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Cog Nero > Quiz 5 Content > Flashcards

Quiz 5 Content Flashcards

1
Q

Henry is working on a crossword puzzle. One particular question is stumping him. A few minutes later Henry gets up to get a drink of water. While filling up his glass the answer to the question comes to mind. Henry was experiencing a problem with the ____

A

retrieval

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2
Q

Steve has returned to his college during homecoming. When he walks past his old dorm he remembers the names of people on his floor, the combination to his mailbox, and how he hated the top bunk. This information has been stored in his ___ memory.

A

long-term

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3
Q

Amnesia– the real 50 first dates condition

A

-tragic condition/ feels like death
-startel from a deep sleep/ perpetually disoriented

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4
Q

HM’s Brain

A

-structural importances
-bilateral removal of hippocampus but not complete removable b/c was able to do some things

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5
Q

hippocampus

A

-explicit declarative memory
-allows you to bind spacial features together in a rational matter

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6
Q

amygdala

A

-emotional memory

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7
Q

The Memory debate

A

are recall and recognition the same or different processes? and if they are different are they supported by different regions?

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8
Q

recall

A

-naming all seven dwarves with no prompt
-calling someone by their name

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9
Q

recognition

A

-picking out names from a list
-knowing you saw a face

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10
Q

encoding

A

-scan while making indoor/outdoor judgments

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11
Q

later memory

A

greater activity in frontal and medial temporal lobes

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12
Q

memory strength

A

what activity is graded by
– activity at time of coding is needed

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13
Q

familiarity

A

-told to say if item was remembered it known after being asked to memories a word list

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14
Q

when is hippocampus more active…what happens

A

more active for successful retrieval

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15
Q

What part of the brain is active when familiarity is increased?

A

Rhinal cortex

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16
Q

What is fMRI focused on?

A

encoding

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17
Q

what the the places that predict accurate source?

A

Hippocampus and parahippocampus

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18
Q

dual process theory

A

distinct regions/ separate processes

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19
Q

activated for familiarity

A

parahippcampus

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20
Q

activated for recognition

A

hippocampus

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21
Q

what is metanalysis?

A

Comparing recall and familiarity

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22
Q

relational memory

A

-ability to remember indirect assocations
-hippocampus is crucial for this
-dual process model
-change something in image/ track the eye movement/
-can see that people look at the spot where object disappeared even if not continuously aware they did so
-Amnesic patients do not notice the changes

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23
Q

parahippocampus

A

encodes/retrieves context (PPHG)

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24
Q

perirhinal

A

encodes/ retrieves item specific (APHG)

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25
Q

what is dissociation due to?

A

differences in connectivity to cortex

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26
Q

Hippocampal Place Cells

A

-some cells fire at different parts of space/ spacial selectivity
-single unit electrodes in the hippocampus

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27
Q

What is alternative evidence to the claim that cells selectively fire in certain locations?

A

-fear learning, odors, audition and contextual binding
-when the hippocampus is damaged ??
EXPLAIN MORE

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28
Q

Memory debate #2 based on the examining of hippocampus of London Taxi drivers

A

-argues the hippocampus is uniquely suited to spatial memory
-argues relational memory is wrong

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29
Q

Memory retrieval

A

-taking memory from the past/ use in the present

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30
Q

perception

A

presented with images

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31
Q

retrieval

A

presented with labels and asked to recall studied items

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32
Q

findings from memory retrieval study and what does this suggest?

A

-patterns of activation at retrieval mirror those at perception
-this suggests REPLAYING OR REACTIVATION of memory

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33
Q

When trying to understand the differences between different types of memories and our brains reaction, what did they find?

A

Looking at the brain we can see that recalling visual memories involved the parts of the brain that are involved in originally encoding that visualization prior to it being a memory/ so that is at the time of the experience itself

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34
Q

Alicia is at a party and sees someone across the room. She immediately knows that this is her friend Libby from college. This is an example of ___ memory and is most likely supported by the ____.

A

recognition/ hippocampus

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35
Q

What type of memory is when you know but can’t not place where you know them from?

