types of vulvar carcinoma
1) HPV- related SCC 2) Non-HPV-related SCC pg 13
64
MC type of vulvar carcinoma
non-HPV-related SCC | pg 13
65
Age group affected by vulvar carcinoma
>60 years | pg 13
66
Features of HPV- related SCC
vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia(early), middle-aged smokers, immunodeficiency, HPV 16 and HPV 18 pg13
67
Features of non-HPV-related SCC
older women, lichen sclerosus | pg 13
68
Vaginal malformations
1) agenesis 2) atresia 3) septate vagina pg 16
69
Inflammation of the vagina
vaginitis | pg 16
70
Features of vaginitis
leukorrhea, pain, itching, MCly benign and transient | pg 16
71
Causes of vaginitis
infections | pg 16
72
Types of vaginal cancer
1) squamous cell carcinoma 2) clear cell adenocarcinoma 3) sarcoma botryodies pg 17
73
Age affected by squamous cell carcinoma
MC in elderly(>60yrs) | pg 17
74
Risks for squamous cell carcinoma
precancerous vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia, HPV | pg 17
75
Features of clear cell adenocarcinoma
re/granular foci | pg 17
76
Risk for clear cell adenocarcinoma
mothers took diethlstillbestrol | pg 17
77
Features of sarcoma botryodies
MC <5 yrs, soft/polypoid mass | pg 17
78
Another name for sarcoma botryodies
embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma | pg 17
79
MC pediatric soft tissue sarcoma
sarcoma botryodies/embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma | pg 18
80
Inflammation of the cervix
cervicitis | pg 19
81
Features of cervicitis
leucorrhea, pain, itching, bleeding, fever, MC benign | pg 19
82
Causes of cervicitis
infections; chlamydia, trichomoniasis, candidiasis, gonorrhea, genital herpes or HPV non-infectious; postpartum, estrogen fluctuations, trauma pg 21
83
Risk factors for cancer of the cervix
early 1st intercourse, multiple sex partners, male partner with several past partners, high-risk HPV infection (16 or 18) pg 22
84
What % of cases of cervical cancer are cause by HPV 16 or 18?
70% | pg 22
85
MC location of cervical cancer
``` transformation zone (external os) pg 22 ```
86
Neoplasia of the cervix
cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) | pg 24
87
MC age of diagnosis of CIN
30 years | pg 24
88
Treatment of low grade CIN(I)
observation (60% regress) | pg 24
89
Treatment of high grade CIN (II or III)
excision (10% turn into cancer) | pg 24
90
Koilocytosis
cellular changes from HPV | pg 25
91
Why is screening important for the diagnosis of CIN?
CIN is asymptomatic | pg 27
92
CIN may progress into...
invasive carcinoma of the cervix | pg 27
93
Cause of invasive carcinoma of the cervix
HPV infections | pg 27
94
LEEP
loop electrosurgical excision procedure | pg 28
95
Features of cervical cancer
early = asymptomatic leukorrhea, bleeding, dysuria, painful sex transformation zone pg 29
96
Likelihood of mets for cervical cancer <3 mm
1% | pg 29
97
Likelihood of mets for cervical cancer >3 mm
10% | pg 29
98
MC cause of death for those with cervical cancer
renal failure | pg 29
99
Endometrial inflammation
endometritis | pg 32
100
Features of endometritis
fever, abdominal pain, menstrual abnormalities, infertility or ectopic pregnancy pg 32
101
Common causes of endometritis
1) pelvic inflammatory disease 2) retained products pg 32
102
Functional extrauterine endometrial tissue
endometriosis | pg 33
103
Features of endometriosis
dysmenorrhea, dysuria, pelvic pain, sterility, painful BMs or intercourse pg 33
104
Common locations of extrauterine endometrial tissue
ovaries, peritoneum, pouch of Douglas, uterine ligaments fallopian tubes pg 33
105
Theories on the causes of endometriosis
regurgitation, metaplasia, vascular/lymphatic dissemination | pg 34

Systems Pathology 2 (8 decks)

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