Quiz 5 Content Flashcards
1
Q
Henry is working on a crossword puzzle. One particular question is stumping him. A few minutes later Henry gets up to get a drink of water. While filling up his glass the answer to the question comes to mind. Henry was experiencing a problem with the ____
A
retrieval
2
Q
Steve has returned to his college during homecoming. When he walks past his old dorm he remembers the names of people on his floor, the combination to his mailbox, and how he hated the top bunk. This information has been stored in his ___ memory.
A
long-term
3
Q
Amnesia– the real 50 first dates condition
A
-tragic condition/ feels like death
-startel from a deep sleep/ perpetually disoriented
4
Q
HM’s Brain
A
-structural importances
-bilateral removal of hippocampus but not complete removable b/c was able to do some things
5
Q
hippocampus
A
-explicit declarative memory
-allows you to bind spacial features together in a rational matter
6
Q
amygdala
A
-emotional memory
7
Q
The Memory debate
A
are recall and recognition the same or different processes? and if they are different are they supported by different regions?
8
Q
recall
A
-naming all seven dwarves with no prompt
-calling someone by their name
9
Q
recognition
A
-picking out names from a list
-knowing you saw a face
10
Q
encoding
A
-scan while making indoor/outdoor judgments
11
Q
later memory
A
greater activity in frontal and medial temporal lobes
12
Q
memory strength
A
what activity is graded by
– activity at time of coding is needed
13
Q
familiarity
A
-told to say if item was remembered it known after being asked to memories a word list
14
Q
when is hippocampus more active…what happens
A
more active for successful retrieval
15
Q
What part of the brain is active when familiarity is increased?
A
Rhinal cortex
16
Q
What is fMRI focused on?
A
encoding
17
Q
what the the places that predict accurate source?
A
Hippocampus and parahippocampus
18
Q
dual process theory
A
distinct regions/ separate processes
19
Q
activated for familiarity
A
parahippcampus
20
Q
activated for recognition
A
hippocampus
21
Q
what is metanalysis?
A
Comparing recall and familiarity
22
Q
relational memory
A
-ability to remember indirect assocations
-hippocampus is crucial for this
-dual process model
-change something in image/ track the eye movement/
-can see that people look at the spot where object disappeared even if not continuously aware they did so
-Amnesic patients do not notice the changes
23
Q
parahippocampus
A
encodes/retrieves context (PPHG)
24
Q
perirhinal
A
encodes/ retrieves item specific (APHG)
25
what is dissociation due to?
differences in connectivity to cortex
26
Hippocampal Place Cells
-some cells fire at different parts of space/ spacial selectivity
-single unit electrodes in the hippocampus
27
What is alternative evidence to the claim that cells selectively fire in certain locations?
-fear learning, odors, audition and contextual binding
-when the hippocampus is damaged ??
EXPLAIN MORE
28
Memory debate #2 based on the examining of hippocampus of London Taxi drivers
-argues the hippocampus is uniquely suited to spatial memory
-argues relational memory is wrong
29
Memory retrieval
-taking memory from the past/ use in the present
30
perception
presented with images
31
retrieval
presented with labels and asked to recall studied items
32
findings from memory retrieval study and what does this suggest?
-patterns of activation at retrieval mirror those at perception
-this suggests REPLAYING OR REACTIVATION of memory
33
When trying to understand the differences between different types of memories and our brains reaction, what did they find?
Looking at the brain we can see that recalling visual memories involved the parts of the brain that are involved in originally encoding that visualization prior to it being a memory/ so that is at the time of the experience itself
34
Alicia is at a party and sees someone across the room. She immediately knows that this is her friend Libby from college. This is an example of ___ memory and is most likely supported by the ____.
recognition/ hippocampus
35
What type of memory is when you know but can't not place where you know them from?
familiarity
36
replaying or reactivation
-makes it hippocamosly independent
-same networks are back on line/ mini move comes back
37
False Memories
-we are not very detail oriented--> encode the jist of the content
-capitalize on semantic memory
-semantic memory= general world knowledge
-reactivation makes memories more susceptible to interference
38
Why are we susceptible to believing false memories are true?
Memories are not set in stone/ when we reactivate memories we are able to alter them (the memories)
39
What was found when participants were asked to remember/ know true items and lures?