A

familiarity

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36
Q

replaying or reactivation

A

-makes it hippocamosly independent
-same networks are back on line/ mini move comes back

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37
Q

False Memories

A

-we are not very detail oriented–> encode the jist of the content
-capitalize on semantic memory
-semantic memory= general world knowledge
-reactivation makes memories more susceptible to interference

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38
Q

Why are we susceptible to believing false memories are true?

A

Memories are not set in stone/ when we reactivate memories we are able to alter them (the memories)

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39
Q

What was found when participants were asked to remember/ know true items and lures?

A

-similar activity for PGH, ACC and parental regions
-visual and hippcampal regions discriminated true/ false

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40
Q

R Early Visual Cortex

A

-replays–> difference btw true and false

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41
Q

R Hippocampus

A

discriminates btwn true and false memories

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42
Q

Animacy: Remembered > Forgotten

A

large dorsal pre frontal cortex area predicts memory

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43
Q

Frontal Cortex

A

-working memory
-left vs right hem. distinction
-activity during encoding processed by frontal lobes

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44
Q

How does MTL bind information processed?

A

frontal lobes

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45
Q

facts about frontal lobes

A

-frontal activity differentiates between later remembered and forgotten items
-Amnesia patients show frontal activity
-normal individuals have poor memory in absence of frontal activity (attention)
-serves as cognitive execution

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46
Q

What serves as cognitive execution?

A

MTL binds information processed by frontal lobes

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47
Q

What are the regions that predict later memory?

A
  • activation in hippocampus, pariental, permotor, fusiform, and inferior frontal regions
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48
Q

What determines which regions were used?

A

based on if the items remembered were verbal or visual

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49
Q

the partial cortex

A
  • active in tasks looking at episodic memory
    -all part of default mode network
    -strong connections to hippocampus and parhippocampal gyrus
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50
Q

what are the areas that are important for spacial attention/ social working memory

A

-retrosplenial cortex
-posterior cingulate
-angular gyrus
-precuneus

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51
Q

Why is the partial cortex activated?

A

-working memory maintenance?
-construction and representations of episodic events?
-“search” of episodic memory ie neglect?
-cognitive control?

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52
Q

What is memory consolidation?

A

-the process by which short term memory is able to be stably converted to a long term memory
-a category of processes that stabilize a memory trace after its initial acquisition
-when memories move to in the moment to being stored long term?

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53
Q

Why could HM remember some, but not all of his past?

A

-b/c part of what was removed was his medial temporal lobe

-medial temporal lobe are important for memory consolidation

-memory consolidation is the process by which short term memory is able to be stably converted to a long term memory

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54
Q

Way memory consolidation is disrupted

A
  • loss of memories with head trauma
    -alcohol induced memory loss
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55
Q

What is electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?

A

-a treatment that involves sending an electric current through your brain
-causes a brief surge of electrical activity within your brain (aka a seizure)
-uses to manage refractory (treatments resistant) mental disorders

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56
Q

Standard Consolidation Theory

A

-memories are gradually shifted to cortex

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57
Q

Multiple Trace Theory

A

-every time reactive memory you are making it stronger
-retrial lays down new “traces”
-makes memories resistant

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58
Q

Memory Consolidation and Sleep

Does sleep affect memory?

A

-sleep allows for better recollection of memories
-increased activity in motor cortex and hippocampus after sleep
-reduced activity in control networks

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59
Q

moter sequence

A

-less difficult –> dont need to allocate as much info

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60
Q

memory test/ related to subjects being tested before and after sleep showed what?

A

-they also show that “reactivating” a learned motor sequence could open it up for disruption

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61
Q

performed two aired associate memory tasks

looking for reactivation the pattern while awake, and while asleep

A

-reoccurrence of the paper predicted subsequent memory

-argues memories are relayed during sleep consolidation

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62
Q

the mind of a mnemonist

A

-did not need to take nots b/c perfect memory
-likely synesthesia
-could control autonomic functions
-remembered everything/ detrimental to health–> actively had to try and forget facts that are not relevant

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63
Q

Super Memory

A

-connects spacial memory to event or other thing
-more brain uses/ trainings/ more able to have good memory
-memory athletes see improvement

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64
Q

Biological Memory

A
  • we have mapped it/ as a result input leads to output
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65
Q

Habbian Learning

A

-“cells that fire together wire together”
-able to increase memory strength
-attempts to connect the psychological and neurological underpinnings of learning

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66
Q

long-term potentiation (LTP)

A

later stimulation leads to greater EPSPs in dentate

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67
Q

long-term depression (LTD)

A

if stimulated slowly, reduced EPSP

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68
Q

What does mapping of hippocampal system allow for?

