Quiz 3 Review

Question 1

Early field of Psychology

Answer 1

• focused on observables (usually changes in behavior)
• treated the mind as a “black box”

Question 2

Learning

Answer 2

A change in thought or behavior resulting from experience

Question 3

Stimulus

Answer 3

Anything in the environment to which an organism might react

Question 4

Response

Answer 4

Any behavior resulting from a stimulus

Question 5

Habituation

Answer 5

Decrease in reaction to a repeated stimulus (considered the simplest form of learning)

Question 6

Classic Conditioning

Answer 6

A new stimulus begins to elicit the same response as another stimulus when they occur together (elicits an automatic response - reflex)

Question 7

Ivan Pavlov

Answer 7

Tested to see if dogs would react to a certain stimulus and present a specific response (ringing the bell and observing the dog salivating as soon as it heard the bell)

Question 8

Unconditioned stimulus

Answer 8

Causes a reflex

Question 9

Unconditioned response

Answer 9

the normal (unlearnt/automatic) reflex

Question 10

Conditioned stimulus

Answer 10

new thing (predicts UCS - e.g. bell) –> learned

Question 11

Conditioned response

Answer 11

reflex to new thing (learned)

Question 12

Pavlov example dissected

Answer 12

• unconditioned stimulus: food
• unconditioned response: Salivation
• conditioned stimulus: bell
• conditioned response: salivating when the bell rings

Question 13

Pairing

Answer 13

learning occurs when the CS is paired reliably with the UCS (The CS must predict the UCS for learning to occur)

Question 14

What happens when pairing stops?

Answer 14

Extinction: the disappearance of the CR, when CS is no longer paired with UCS (not the same as forgetting)

Question 15

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 15

the return of the conditioned response after a delay

Question 16

What happens when the CS is modified?

Answer 16

• Stimulus generalization: when stimuli similar to the CS elicit a CR
• Stimulus discrimination: when stimulus similar to the CS do not elicit a CR

Question 17

Little Albert experiment

Answer 17

• Conditioned fear response in infant by pairing loud noise (UCS) and white rat (CS)
• Not supported by ethics

Question 18

Operant Conditioning

Answer 18

Acquiring behaviors as a result of the outcome or consequence of those behaviors (behavior results from reward and punishment)

Question 19

How is operant conditioning different from classical condtioning

Answer 19

• learning involves voluntary behavior (not reflexes)
• Rewards are dependent on the organism’s response
  -Organism chooses to perform a behavior

Question 20

Thorndike’s Law of Effect

Answer 20

If a response, in the presence of a stimulus, is followed by a satisfying state of affairs, the bond between stimulus and response will be strengthened
- Operant conditioning involves an association between a stimulus and response (with a reward stamping in this connection)

Question 21

B.F. Skinner - famous behaviorsit

Answer 21

Developed a highly efficient conditioning chamber called “skinner box”

Question 22

Positive reinforcement

Answer 22

pleasant stimulant is given to increase a behavior

Question 23

Negative reinforcement

Answer 23

unpleasant stimulus is removed to increase a behavior

Question 24

Positive punishment

Answer 24

unpleasant stimulus is added to decrease a behavior

Question 25

Negative punishment

Answer 25

pleasant stimulus is removed to decrease a behavior

Question 26

Partial reinforcement

Answer 26

reinforcing behaviors occasionally, rather than always cause its harder to extinguish

Question 27

Fixed ratio

Answer 27

reinforcement after a fixed number of responses

Question 28

Fixed interval

Answer 28

reinforcement after a fixed amount of time

Question 29

Variable ratio

Answer 29

reinforcement after a varying number of responses

Question 30

Variable interval

Answer 30

reinforcement after a varying amount of time