-similar activity for PGH, ACC and parental regions
-visual and hippcampal regions discriminated true/ false
40
R Early Visual Cortex
-replays--> difference btw true and false
41
R Hippocampus
discriminates btwn true and false memories
42
Animacy: Remembered > Forgotten
large dorsal pre frontal cortex area predicts memory
43
Frontal Cortex
-working memory
-left vs right hem. distinction
-activity during encoding processed by frontal lobes
44
How does MTL bind information processed?
frontal lobes
45
facts about frontal lobes
-frontal activity differentiates between later remembered and forgotten items
-Amnesia patients show frontal activity
-normal individuals have poor memory in absence of frontal activity (attention)
-serves as cognitive execution
46
What serves as cognitive execution?
MTL binds information processed by frontal lobes
47
What are the regions that predict later memory?
- activation in hippocampus, pariental, permotor, fusiform, and inferior frontal regions
48
What determines which regions were used?
based on if the items remembered were verbal or visual
49
the partial cortex
- active in tasks looking at episodic memory
-all part of default mode network
-strong connections to hippocampus and parhippocampal gyrus
50
what are the areas that are important for spacial attention/ social working memory
-retrosplenial cortex
-posterior cingulate
-angular gyrus
-precuneus
51
Why is the partial cortex activated?
-working memory maintenance?
-construction and representations of episodic events?
-"search" of episodic memory ie neglect?
-cognitive control?
52
What is memory consolidation?
-the process by which short term memory is able to be stably converted to a long term memory
-a category of processes that stabilize a memory trace after its initial acquisition
-when memories move to in the moment to being stored long term?
53
Why could HM remember some, but not all of his past?
-b/c part of what was removed was his medial temporal lobe
-medial temporal lobe are important for memory consolidation
-memory consolidation is the process by which short term memory is able to be stably converted to a long term memory
54
Way memory consolidation is disrupted
- loss of memories with head trauma
-alcohol induced memory loss
55
What is electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?
-a treatment that involves sending an electric current through your brain
-causes a brief surge of electrical activity within your brain (aka a seizure)
-uses to manage refractory (treatments resistant) mental disorders
56
Standard Consolidation Theory
-memories are gradually shifted to cortex
57
Multiple Trace Theory
-every time reactive memory you are making it stronger
-retrial lays down new "traces"
-makes memories resistant
58
Memory Consolidation and Sleep
Does sleep affect memory?
-sleep allows for better recollection of memories
-increased activity in motor cortex and hippocampus after sleep
-reduced activity in control networks
59
moter sequence
-less difficult --> dont need to allocate as much info
60
memory test/ related to subjects being tested before and after sleep showed what?
-they also show that "reactivating" a learned motor sequence could open it up for disruption
61
performed two aired associate memory tasks
looking for reactivation the pattern while awake, and while asleep
-reoccurrence of the paper predicted subsequent memory
-argues memories are relayed during sleep consolidation
62
the mind of a mnemonist
-did not need to take nots b/c perfect memory
-likely synesthesia
-could control autonomic functions
-remembered everything/ detrimental to health--> actively had to try and forget facts that are not relevant
63
Super Memory
-connects spacial memory to event or other thing
-more brain uses/ trainings/ more able to have good memory
-memory athletes see improvement
64
Biological Memory
- we have mapped it/ as a result input leads to output
65
Habbian Learning
-"cells that fire together wire together"
-able to increase memory strength
-attempts to connect the psychological and neurological underpinnings of learning
66
long-term potentiation (LTP)
later stimulation leads to greater EPSPs in dentate
67
long-term depression (LTD)
if stimulated slowly, reduced EPSP
68
What does mapping of hippocampal system allow for?
directional predictions
69
What is memory medicated by
N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors
70
LTP and Memory
-chemically blocking LTP impairs memory in mice
-genetically manipulating molecular cascade impairs LTP
-knockout and knock down
animals
-NMDA blockers/ if animals are pre trained for a spatial task LTP is preserved
-NMDA is needed for Strat. acquisition, not map formation
71
How is LTP related to spacial learning (based on the mice)
-mice with knocked out LTP can do spatial learning
-mice with enhanced LTP had impaired spatial learning
-no LTP = spatial learning fine
-extra LTP= impaired spatial learning
72
What is emotion?
-valanced (+/-)
-distinct from moods i.e. have distinct trigger
73
What are the three parts of emotion?