A

directional predictions

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69
Q

What is memory medicated by

A

N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors

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70
Q

LTP and Memory

A

-chemically blocking LTP impairs memory in mice
-genetically manipulating molecular cascade impairs LTP
-knockout and knock down
animals

-NMDA blockers/ if animals are pre trained for a spatial task LTP is preserved
-NMDA is needed for Strat. acquisition, not map formation

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71
Q

How is LTP related to spacial learning (based on the mice)

A

-mice with knocked out LTP can do spatial learning
-mice with enhanced LTP had impaired spatial learning

-no LTP = spatial learning fine
-extra LTP= impaired spatial learning

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72
Q

What is emotion?

A

-valanced (+/-)
-distinct from moods i.e. have distinct trigger

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73
Q

What are the three parts of emotion?

A

-psychological response
-behavioral response
-feeling (subjective experience)

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74
Q

Are emotions culturally bound?

are there basic emotions that are not culturally bound?

A

results of studies show that emotions are universal and NOT culturally bound

-Ekman argues for a universal set of basic emotions

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75
Q

What is proof to support the claim that emotions are/are not culturally bound?

A

similar expressions of pride and shame in blind and not blind individuals

-also examining individualistic vs collectivist cultures

-using machine learning found that facial expressions were similar across similar contexts

-argues for largely fundamental constructs

76
Q

Theories of emotions

A

-there is a physiological response
-cognition
-evolutionary pressure
-hierarchical vs paralle processing

77
Q

A circumplex model of affect

A

-it is a chart of arousal (+/-) and valence (+/-)

78
Q

the limbic system

A

-related to emotions

79
Q

Amygdala

A

-associated with fear, emotions and motivative

80
Q

orbitofrontal cortex

A
81
Q

low road (Amygdala pathways)

A

-sensory information via thalamus directly to the amygdala
-crude identification–> quick emotional reaction/not clear low order processing

82
Q

high road

A

-via thalamus then sensory cortex
-slower but more accurate
—> more in depth cognitive abrasial

83
Q

Patient S.M.

A

-has no fear response/ can’t process fear
-in appropriate response to fear
-ie laughs at horror film or wants to go closer to dangerous animal

84
Q

Karen’s has been studying for her chemistry final. Her neighbor though is throwing a party and the loud music makes it hard to sleep. This likely will interfere with the ___ of her memories.

A

consolidation (sleep is critical part of consolidation

85
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

-unconditioned stimuli, conditioned stimuli , conditioned response and extinction

86
Q

Unconditioned Stimuli (UCS)

A

-leads to unconditioned response
-ie food triggers salivation

87
Q

Conditioned Stimuli (CS)

A

-predicts the UCS
ie bell before administration of food

88
Q

Conditioned Response (CR)

A

-the CS elicits this
ie bell triggers salivation

89
Q

Extinction

A

if the CS is not paired the the UCS, eventually the CR goes away

90
Q

Fear Conditioning

A

-The Exorcist (UCS) makes you tense (UCR)
-you eat jr mints while watching The Exorcist
-now when you eat Jr mints you get tense

91
Q

What happened when a person has a lesion in their Amygdala?

A

-abolishes the ability to acquire conditioning
-does not abolish UCR to UCS (you are still afraid of the exorcist)
-just can’t create the relationship btw jr mints and fear

92
Q

Fear Conditioning (part 2)

A

-HM would show
-hippocampus damage would not be able to show this
-never make the implicit association

93
Q

Skim conductance

A

-relates to activity in amygdala

-fear drops off in experiment
-MTL patients do not show this effect

94
Q

Fear Conditioning in S.P

A

-amygdala modulates the autonomic nervous system
-SP only shows it to the shock/ hippocampus patients demonstrate reverse pattern

95
Q

Emotion and memory

A

-we are good at connecting very emotional events to memory

-ie: people who were alive during September 11th can tell you exactly were they were and what they were doing when they saw the towers crash

96
Q

Flashbulb memory

A

-confidence is high
-and stayed high

97
Q

What is true about memory and emotional content?

