Quiz 6 Review

Question 1

Visual Perception

Answer 1

• Bottom-up processing
• Top-down processing

Question 2

Bottom-up processing

Answer 2

Processing that’s driven primarily by sensory input
- perceiving an object based on its edges

Question 3

Top-down processing

Answer 3

Processing driven primarily by concepts, beliefs, or expectations
- object + context

Question 4

Feature Integration theory

Answer 4

• Describes what happens in your brain after photoreceptors take all the visuals into the brain
• objects are made up of features our cells detect separately
• (color, shape, etc) The brain must detect these features and integrate them into a whole object
• Feature – integration theory says these occur separately
• Feature detection involves parallel processing
  (all features can be sensed at once)
• Feature integration involves Serial Processing (we can only put one thing together at a time)
• (each object feature must be integrated one at a time)
  -(puzzles, you can see all the pieces at once, but you can only place on epiece in at a time)

Question 5

How does your brain decide what an object is?

Answer 5

Gestalt Principles of Grouping: cues that help us group features or parts into whole objects

Question 6

Proximity

Answer 6

physically close things are grouped

Question 7

Similarity

Answer 7

similar things are grouped

Question 8

Good continuation

Answer 8

continuous things are grouped

Question 9

Closure

Answer 9

Gaps in borders are ignored to form a whole

Question 10

Symmetry

Answer 10

Symmetrical things are grouped

Question 11

Figure-ground

Answer 11

Foreground is grouped

Question 11

Common motion

Answer 11

things that move together are grouped

Question 11

Depth perception

Answer 11

• ability to see in 3-D
• monocular cues
• binocular cues

Question 11

Monocular Depth cues

Answer 11

(cues that require input from just one eye)

Question 12

Relative size

Answer 12

distant objects look smaller

Question 13

Texture gradient

Answer 13

texture of distant object is less clear

Question 14

Interposition

Answer 14

closer objects block further ones

Question 15

Linear perspective

Answer 15

Lines converge over distance

Question 16

Height in plane

Answer 16

distant objects appear higher

Question 17

Light and shadow

Answer 17

shadows cue 3D shapes

Question 17

Motion parallax

Answer 17

further things pass by slower

Question 17

Binocular Depth Cues (BD)

Answer 17

(Cues that require input from both eyes)
- Binocular disparity: difference in retinal images

Question 17

Binocular Depth Cues (BC)

Answer 17

(slight difference in view from each eye)
- Binocular convergence: difference in visual angle

Question 18

Perceptual illusions

Answer 18

A lot of our perceptions are based on:
- expectations
- maintaining continuity

Question 19

Sperling Experiment

Answer 19

• showed a series of letters for a fraction of a second, subjects were able to recognize at least some letters
• no one reported all letters and reported letters varied
  (we can see all the info, but it fades too quickly)/ partial report technique
• we can sense all info present, but do not have enough time to attended to all of it
• stuff that’s not attended to is forgotten
• separate sensory memory for each type of sense

Question 20

Iconic memory

Answer 20

• visual sensory memory
• last < 1 second
• Inattentional blindness

Question 21

Echoic memory

Answer 21

• auditory, sensory memory
• lasts a few seconds
• cocktail party effect

Question 22

Short term memory

Answer 22

• working memory
• area of consciousness
• attention: transfers information from sensory memory to short-term memory
• short duration and small capacity

Question 23

Rehearsal

Answer 23

Maintains information in STM

Question 24

STM capacity

Answer 24

7+/-2 pieces of inormation

Question 25

STM loss

Answer 25

• decay: fade away
• Interference: loss of information due to competition with other information

Question 26

Retroactive interference

Answer 26

new information inhibits old information

Question 27

Proactive interference

Answer 27

old information inhibits new information

Question 28

Chunking

Answer 28

combining bits of information into meaningful groups

Question 29

Sound

Answer 29

• mechanical vibrations

Question 30

Pitch

Answer 30

property of sound that corresponds to the frequency of the wave (measured in hertz)

Question 31

Longer wavelength

Answer 31

low- frequency sound

Question 32

Shorter wavelength

Answer 32

high- frequency sound

Question 33

Outer-ear

Answer 33

• pinna
• ear canal
  Function: funnels sound waves onto the eardrum

Question 34

Middle-ear

Answer 34

• eardrum
• ossicles (hamer, anvil, stirrup)
  Function: transmits a frequency of sound wave from the eardrum to the inner ear

Question 35

Inner-ear

Answer 35

• semicircular canals (verstibular organ)
  -cochlea
  Function: converts vibration of sound waves into neural activity (transduction)

Question 36

Transduction: Cochlea

Answer 36

• organ of corti and basilar membrane: contains hair cells

Question 37

Hair cells

Answer 37

• perform auditory transduction
• fluid in the cochlea bend cilia, causing hair cells to fire action potentials

Question 38

Place theory

Answer 38

• different regions of the basilar membrane allow you to hear different frequencies