-psychological response
-behavioral response
-feeling (subjective experience)
74
Are emotions culturally bound?
are there basic emotions that are not culturally bound?
results of studies show that emotions are universal and NOT culturally bound
-Ekman argues for a universal set of basic emotions
75
What is proof to support the claim that emotions are/are not culturally bound?
similar expressions of pride and shame in blind and not blind individuals
-also examining individualistic vs collectivist cultures
-using machine learning found that facial expressions were similar across similar contexts
-argues for largely fundamental constructs
76
Theories of emotions
-there is a physiological response
-cognition
-evolutionary pressure
-hierarchical vs paralle processing
77
A circumplex model of affect
-it is a chart of arousal (+/-) and valence (+/-)
78
the limbic system
-related to emotions
79
Amygdala
-associated with fear, emotions and motivative
80
orbitofrontal cortex
-social cognition/ theory of mind
-
81
low road (Amygdala pathways)
-sensory information via thalamus directly to the amygdala
-crude identification--> quick emotional reaction/not clear low order processing
82
high road
-via thalamus then sensory cortex
-slower but more accurate
---> more in depth cognitive abrasial
83
Patient S.M.
-has no fear response/ can't process fear
-in appropriate response to fear
-ie laughs at horror film or wants to go closer to dangerous animal
84
Karen's has been studying for her chemistry final. Her neighbor though is throwing a party and the loud music makes it hard to sleep. This likely will interfere with the ___ of her memories.
consolidation (sleep is critical part of consolidation
85
Classical Conditioning
-unconditioned stimuli, conditioned stimuli , conditioned response and extinction
86
Unconditioned Stimuli (UCS)
-leads to unconditioned response
-ie food triggers salivation
87
Conditioned Stimuli (CS)
-predicts the UCS
ie bell before administration of food
88
Conditioned Response (CR)
-the CS elicits this
ie bell triggers salivation
89
Extinction
if the CS is not paired the the UCS, eventually the CR goes away
90
Fear Conditioning
-The Exorcist (UCS) makes you tense (UCR)
-you eat jr mints while watching The Exorcist
-now when you eat Jr mints you get tense
91
What happened when a person has a lesion in their Amygdala?
-abolishes the ability to acquire conditioning
-does not abolish UCR to UCS (you are still afraid of the exorcist)
-just can't create the relationship btw jr mints and fear
92
Fear Conditioning (part 2)
-HM would show
-hippocampus damage would not be able to show this
-never make the implicit association
93
Skim conductance
-relates to activity in amygdala
-fear drops off in experiment
-MTL patients do not show this effect
94
Fear Conditioning in S.P
-amygdala modulates the autonomic nervous system
-SP only shows it to the shock/ hippocampus patients demonstrate reverse pattern
95
Emotion and memory
-we are good at connecting very emotional events to memory
-ie: people who were alive during September 11th can tell you exactly were they were and what they were doing when they saw the towers crash
96
Flashbulb memory
-confidence is high
-and stayed high
97
What is true about memory and emotional content?
- consistency was particularly bad for emotional content
-high confidence
98
What were the results from a unilateral MTL patients (epilepsy) and asked to test recall?
-arousal increased skin conductance and overall memory
-arousal slows forgetting in controls but not patients
99
What did activity in the Amygdala (and hippocampus) predict?
later memory to emotional items
**amygdala is also active when emotionally salient**
100
What predicts emotional memory?
-clusters in bilateral amygdala, anterior hippocampus, anterior and posterior parahippocampal gyrus
-Also, prefrontal and parietal areas
101
what does the Amygdala do in regards to the hippocampus?
modulates hippocampal consolidation
102
What are the 5 effects
1) Memory advantage for emotional stimuli increases over time
2) emotional impact recollection, rather than familiarity (shift in confidence)
3)emotion impacts recollection of items rather than contexts
4) the emotion effect on episodic memory is dependent on the amygdala
5) the emotion effect on episodic memory is not dependent on the hippocampus
---How? Item- emotion binding slows forgetting
103
Amygdala and Stress
-feed back loop
-releases cortisol
-everything stressful--> realese cortisol
104
How does the Amygdala connect?
-to the hypothalamus through the fornix
-hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA axis)
-leads to the release of cortisol
-the hippocampus is highly sensitive to glucocorticoids
-negative feedback loop eventually shuts off HPA activity
105
What is an acute stressor?
-acute stressor is for a limited amount of time
-you have a free throw/ game winning shot
106
Short term stress
-meta- analysis of 113 studies showed that stress increases cortisol and there is no association to memory and cortisol
107
What happened if you are stressed PRIOR to encoding information?
decreases memory
108
What happened if you are stressed while retrieving the memory?
decreases memory
109
When is memory improved with stress?
