Quiz 3 Review Flashcards
Early field of Psychology
- focused on observables (usually changes in behavior)
- treated the mind as a “black box”
Learning
A change in thought or behavior resulting from experience
Stimulus
Anything in the environment to which an organism might react
Response
Any behavior resulting from a stimulus
Habituation
Decrease in reaction to a repeated stimulus (considered the simplest form of learning)
Classic Conditioning
A new stimulus begins to elicit the same response as another stimulus when they occur together (elicits an automatic response - reflex)
Ivan Pavlov
Tested to see if dogs would react to a certain stimulus and present a specific response (ringing the bell and observing the dog salivating as soon as it heard the bell)
Unconditioned stimulus
Causes a reflex
Unconditioned response
the normal (unlearnt/automatic) reflex
Conditioned stimulus
new thing (predicts UCS - e.g. bell) –> learned
Conditioned response
reflex to new thing (learned)
Pavlov example dissected
- unconditioned stimulus: food
- unconditioned response: Salivation
- conditioned stimulus: bell
- conditioned response: salivating when the bell rings
Pairing
learning occurs when the CS is paired reliably with the UCS (The CS must predict the UCS for learning to occur)
What happens when pairing stops?
Extinction: the disappearance of the CR, when CS is no longer paired with UCS (not the same as forgetting)
Spontaneous recovery
the return of the conditioned response after a delay
What happens when the CS is modified?
- Stimulus generalization: when stimuli similar to the CS elicit a CR
- Stimulus discrimination: when stimulus similar to the CS do not elicit a CR
Little Albert experiment
- Conditioned fear response in infant by pairing loud noise (UCS) and white rat (CS)
- Not supported by ethics
Operant Conditioning
Acquiring behaviors as a result of the outcome or consequence of those behaviors (behavior results from reward and punishment)
How is operant conditioning different from classical condtioning
- learning involves voluntary behavior (not reflexes)
- Rewards are dependent on the organism’s response
-Organism chooses to perform a behavior
Thorndike’s Law of Effect
If a response, in the presence of a stimulus, is followed by a satisfying state of affairs, the bond between stimulus and response will be strengthened
- Operant conditioning involves an association between a stimulus and response (with a reward stamping in this connection)
B.F. Skinner - famous behaviorsit
Developed a highly efficient conditioning chamber called “skinner box”
Positive reinforcement
pleasant stimulant is given to increase a behavior
Negative reinforcement
unpleasant stimulus is removed to increase a behavior
Positive punishment
unpleasant stimulus is added to decrease a behavior
Negative punishment
pleasant stimulus is removed to decrease a behavior
Partial reinforcement
reinforcing behaviors occasionally, rather than always cause its harder to extinguish
Fixed ratio
reinforcement after a fixed number of responses
Fixed interval
reinforcement after a fixed amount of time
Variable ratio
reinforcement after a varying number of responses
Variable interval
reinforcement after a varying amount of time
