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Cog Nero > Quiz 4 Content > Flashcards

Quiz 4 Content Flashcards

1
Q

Why does 70% of mock explosives and weapons make it through TSA?

A

sustaining vigilance is very hard/ especially when nothing is happening for a majority of the time –> hard to really pay attention

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1
Q

Selective Attention Test

A

When asked to focus on one thing it is hard for us to see other things/ we “block” them out

ie: don’t see the gorilla when asked to focus on the amount of ball passes.

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2
Q

The “Door” Study

A

A man walks up to a random stranger asking for directions and in the middle there is a door that goes in-between them and the person asking questions is switched with a new person.

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3
Q

Movie Perception Test

A

people think that they would see the changes but they are actually bad at perception

ie: hard to notice all of the differences/ inconsistencies between the different movie shots

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4
Q

Inattention Blindness

A

in the world/ should see but don’t

don’t notice very important features/ often due to attention capture of other features

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5
Q

Change Blindness

A

the difficulty noticing large changes

ie the gorilla, the door and the changes in the movie scenes

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6
Q

What is perception?

A

A filter to memory

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7
Q

What is memory linked to?

A

Attention

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8
Q

What is Selective Attention?

A

official def: the processes that allow an individual to select and focus on particular input for further processing while simultaneously suppressing irrelevant or distracting information

-taking possession by the mind/ several simultaneously possible
-foucalization/ concentration of consciousness are of its essence
-implies withdrawal from some things in order to deal effectively with others
-opposite= confused dazed scatterbrain state

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9
Q

What is attention?

A

-selective processing/ continue choice/ cost= what you are no longer attending to
-involves multiple areas of the brain
-separate from arousal
-occurs for all sensory domains
-attention is competitive b/c it is a limited resource
-bottlenecks at decision points

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10
Q

What is Voluntary Attention

A

endogenous/ self motivated

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11
Q

Types of Voluntary Attention

A

Overt (extremely focused on one spot) and Covert (attention is focused on something that you are not directly looking at)

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12
Q

Overt Attention

A

extremely focused on one spot/ physically focusing your eyes in one space

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13
Q

Corvert Attention

A

attention is focused on something that you are not directly looking at/ moving your attention but not looking directly at

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14
Q

Reflexive Attention

A

exogenous (externally drawn)/ something inherently draws attention
ie cat knocking something over
-can lead to perception benefits in space
-the hearing of a loud sound is what captures your attention

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15
Q

what type of benefit is reflexive attention?

one word

A

transitory

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16
Q

what is early selection?

A

immediate/ low level decision (yes or no)
-think tinder

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17
Q

what is late selection?

A

-once a filter occurs/ deeper form of selection
-occurs AFTER semantic processing

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18
Q

What is filtering?

A

being able to separate conversation that are happening/ ie the conversation at your table from the one that is right next to you/ the act of focusing attention on one or the other

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19
Q

When does filtering occur?
Information Processing System

A

-occurs before items are fully perceived ie. dichotic listening
-early selection

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20
Q

What does it mean when you are able to notice your name or like a word that sparks your interest in an unattended ear

A

this suggests LATE SELECTION/ the ideas reach semantic access but not consciously aware

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21
Q

What is the attenuation theory?

A

early selection degrades bit doesn’t completely suppress so the info doesn’t take up space/ Info that is not needed has a lower resolution and can be retrieved when needed

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22
Q

Posner Cue task

A

arrow indicates where a target can appear/ internal or endogenous cues (capture attention)

-valid cue improves RT even without eye movements (benefit)
-invalid cure slows RT (cost)

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23
Q

Attentional Spotlight

A

making you highlight something in space

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24
Q

Attention Expertement 1

A
  • 8 exogenous cues in a circle
    -2 per LEFT/RIGHT, TOP/BOTTEN
    -targets appear at cue only some of the time/ vary size go cues
    -valid cues improved accuracy and RT
    -shifts “spotlight”
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25
Q

Electroencephalogram (EEG) Primer

A

-measures ongoing electrical activity
-difference btw a reference and electrodes on the head
-action potentials creates dipoles
-often described using spectral power decompositions

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26
Q

common uses for EEGs

A

monitor brain states, seizures, sleeping staging

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27
Q

EEG strengths

A

cheap and easy to use in special populations ie children
-mesures changes in real time
-direct neuronal measure

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28
Q

EEG Limits

A

-poor localization- inverse problem vs forward solution/ can be hard to interpret (no glowing brains)

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29
Q

Event Related Potentials (ERP) Primer

A

-repeat stimuli
-average EEG signal relative to presented stimuli
-look at specific components named by direction and position/timing
-very good at temporal resolution/ this is hard to get with fMRI
– what is evoked by stimuli

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30
Q

P1

A

sensory processing

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31
Q

N1

A

perceptual processing, visual discrimination (facial processing)

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32
Q

P2

A

deviance detection (ie. oddball paradigms)