A
  • consistency was particularly bad for emotional content
    -high confidence
98
Q

What were the results from a unilateral MTL patients (epilepsy) and asked to test recall?

A

-arousal increased skin conductance and overall memory
-arousal slows forgetting in controls but not patients

99
Q

What did activity in the Amygdala (and hippocampus) predict?

A

later memory to emotional items

amygdala is also active when emotionally salient

100
Q

What predicts emotional memory?

A

-clusters in bilateral amygdala, anterior hippocampus, anterior and posterior parahippocampal gyrus

-Also, prefrontal and parietal areas

101
Q

what does the Amygdala do in regards to the hippocampus?

A

modulates hippocampal consolidation

102
Q

What are the 5 effects

A

1) Memory advantage for emotional stimuli increases over time
2) emotional impact recollection, rather than familiarity (shift in confidence)
3)emotion impacts recollection of items rather than contexts
4) the emotion effect on episodic memory is dependent on the amygdala
5) the emotion effect on episodic memory is not dependent on the hippocampus
—How? Item- emotion binding slows forgetting

103
Q

Amygdala and Stress

A

-feed back loop
-releases cortisol
-everything stressful–> realese cortisol

104
Q

How does the Amygdala connect?

A

-to the hypothalamus through the fornix
-hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA axis)
-leads to the release of cortisol
-the hippocampus is highly sensitive to glucocorticoids
-negative feedback loop eventually shuts off HPA activity

105
Q

What is an acute stressor?

A

-acute stressor is for a limited amount of time
-you have a free throw/ game winning shot

106
Q

Short term stress

A

-meta- analysis of 113 studies showed that stress increases cortisol and there is no association to memory and cortisol

107
Q

What happened if you are stressed PRIOR to encoding information?

A

decreases memory

108
Q

What happened if you are stressed while retrieving the memory?

A

decreases memory

109
Q

When is memory improved with stress?

A

Post encoding stress improved memory
-degree impacted by multiple factors

-when small amount of time stress and encoding
-improved if delay was short, material related to stressor

-evidence is mixed and evidence is weak

110
Q

Common Signs of Chronic Stress

A

-aches and pains
-decreased energy
-trouble concentrating
-muscle tention
-difficulty sleeping
-nervousness and anxiety

111
Q

Chronic Stress

A

-bad/ especial medial temporal lobe
-temere shortening
-reduced hippocampal volumes
-decrease in dendritic spines

-leads to damage to the hippocampus
-doing it through HPA axis

112
Q

temere shortening

A

-more copying/ shorter/ gets worse overtime

113
Q

limbic system

A

-behavioral and emotional responses

114
Q

orbitofrontal cortex ??

A

-learning, prediction and decision making for emotional reward-related behaviors
-amount of firing is relative (not absolute) ??

—limbic system/ involved in theory of mind
—abilty to take different perspectives
–abilty to regulate reward and punishment
–reward and value
–fire to best option you have
–damage–> problems incorporating punishment
–cant incorporate neg./ dont show anticipatory abilty

115
Q

Iowa Gambling Task

A

-participants pick from a deck and win or lose money
- what they dont know is that A&B have high wins/ losses and C&D have low wins/losses
-controls learn to pick from C&D have low wins/losses and show anticipatory SCR to A&B
-individuals with OFC damage do not and show no anticipatory SCR effect
-all show “punishment” SCR

-in the moment/ show skin conductance to a loss but can’t use that to guide desision

116
Q

Somatic Marker Hypothesis

A

emotions influence decisions

117
Q

Frontal Cortex and Drug Addiction

A

-imbalance of reward processing/ for ppl with addiction
-performance/ not able to use negative expectation to guide behavior

118
Q

What does Volkow argue for?

A

-dorsal frontal regions involved in cognitive control
-ventral frontal regions driving more automatic, emotion-related processes

119
Q

What happens with individual with addiction?

A

Shifts in balance

120
Q

Amygdala and Social Processing

A

-social processing for faces/ more active to fear faces

121
Q

When does Amydala activity increase?

