Quiz 1

Question 1

What are some problems with research?

Answer 1

-smaller sample size= less likely that study is true
-Smaller effect size means that it is less likely that a study is true
-Prior probability
-Bayesian perspective= Uses prior knowledge
-The greater the flexibility of the study the less likely the findings are true (dfs)
-Campbell’s law– financial and other interest/ less likely the findings are true
-Publication bias/ pressure to publish→ less likely to be true
-A scientific Publication SHOULD BE ABLE TO BE REPLICATED problem if this is NOT the case
-p-hacking based on info you got trying to make a claim (working backwards)

Question 2

What is the problem with use of Neuroimaging on the reg (like for the every day reader not just a science journal)?

Answer 2

Could lead to bias in media
fMRI can have false positives/ not a perfect system at ALL
The inaccuracies came out when attempts to replicate experiments failed

Question 3

History of Cog Nero?

Answer 3

started out as something only the wealthy ppl participated in/ now more ppl involve

Question 4

what is the simulation theory conclusion accepted?

Answer 4

We are either not in one, or last simulation in a chain

Question 5

What was Thomas Wills famous for?

Answer 5

drawings of the brain/ anatomy

Question 6

What philosophy did Franz Joseph Gall believe in?

Answer 6

Believed in phenology that is the study bumps on the head mean different things
Was a localizationist
Gov not a fan of him→ forced to flee

Question 7

What is most important to know about Marie-Jean-Pierre Flourens?

Answer 7

Investigated Gall/ rejected the localist view
Reasoning: lesions in the cerebrum did not impact behavior in pigeons
Cerebral equipotentiality

**did not believe in brain specialization

Question 8

What is the aggregate field theory?

Answer 8

Person had massive brain damage but still able to function/ is highly functioning
Opposite of localisation

Question 9

What is Agenesis of Cerebellum?

Answer 9

type of mental impairment/ still can function in society

Question 10

What is hydrocephalus?

Answer 10

build up of fluid in the brain

Question 11

Can you have brain damage and still function?

Answer 11

yes

Question 12

What was John Hughlings Jackson an early prophet for?

Answer 12

Early proponent of localizationist views

Question 13

What is Paul Broca know for?

Answer 13

Localisationist and Known for the Broca’s area (speech production)

had this patient that post stroke only thing he could say was “tan”but was able to comprehend

Question 14

What do we know about Carl Wernicke and his patient?

Answer 14

Stroke patient
Frequently produced gibberish words
Lack of comprehension
The person would talk and talk but say nothing meaningful/ of substance and lacked the ability to understand

Question 15

What is Wernicke’s area?

Answer 15

1 of 2 areas that manages speech

Question 16

What is Camillo Golgi known for?

Answer 16

Created this really good stain able to isolate neurons
Made it possible to see entire neurons
Proposed reticular theory (incorrect)
One single continuous network
Argued brain was a syncytium

Question 17

What was Santiago Ramon y Cajal known for?

Answer 17

Argued for the neuron doctrine (correct)
Nervous system is made form discrete cells
Lots of individual cells
Work was impossible without Golgi’s stain
Sometimes called the father of neuroscience
He was a weird man: bodybuilder and spanish soldier

Question 18

What is Korbinian Brodman known for?

Answer 18

Identified cytoarchitectonics
classified brain into 52 regions (Brodman Areas)
Labels are descriptive and not functional

Question 19

What is progression?

Answer 19

Coordination system around the brain

Question 20

Theodor Schwann

Answer 20

proposed cell theory

Question 21

Henidrich von Waldeyer

Answer 21

coined neuron and supported neuron doctrine

Question 22

Sir Charles Sherrington

Answer 22

coined synapse (nobel prize)

Question 23

Hermann von Helmholtz

Answer 23

Pioneer in vision research

Question 24

Who is Wilhelm Wundt?

Answer 24

Father of experimental psych

Question 25

Who is William James?

Answer 25

Father of american psych
“Stream of CONSCIOUSNESS”

Question 26

What is the main belief of Behavioralists?

Answer 26

Belief that individuals are blank slates/ moldable into anything and most importantly that behavior is acquired through learning

Question 27

What is John Watson known for?

Answer 27

Focused on classical conditioning
-This is when you have a neutral stimulus and ultimately cause it to illicit a conditioned response
Think abt little Albert and white fluffy things or the dog and the bell classic example from any class ever

Question 28

What is B.F. Skinner known for?

Answer 28

Contemporary, not student of Watson
Focused on on operant conditioning
Reward and punishment?
Walden two? Pigeons in a Pelican

Question 29

Dr Maya is seeing a patient in the clinic who was diagnosed with hydrocephalus as a child. The MIR shows enlarged ventricles, but the patient is high functioning. This case study would support the view of ___ known as ____.

Answer 29

MJP Florins/ aggregate field theory

Question 30

What is the main point of the Cognitive Revolution?

Answer 30

Rejection of behaviorism
Major tenants= the application of scientific method/ metal processes can be described algorithmically
Moving from aristocracy to more of a democracy/ more diversity in the reasons behind studying when it comes to the researchers themselves

Question 31

What should we know about Glial (Glue) Cells?

Answer 31

Central nervous system
Radial glial cells- aid neuronal migration
Astrocytes– homeostasis, nutrition, and provide structural support
Ependymal cells-line ventricles, spinal cavity
Microglia– brain’s immune system, inflammation
Oligodendrocytes– myelination (multiple cells)
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Schwann Cells– myelination (one cell)
Satellite cells– wrap around cells in ganglia

Question 32

What is the Blood-Brain “Barrier”?

Answer 32

Role:
firewalls the brain from the body
Protect the CNS from toxins, pathogens, inflammation, injury and disease
What? Is the blood brain barrier
Endothelial cells, pericytes and end of astrocytes
Major consideration for developing drugs (ie L-DOPA) as well as PET tracers
Nero transmitter cant get past blood brain barrier
Some scans (ie gadolinium) look for altered BB permeability

Question 33

What is the “Tripartite synapse”?

Answer 33

Astrocytes play active role on synapse

Question 34

What are the two states of Astrocytes?

Answer 34

Calm state and reactive state

Question 35

Microglia

Answer 35

Recycling truck, assassin and garbage man
Support structures
Inflammation
This is your “immune” system in your brain eat amiloyed packs?

Question 36

Oligodendrocytes vs Schwann Cells

Answer 36

Oligodendrocytes squeeze out the cytoplasm (think toothpaste)
One cell multiple times
Vs a single cell/ more than one different cell

Question 37

PRACTICE LABLING A NEURON

Question 38

what are Unipolar neurons?

Answer 38

single branch

Question 39

what are bipolar neurons?

Answer 39

One axon and one dendrite

Question 41

What are Pseudounipolar neurons?

Answer 41

Signal never process/ pass along
Care about speed
Ie: dorsal root ganglia and cranial nerves

Question 42

What are mulitipolar neurons?

Answer 42

Many branches/ usually one axon and many dendrites/ most represents neurons is the brain ie pyramidal cells, purkinje cells

Question 43

What do we need to know about Gllial cells?

Answer 43

-star shape → astrocyte
-important for forming the blood-brain barrier and modulating synaptic function

Question 44

The resting membrane potential of a prototypical neuron is around ___mV primary due to the greater frequency of ugated __ channels.

Answer 44

-70/K+