Post encoding stress improved memory
-degree impacted by multiple factors
-when small amount of time stress and encoding
-improved if delay was short, material related to stressor
-evidence is mixed and evidence is weak
110
Common Signs of Chronic Stress
-aches and pains
-decreased energy
-trouble concentrating
-muscle tention
-difficulty sleeping
-nervousness and anxiety
111
Chronic Stress
-bad/ especial medial temporal lobe
-temere shortening
-reduced hippocampal volumes
-decrease in dendritic spines
-leads to damage to the hippocampus
-doing it through HPA axis
112
temere shortening
-more copying/ shorter/ gets worse overtime
113
limbic system
-behavioral and emotional responses
114
orbitofrontal cortex ??
-learning, prediction and decision making for emotional reward-related behaviors
-amount of firing is relative (not absolute) ??
---limbic system/ involved in theory of mind
---abilty to take different perspectives
--abilty to regulate reward and punishment
--reward and value
--fire to best option you have
--damage--> problems incorporating punishment
--cant incorporate neg./ dont show anticipatory abilty
115
Iowa Gambling Task
-participants pick from a deck and win or lose money
- what they dont know is that A&B have high wins/ losses and C&D have low wins/losses
-controls learn to pick from C&D have low wins/losses and show anticipatory SCR to A&B
-individuals with OFC damage do not and show no anticipatory SCR effect
-all show "punishment" SCR
-in the moment/ show skin conductance to a loss but can't use that to guide desision
116
Somatic Marker Hypothesis
emotions influence decisions
117
Frontal Cortex and Drug Addiction
-imbalance of reward processing/ for ppl with addiction
-performance/ not able to use negative expectation to guide behavior
118
What does Volkow argue for?
-dorsal frontal regions involved in cognitive control
-ventral frontal regions driving more automatic, emotion-related processes
119
What happens with individual with addiction?
Shifts in balance
120
Amygdala and Social Processing
-social processing for faces/ more active to fear faces
121
When does Amydala activity increase?
-when viewing faces
-responds to all emotions
-great for fear
-responds even to subliminal presentation
122
SM and fear
-SM can't recognize fearful faces
-eye movements are abnormal
-when told to focus specifically on the eyes SM can recognize faces
123
Healthy controls and fear
-healthy controls are able to look at wide eyes and this alone can evoke activity in the amygdala
124
Social Anxiety
-the degree of amygdala activation correlated with severity of social anxiety symptoms
- harsh faces ie (angry, disgust, fearful) elicited greater activity in patients
-found through have participants be in an fMRI while viewing emotional faces
125
Amygdala activity
-good at identifying differences
126
Amygdala and social judgments
fMRI showed that there is more activity when showed faces of people that are in your in group
fusiform
amygdala- good at emotional salient things
like in group more as they are not fearful of in group
127
fear
Associated Brain Area: Amygdala
Functional Role: Learning, Avoidance
128
Anger
Associated Brain Area: Orbitofrontal Cortex, Anterior Cingulate Cortex
Functional Role: Indicate Social Violations
129
Sadness
Associated Brain Area: Amygdala, Right Temporal Lobe
Functional Role: Withdraw
130
Disgust
Associated Brain Area: Anterior Insula, Anterior Cingulate Cortex
Functional Role: Avoidance
131
Can you localize emotions?
no it is a mess the fMRI was not so successful at doing so/ very low accuracy
132
Disgust and the Insult
-Activation of insula to "disgust" but have no fear
-may be linked to OCD
133
Building Blocks of Language
-Phoneme, Morpheme
-organized by semantic relationships
134
phoneme
-small unit of sound that matters ie b as in bat vs c as in cat
135
morpheme
-smallest unit modifying meaning ie fast vs faster
136
what is language?
a mental lexicon
137
semantics
what does the word mean?
138
syntax
arrangement of words?
139
Phonological info
sound
140
Orthographic info
written
141
how is language organized?
by semantic relationships
142
what does semantic mean?
how meaning is stored in the mind
143
Dylan ate Peeps at the same time he got a stomach bug and felt ill. Now every time he sees a colorful marshmallow he feels sick to his stomach. The virus was a(n) ____stimulus and the marshmallow is now a _____.
unconditioned stimulus/ conditioned stimulus
144
Dylan ate Peeps at the same time he got a stomach bug and felt ill. Now every time he sees a colorful marshmallow he feels sick to his stomach. What was the conditioned response?
sick at the sight of all colorful marshmallows
145
Lizzy tells everyone about the time she met Taylor Swift. She mentions her outfit, the weather, and who else was there. Based upon the work about flashbulb memories, Lizzy is likely to show ___ for this memory relative to typical episodic memories.