A

-when viewing faces
-responds to all emotions
-great for fear
-responds even to subliminal presentation

122
Q

SM and fear

A

-SM can’t recognize fearful faces
-eye movements are abnormal
-when told to focus specifically on the eyes SM can recognize faces

123
Q

Healthy controls and fear

A

-healthy controls are able to look at wide eyes and this alone can evoke activity in the amygdala

124
Q

Social Anxiety

A

-the degree of amygdala activation correlated with severity of social anxiety symptoms
- harsh faces ie (angry, disgust, fearful) elicited greater activity in patients

-found through have participants be in an fMRI while viewing emotional faces

125
Q

Amygdala activity

A

-good at identifying differences

126
Q

Amygdala and social judgments

A

fMRI showed that there is more activity when showed faces of people that are in your in group

fusiform
amygdala- good at emotional salient things
like in group more as they are not fearful of in group

127
Q

fear

A

Associated Brain Area: Amygdala
Functional Role: Learning, Avoidance

128
Q

Anger

A

Associated Brain Area: Orbitofrontal Cortex, Anterior Cingulate Cortex
Functional Role: Indicate Social Violations

129
Q

Sadness

A

Associated Brain Area: Amygdala, Right Temporal Lobe
Functional Role: Withdraw

130
Q

Disgust

A

Associated Brain Area: Anterior Insula, Anterior Cingulate Cortex
Functional Role: Avoidance

131
Q

Can you localize emotions?

A

no it is a mess the fMRI was not so successful at doing so/ very low accuracy

132
Q

Disgust and the Insult

A

-Activation of insula to “disgust” but have no fear
-may be linked to OCD

133
Q

Building Blocks of Language

A

-Phoneme, Morpheme
-organized by semantic relationships

134
Q

phoneme

A

-small unit of sound that matters ie b as in bat vs c as in cat

135
Q

morpheme

A

-smallest unit modifying meaning ie fast vs faster

136
Q

what is language?

A

a mental lexicon

137
Q

semantics

A

what does the word mean?

138
Q

syntax

A

arrangement of words?

139
Q

Phonological info

A

sound

140
Q

Orthographic info

A

written

141
Q

how is language organized?

A

by semantic relationships

142
Q

what does semantic mean?

A

how meaning is stored in the mind

143
Q

Dylan ate Peeps at the same time he got a stomach bug and felt ill. Now every time he sees a colorful marshmallow he feels sick to his stomach. The virus was a(n) ____stimulus and the marshmallow is now a _____.

A

unconditioned stimulus/ conditioned stimulus

144
Q

Dylan ate Peeps at the same time he got a stomach bug and felt ill. Now every time he sees a colorful marshmallow he feels sick to his stomach. What was the conditioned response?

A

sick at the sight of all colorful marshmallows

145
Q

Lizzy tells everyone about the time she met Taylor Swift. She mentions her outfit, the weather, and who else was there. Based upon the work about flashbulb memories, Lizzy is likely to show ___ for this memory relative to typical episodic memories.

A

-higher level if confidence

-there is no difference in level of accuracy but they have a higher confidence in there memories ability to remember

146
Q

Semantic priming

A

-when showed words that are related more likely to be accurate

147
Q

When words are related, what happens to the N400?

A

it reduces

148
Q

When words are related, what happens to the Late positivity complex?

A

it increases

this is conscious semantic retrieval

149
Q

when does this semantic priming occur and cause the results that it does

A

both existing and learning words

150
Q

Organization of Semantics (how are categories organized?)

A

-agnosia falls into semantic categories
ie can’t name fruit cane name animals
-animate vs inanimate objects, evolutionary adaptation
-categories vary in degree of detailed semantic information
-sematic information/ keep more
-name ideas at different conceptual levels
-leads to different activation in the temporal lobe
–> higher level of detail needed to differentiate

151
Q

PET scans

A

-cerebral blood flow
-this is looking to see where the blood for is different when seeing different objects or animals

152
Q

PET scan findings. the unique areas

A

-visual cortex for animals
-motor cortex for tools

153
Q

What is an argument for the dissociation for semantic information?

