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Cog Nero > Quiz 6 Content > Flashcards

Quiz 6 Content Flashcards

1
Q

What happens to individuals with statements that violate world knowledge?

A

Cot-evokes N400
- consistent with eCOG and MEG

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2
Q

What are semantics?

A

meaning of language

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3
Q

What is syntax?

A

the arrangement of words and phases

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4
Q

So is localization a thing for semantics and syntax?

A

yes it was found that there is some selectivity!!

sematics– more abt the temporal lobe

syntax– more abt the parietal and formal lobes

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5
Q

what part of the brain is where language is comprehended?

A

-Dorsal pathway

**temporal

-ventral pathway = subserving auditory-to-meaning

responsible for the transferring of information

Winikers area

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6
Q

What are the 3 functional components of language comprehension?

A

1) Memory (knowledge)
2) Unification (integration)
3) Control (social interaction)

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7
Q

What is the overall takeaway from the genetics of language?

A

we as humans and unlike ALL other animals have a unique ability to speak

the gene is FOXP2

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8
Q

Is language possible in non human species?

A
  • what the lack is the control of thought/ humans have stronger thought projects. but that gorilla made it seem like they can communicate tho non verbally
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9
Q

What is Paraphasic errors

A

its a deficit in language where you have trouble with word substitution/ basically you say the wrong word (not what you mean to say)

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10
Q

Apraxia of speech

A

inability to speak

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11
Q

Anomia

A

inability to name objects

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12
Q

Alexia

A

in ability to read

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13
Q

What is the general cause of deficient in language and what is it’s definition?

A

1)Aphasia- this a a broad term and it could be in regards to comprehension or production
2) Dysarthria– speech problems due to muscle control

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14
Q

Broca’s Aphasis

A

possible to happen on both side but more detrimental when it is on the left only

  • the you can totally comprehend words but you are unable to fail when it comes to expressing WHAT it is that you want to say
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15
Q

Wernicke’s Aphasia

A

total opposite able to get words out but lacks ability to comprehend (this is why the word means two Dif things btw)

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16
Q

Conduction Aphasia

A

they have problems repeating information (can’t conduct it into the old nogin)

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17
Q

Is there a localization of personality in the brain? and if you is there any prof?

A

Yup, think of Phiness Gage and how his personality changed when he lost part of his brain

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18
Q

What is the concept of referential processing and what is the effect?

A

1) Self referential processing is the processing of information that is relevant to yourself/ this is really how I see the world
2) self reference effect is tendency that repeople have to pay more attention to information related to themselves as opposed to information that is relevant to others
3) this is what when studying it is a good idea to try to relate the concepts back to yourself

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19
Q

Based on a studying what types of thoughts we found to be “mind wandering”

A

self referential thoughts
-these are thoughts that are focused on yourself/ how you see the world

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20
Q

Vladimir is seeing a neurologist. He can speak freely and intelligibly. He often substitutes words like cat for dog , he has a problem repeating words back –> he has ____ aphasia

A

conduction b/c that one is all abt the inability to repeat words

Brock is all abt ability to comprehend but can’t communicate and get the words out

winker is Able to get words out but can’t comprehend

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21
Q

what part of the brain is responsible for mind wandering?

A

frontal parietal control network

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22
Q

What is the theory of mind

A

it is in short the ability to see things from someone else’s perspective and stepping outside of yourself to do so

-this idea of looking at things from another perspective is very closely related to empathy

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23
Q

What is the state attribution theory?

A

these are just elaborate rules that are based on our knowledge of the word

-thinking abt why someone did somthing related to the state that they are in

trying to get to the bottem of why a person did somthing

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24
Q

Experience sharing theory

A

we have a given experience ourselves

whenyou relate somthing that happened to someone else to an experiense that you had

25
Q

What is mental time travel

A

the fact that we can think about the past, envision the future and have theory of mind

26
Q

Who has theory of mind?

A
  • chimps: maybe based on this one study where they were able to pic the picture with the correct solution
    -children: this is is developed over time/ when they grasp the idea of toy sharing that is one way to see how they have gained this ability/ now they are able to walk in another person’s shoes
27
Q

What is the area in the brain responsible for the ability of theory mind?

A

the media mPFC

28
Q

Theory of Mind: Disgust & Pain

A

-we have the ability to pick up on other peoples feelings
-where in our brain that is stimulated is the same place that it is when we are the ones that expertise these things

29
Q

What is Schadenfreude?

A
  • getting pleasure from someone else’s miss fortune
    ie: I am happy when something bad happens to Noa
30
Q

wHAT HAPPENDS IN THE Brain when a person faces rejection?

