Quiz 6 Review Flashcards

1
Q

Visual Perception

A
  • Bottom-up processing
  • Top-down processing
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2
Q

Bottom-up processing

A

Processing that’s driven primarily by sensory input
- perceiving an object based on its edges

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3
Q

Top-down processing

A

Processing driven primarily by concepts, beliefs, or expectations
- object + context

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4
Q

Feature Integration theory

A
  • Describes what happens in your brain after photoreceptors take all the visuals into the brain
  • objects are made up of features our cells detect separately
  • (color, shape, etc) The brain must detect these features and integrate them into a whole object
  • Feature – integration theory says these occur separately
  • Feature detection involves parallel processing
    (all features can be sensed at once)
  • Feature integration involves Serial Processing (we can only put one thing together at a time)
  • (each object feature must be integrated one at a time)
    -(puzzles, you can see all the pieces at once, but you can only place on epiece in at a time)
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5
Q

How does your brain decide what an object is?

A

Gestalt Principles of Grouping: cues that help us group features or parts into whole objects

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6
Q

Proximity

A

physically close things are grouped

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7
Q

Similarity

A

similar things are grouped

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8
Q

Good continuation

A

continuous things are grouped

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9
Q

Closure

A

Gaps in borders are ignored to form a whole

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10
Q

Symmetry

A

Symmetrical things are grouped

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11
Q

Figure-ground

A

Foreground is grouped

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11
Q

Common motion

A

things that move together are grouped

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11
Q

Depth perception

A
  • ability to see in 3-D
  • monocular cues
  • binocular cues
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11
Q

Monocular Depth cues

A

(cues that require input from just one eye)

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12
Q

Relative size

A

distant objects look smaller

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13
Q

Texture gradient

A

texture of distant object is less clear

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14
Q

Interposition

A

closer objects block further ones

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15
Q

Linear perspective

A

Lines converge over distance

16
Q

Height in plane

A

distant objects appear higher

17
Q

Light and shadow

A

shadows cue 3D shapes

17
Q

Motion parallax

A

further things pass by slower

17
Q

Binocular Depth Cues (BD)

A

(Cues that require input from both eyes)
- Binocular disparity: difference in retinal images

17
Q

Binocular Depth Cues (BC)

A

(slight difference in view from each eye)
- Binocular convergence: difference in visual angle

18
Q

Perceptual illusions

A

A lot of our perceptions are based on:
- expectations
- maintaining continuity

19
Sperling Experiment
- showed a series of letters for a fraction of a second, subjects were able to recognize at least some letters - no one reported all letters and reported letters varied (we can see all the info, but it fades too quickly)/ partial report technique - we can sense all info present, but do not have enough time to attended to all of it - stuff that's not attended to is forgotten - separate sensory memory for each type of sense
20
Iconic memory
- visual sensory memory - last < 1 second - Inattentional blindness
21
Echoic memory
- auditory, sensory memory - lasts a few seconds - cocktail party effect
22
Short term memory
- working memory - area of consciousness - attention: transfers information from sensory memory to short-term memory - short duration and small capacity
23
Rehearsal
Maintains information in STM
24
STM capacity
7+/-2 pieces of inormation
25
STM loss
- decay: fade away - Interference: loss of information due to competition with other information
26
Retroactive interference
new information inhibits old information
27
Proactive interference
old information inhibits new information
28
Chunking
combining bits of information into meaningful groups
29
Sound
- mechanical vibrations
30
Pitch
property of sound that corresponds to the frequency of the wave (measured in hertz)
31
Longer wavelength
low- frequency sound
32
Shorter wavelength
high- frequency sound
33
Outer-ear
- pinna - ear canal Function: funnels sound waves onto the eardrum
34
Middle-ear
- eardrum - ossicles (hamer, anvil, stirrup) Function: transmits a frequency of sound wave from the eardrum to the inner ear
35
Inner-ear
- semicircular canals (verstibular organ) -cochlea Function: converts vibration of sound waves into neural activity (transduction)
36
Transduction: Cochlea
- organ of corti and basilar membrane: contains hair cells
37
Hair cells
- perform auditory transduction - fluid in the cochlea bend cilia, causing hair cells to fire action potentials
38
Place theory
- different regions of the basilar membrane allow you to hear different frequencies