A

the fact that there are unique areas
-visual cortex for animals
-motor cortex for tools

154
Q

mapping the lexicon

A

-complicated/ hard to do
-some categories are coactivated

155
Q

multiple representations

A

-categories activate largely, but not entirely overlapping areas

156
Q

noun vs verb what happens?

A

-same activation for categories/ activate similar areas
-argue that item/ action are both activated automatically
-all associated traces/ semantics are related properties

157
Q

language development

A

-infants can discriminate among virtually all the phonetic units used in languages, where adults can’t
-infant auditory systems are tuned selectively physical auditory properties similar to language

158
Q

Speech Perception is Hard

A

1)the same phoneme (ellipse) can have drastically different physical characteristics across speakers (points)
2) words are coarticulated– segmentation problems
3) perception often relies on prosody

–> as we end one word we go to the next

159
Q

what is prosody?

A

the patterns of rhythm and sound/ lost when you watch a movie from a foreign country dubbed

160
Q

Speech Perception

A

-the primary auditory cortex is most sensitive to acoustic information
-the farther away you go, the auditory areas become more specialized for speech
-specialization is more prominent for the left hemisphere
-hierarchical processing

161
Q

Where does speech perception take place?

A

-activity in superior temporal gyrus (STG)
-MORE ANTERIOR ACTIVATION WITH INCREASING LINGUISTIC COMPLEXITY
-within the temporal lobe/ more complex as speech is more complex
—->less with audition more with speech

162
Q

how does having a stroke in the left hemisphere relate to speech perception?

A
  • problems with speech and understanding language
  • this shows that the left hem. is crucial for integrating auditory and conceptual processing
163
Q

How do we perceive written language?

A

-pressure on audition is high
-Pandemonium model and McClelland and Rumelhart model

164
Q

Pandemonium model

A

-only bottom up
-requires no previous knowledge

165
Q

McClelland and Rumelhart model aka Connectionist Model

A

-networking model/ reciprocal connection
-this allows for top down influence (can bias perception)
-experience and expectations have influence
-helps recognize patterns

166
Q

Connectionist Model

A

word layer
letter layer
feature layer

167
Q

what is the word superiority effect?

A

able to recognized letters when presented within a word as compared to isolated letters and letters presented in nonword strings

168
Q

visual word form area

A

processes linguistic information

169
Q

where is there unique extra striate activity for pseudowords and words?

A

fusiform gyrus

170
Q

What area has unique function for visual words?

A

unique function of left hemisphere even for information presented to RH

171
Q

what does damage to the visual form word area lead to?

A

-leads to aexia but with preserved verbal recognition
-stimulation of VWFA causes alexia

172
Q

what is Alexia?

A

-inability to read or comprehend written language
-a visual processing deficit
-critical for processing written language

173
Q

VWFA and Dyslexia

A

-poor at phonological tasks
-reduced CBF in all 3 groups for both explicit and explicit reading
-common hypoactivity in VWFM
-less blood flow/ abnormal processing

174
Q

what is fusiform connectivity?

A

-plays a pivotal role in high level visual/cognitive functions
-connects the striate cortex to the inferior temporal lobe

175
Q

Modular Models

A

comprehension is executed within separate and independent modules (bottom up only)

176
Q

Interactive Models

A

all types of information can participate in recognition (allows for top-down processes)

177
Q

Hybrid Models

A

lexical access is bottom-up; lexical selection can be influenced by top down processes

178
Q

proof of the different theories

A

context biased judgment impacted decision before word was complete
-argues for a degree of TOP DOWN INFLUENCE

179
Q

Semantics: N400

A

-effect is larger for left hemisphere information
-relates to expectations about the world
-When presented with statements that VIOLATE world knowledge N400 is evoked

180
Q

N400 is located where in the brain

A

left lateralized/ shows up in the Brocas Area

181
Q

Syntactics: P600

A

second component/ tied to syncs

182
Q

Syntactics: late Anterior Negativity (LAN)

A

measures synaptic violation?

183
Q

Localization

A

-study was a meta analysis
found overlapping patterers of activation
However there is some selectivly BUT largely overlapping

184
Q

Semantics

A

more temporal lobe

185
Q
A

Cog Nero (7 decks)

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