-higher level if confidence
-there is no difference in level of accuracy but they have a higher confidence in there memories ability to remember
146
Semantic priming
-when showed words that are related more likely to be accurate
147
When words are related, what happens to the N400?
it reduces
148
When words are related, what happens to the Late positivity complex?
it increases
this is conscious semantic retrieval
149
when does this semantic priming occur and cause the results that it does
both existing and learning words
150
Organization of Semantics (how are categories organized?)
-agnosia falls into semantic categories
ie can't name fruit cane name animals
-animate vs inanimate objects, evolutionary adaptation
-categories vary in degree of detailed semantic information
-sematic information/ keep more
-name ideas at different conceptual levels
-leads to different activation in the temporal lobe
--> higher level of detail needed to differentiate
151
PET scans
-cerebral blood flow
-this is looking to see where the blood for is different when seeing different objects or animals
152
PET scan findings. the unique areas
-visual cortex for animals
-motor cortex for tools
153
What is an argument for the dissociation for semantic information?
the fact that there are unique areas
-visual cortex for animals
-motor cortex for tools
154
mapping the lexicon
-complicated/ hard to do
-some categories are coactivated
155
multiple representations
-categories activate largely, but not entirely overlapping areas
156
noun vs verb what happens?
-same activation for categories/ activate similar areas
-argue that item/ action are both activated automatically
-all associated traces/ semantics are related properties
157
language development
-infants can discriminate among virtually all the phonetic units used in languages, where adults can't
-infant auditory systems are tuned selectively physical auditory properties similar to language
158
Speech Perception is Hard
1)the same phoneme (ellipse) can have drastically different physical characteristics across speakers (points)
2) words are coarticulated-- segmentation problems
3) perception often relies on prosody
--> as we end one word we go to the next
159
what is prosody?
the patterns of rhythm and sound/ lost when you watch a movie from a foreign country dubbed
160
Speech Perception
-the primary auditory cortex is most sensitive to acoustic information
-the farther away you go, the auditory areas become more specialized for speech
-specialization is more prominent for the left hemisphere
-hierarchical processing
161
Where does speech perception take place?
-activity in superior temporal gyrus (STG)
-MORE ANTERIOR ACTIVATION WITH INCREASING LINGUISTIC COMPLEXITY
-within the temporal lobe/ more complex as speech is more complex
---->less with audition more with speech
162
how does having a stroke in the left hemisphere relate to speech perception?
- problems with speech and understanding language
- this shows that the left hem. is crucial for integrating auditory and conceptual processing
163
How do we perceive written language?
-pressure on audition is high
-Pandemonium model and McClelland and Rumelhart model
164
Pandemonium model
-only bottom up
-requires no previous knowledge
165
McClelland and Rumelhart model aka Connectionist Model
-networking model/ reciprocal connection
-this allows for top down influence (can bias perception)
-experience and expectations have influence
-helps recognize patterns
166
Connectionist Model
word layer
letter layer
feature layer
167
what is the word superiority effect?
able to recognized letters when presented within a word as compared to isolated letters and letters presented in nonword strings
168
visual word form area
processes linguistic information
169
where is there unique extra striate activity for pseudowords and words?
fusiform gyrus
170
What area has unique function for visual words?
unique function of left hemisphere even for information presented to RH
171
what does damage to the visual form word area lead to?
-leads to aexia but with preserved verbal recognition
-stimulation of VWFA causes alexia
172
what is Alexia?
-inability to read or comprehend written language
-a visual processing deficit
-critical for processing written language
173
VWFA and Dyslexia
-poor at phonological tasks
-reduced CBF in all 3 groups for both explicit and explicit reading
-common hypoactivity in VWFM
-less blood flow/ abnormal processing
174
what is fusiform connectivity?
-plays a pivotal role in high level visual/cognitive functions
-connects the striate cortex to the inferior temporal lobe
175
Modular Models
comprehension is executed within separate and independent modules (bottom up only)
176
Interactive Models
all types of information can participate in recognition (allows for top-down processes)
177
Hybrid Models
lexical access is bottom-up; lexical selection can be influenced by top down processes
178
proof of the different theories
context biased judgment impacted decision before word was complete
-argues for a degree of TOP DOWN INFLUENCE
179
Semantics: N400
-effect is larger for left hemisphere information
-relates to expectations about the world
-When presented with statements that VIOLATE world knowledge N400 is evoked
180
N400 is located where in the brain
left lateralized/ shows up in the Brocas Area
181
Syntactics: P600
second component/ tied to syncs
182
Syntactics: late Anterior Negativity (LAN)
measures synaptic violation?
183
Localization
-study was a meta analysis
found overlapping patterers of activation
However there is some selectivly BUT largely overlapping
184
Semantics
more temporal lobe
185
