Quiz 6 Review Flashcards
Visual Perception
- Bottom-up processing
- Top-down processing
Bottom-up processing
Processing that’s driven primarily by sensory input
- perceiving an object based on its edges
Top-down processing
Processing driven primarily by concepts, beliefs, or expectations
- object + context
Feature Integration theory
- Describes what happens in your brain after photoreceptors take all the visuals into the brain
- objects are made up of features our cells detect separately
- (color, shape, etc) The brain must detect these features and integrate them into a whole object
- Feature – integration theory says these occur separately
- Feature detection involves parallel processing
(all features can be sensed at once) - Feature integration involves Serial Processing (we can only put one thing together at a time)
- (each object feature must be integrated one at a time)
-(puzzles, you can see all the pieces at once, but you can only place on epiece in at a time)
How does your brain decide what an object is?
Gestalt Principles of Grouping: cues that help us group features or parts into whole objects
Proximity
physically close things are grouped
Similarity
similar things are grouped
Good continuation
continuous things are grouped
Closure
Gaps in borders are ignored to form a whole
Symmetry
Symmetrical things are grouped
Figure-ground
Foreground is grouped
Common motion
things that move together are grouped
Depth perception
- ability to see in 3-D
- monocular cues
- binocular cues
Monocular Depth cues
(cues that require input from just one eye)
Relative size
distant objects look smaller
Texture gradient
texture of distant object is less clear
Interposition
closer objects block further ones
Linear perspective
Lines converge over distance
Height in plane
distant objects appear higher
Light and shadow
shadows cue 3D shapes
Motion parallax
further things pass by slower
Binocular Depth Cues (BD)
(Cues that require input from both eyes)
- Binocular disparity: difference in retinal images
Binocular Depth Cues (BC)
(slight difference in view from each eye)
- Binocular convergence: difference in visual angle
Perceptual illusions
A lot of our perceptions are based on:
- expectations
- maintaining continuity
Sperling Experiment
- showed a series of letters for a fraction of a second, subjects were able to recognize at least some letters
- no one reported all letters and reported letters varied
(we can see all the info, but it fades too quickly)/ partial report technique - we can sense all info present, but do not have enough time to attended to all of it
- stuff that’s not attended to is forgotten
- separate sensory memory for each type of sense
Iconic memory
- visual sensory memory
- last < 1 second
- Inattentional blindness
Echoic memory
- auditory, sensory memory
- lasts a few seconds
- cocktail party effect
Short term memory
- working memory
- area of consciousness
- attention: transfers information from sensory memory to short-term memory
- short duration and small capacity
Rehearsal
Maintains information in STM
STM capacity
7+/-2 pieces of inormation
STM loss
- decay: fade away
- Interference: loss of information due to competition with other information
Retroactive interference
new information inhibits old information
Proactive interference
old information inhibits new information
Chunking
combining bits of information into meaningful groups
Sound
- mechanical vibrations
Pitch
property of sound that corresponds to the frequency of the wave (measured in hertz)
Longer wavelength
low- frequency sound
Shorter wavelength
high- frequency sound
Outer-ear
- pinna
- ear canal
Function: funnels sound waves onto the eardrum
Middle-ear
- eardrum
- ossicles (hamer, anvil, stirrup)
Function: transmits a frequency of sound wave from the eardrum to the inner ear
Inner-ear
- semicircular canals (verstibular organ)
-cochlea
Function: converts vibration of sound waves into neural activity (transduction)
Transduction: Cochlea
- organ of corti and basilar membrane: contains hair cells
Hair cells
- perform auditory transduction
- fluid in the cochlea bend cilia, causing hair cells to fire action potentials
Place theory
- different regions of the basilar membrane allow you to hear different frequencies