A
  • greater ACC activity which is linked to more stress
  • same part of brain activated that experiences pain
31
Q

Joint Attention

A

this is the ability to monitor another’s attention/ driven by eye gaze

32
Q

Autism Spectrum Disorder

A

-unable to establish joint attention
-pay less attention to eye contact
- altered active during theory of mind
– possiblely related to a defice in mirror neurons
** mirror neurons fire when watching another person do an action and when they themselves do an action**

33
Q

Orbitofronal Cortex Damage

A

-effects the way body responds to different stimuli or emotion / could contrite to impulse ore poor design making

34
Q

What is Cognitive Control?

A

when we use what we already know and how we see the world to control our thoughts and actions/ it is adaptable/ not a rigid thing at all!

35
Q

What are goal oriented actions and how are they different than habits?

A

-goal oriented actions: are actions with an intuition behind them and there is a link between a particular action and outcome

–habits are not driven by any form of reward/ instead driven by a stimulus of sorts that prompts you to take a certain action

– in other words the former Is a controlled way a behavior occurs while habits are automatic

36
Q

What delayed gratification showed to do?

A
  • if you are able to delay gratification greater chance of having overall higher achievement
37
Q

What are the main structures that are responsible for cognitive control??

A

– as mentioned before cognitive control is the say that we process information based on personal experience/ use what we already know to make dessions

  • prefrontal cortex (PFC)
    this is furtherer divided into: lateral prefrontal (inhibition), frontal pole (reward) and medial frontal (conflict)
  • three main axes:

ventral-dorsal (what vs how)
anterior-posterior ( abstract vs concrete)
lateral-medial (immediate environment vs history)

38
Q

Lateral Prefrontal Cortex (LPFC)

A

this is the part of the brain that is responsible for short term retention of information which is retrieved from cortical association areas/ this part of the brain is inhibition of prepotent responses/ where we see selective attention and where we see planning of event action sequences

39
Q

What is Goal Representation Hypothesis?

A

trying to comment working memory and long term memory through a given task/ trying to connect memories from other regions

40
Q

are faces related to memory sets?

A

yes

41
Q

What is the strop task?

A

it is an inhibitory control task/ you are asked to say the ink color and not read the word (which itself is a different color)

42
Q

Lateral Prefrontal Cortex: does it have a role in inhibitory control? If so what does it do?

A

– lesions were made to different parts of the brain

right–> prefrontal lesions show no difference when the tone was tagged or distracting information for the left ear only

left–> prefrontal lesions show little difference when the tone was target or distracting information for both ears

43
Q

What are two key factors to enhance the completion of tasks?

A

1) need to enhance the target
2) distractor suppression

44
Q

How do we go about making decisions? is there a method of sorts

A

a hierarchy: start externally then more to internal, integration and lastly comparison

45
Q

what are three things that the media frontal cortex is involved in?

A

reward anticipation, error detection and resolving conflict

46
Q

What is a lobotomy?

A

back in the good ol’ days people would get these done to get cured from pshcyh problems/ bad curing the brain/ breaking the frontal lobe
– lobotomy have been shown to change peoples personalities

47
Q

why are children not held to the same standard as adults when they commit terrible acts of violence?

A

b/c brains are not fully developed

48
Q

What exactly is cognitive control?

A

form of executive functioning: attention memory and motor Skills

– needed to do complex executive tasks

49
Q

Working memory is what?

A

well it is doing something with the answers present so not clear if you know the info/ can truly retain it long term

-think abt the fin assignment

50
Q

What exactly is a delayed response task?

A
  • taking a second to come up with the right answer/ classic example of a working memory being activated
  • the delay period activity was found in the left ventral PFC
51
Q

What are the stages in Piaget’s Cognitive development?

A

1) sensorimotor
2) pre operational
3)concrete operational
4) formal operational

52
Q

Goal directed behavior

A

very focused on the outcome

53
Q

When it comes to design making what are the primary and secondary enforcers

A

primary- food, water sex etc.

secondary– money and status

54
Q

Dopamine System

A

-this is a reward processing pathway, deals with reward prediction errors– signal btw expected and obtained reward

55
Q

What is temporal discounting?

A
  • valuing more immediate rewards than rewards in the future
56
Q

Subjective value

A

once we see a price more likely to increase what we perceive the value to be this is related to the idea of top down processing

57
Q

Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder

A
  • weaker parietal activity and different patters of response inhibition
58
Q

Wisconsin card counting task

A

– basically have these cards with different shapes and colors and a Dif unity of shapes on each card/ rule is that you have to match cards using one of the following card elements but once you get 10 the rule changes

  • frontal damage impair the ability to switch

Cog Nero (7 decks)

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