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33
Q

N2

A

object recognition and categorization

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34
Q

N2pc

A

deployment of covert attention

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35
Q

P3( P300)

A

stimulus evaluation, categorization, attention and working memory updating –> continuous access to memory

– there is a p3 variant that does not require attention

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36
Q

N400

A

violations of semantic predictions

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37
Q

error related negativity (ERN)

A

errors

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38
Q

Neuronal “Spotlight”

A

-maintain fixation/ cue to covertly shift attention/ no eye movement
-increased amplitude when probe falls in attention field
-attention impacts sensory encoding
-supports early selection models
-very well replicated finding

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39
Q

attention/ color and neuronal “spotlight”

A

-isolating color cells with red and green color preferences
-targets are both in the cell’s receptive field
-attention modulates neuronal activity ie. fires more if attending to preferred stimuli
-attention acts on neuronal level

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40
Q

Monkey attention/ neuronal “spotlight”

A

-monkeys covertly tend to black and white flickering patterns
-mack saccade after detecting colored pixel
-impacted “simple” cells
e.g. code orientation
-earlier in hierarchy than complex cells
-attention acts very early on in the sensory cortex

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41
Q

where do we see attention act very early on?

A

primary sensory cortex

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42
Q

What using fMRI found?

A

-performed retinotopic mapping
-cued to covertly attend four locations/ able to localize 4 locations in space
-control (G & H)
- stimuli outside of attended area (C&D)
-Stimuli in attended area (E&F)

-increased % change in striate and extra striate regions when attended

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43
Q

Cocktail party effect

A

-ability to focus on a conversation in a crowd
-information of other streams is lost
-multiple auditory streams/ person talking to you or can ease drop
-tested using dichotic listening

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44
Q

Dichotic listening

A

-when attending words in one ear, subjects can not report what is in the other
-attention enhances some info at the cost of other info
-more pronounced for left hem. which processes language

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45
Q

how does attention impact perception?

A

do we see replication of what is happening in early?
-pitch discrimination task
-attend left, attend right, or read a book (control)
-attention modulates N1 but not P2 to the standard zone
-very early timing

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46
Q

The late effect with attention and perception

A

increases in size of the P3 (P300) to the rare stimulus
-context updating

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47
Q

where is the effect?

A

primary visual cortex

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48
Q

why should you use MEG rather than EEG?

A

better for localization

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49
Q

What is an argument for early selection?

A

-localize effect to Heschl’s gyrus
-primary auditory cortex
-direct influence on auditory cortex

50
Q

Not being able to notice gradual change is known as what?

A

change blindness

51
Q

Danialeto strongly believes that attention serves as a filter of sensory information very early on in the processing stream. Danialeto would expect visual attention to impact ____.

A

influence activity in primary and secondary visual areas

52
Q

only influence parietal and temporal areas in the where and what pathway

A

late selection

53
Q

primarily be modulated through frontal regions

A

late selection

54
Q

play a role in both early sensory regions and higher order association regions

A

evidence for late selection

55
Q

how does attention impact perception?

A

attend to one ear/ suppress info in the other/ seeing similar that auction and vision?

56
Q

Attentional Blink

A

-stimuli are rapidly presented together
-subjects are asked to attend to both or just the second stimulus
-impaired when attending both
-“attention blink” maximal at short intervals

-attention shifts from one thing to another
-identify 2 visual in quick succession

57
Q

Why does attentional blink occur?

A

late filter/ bottleneck

58
Q

What is evidence for late selection?

A

-individuals do not have an AB for their own names
-Modulation of the N400 during blink

59
Q

N400

A

close probability= ability to predict next word
ie “I take my coffee with milk and …sugar”
-effect is larger for left hemisphere information

60
Q

N400 and Attentional Blink

A

-attentional blink means info still there even tho continuously aware
-present cue words
-items presented in “blink” could be semantically related or unrelated
-calculate difference waves to isolate N400

61
Q

What is an argument for late selection?

A

-ie meaning exists
-the idea of intentional blink

62
Q

What is a reason for attenuation theory to be seen as correct?

A

attentional blink

63
Q

Spectral power

A

Fourier transform

64
Q

Fluctuations in Attention

A

-high alpha power is associated with vigilance
-target or blank followed by mask

65
Q

Did a target appear?

A

-increased P1, N1, P2 and P3 for detected stimuli
-alpha phase predicted detection

66
Q

What is evidence for fluctuations in attention leading to inattention blindness?

A

-able to see when in the troff
-looked at alpha bond
-high alpha more likely to miss it

67
Q

Biased Competition Model

A

-all object= children fighting for attention
-conflict sound ways:
-top down: which one based on past expectations
ie: Maya is older–> more likely her
-bottom up: inharently salient/ somthing about stimulus prophet
ie: which one is crying

68
Q

Top -down Feedback Mechanism

A

fronto-parietal attentional network
ie see a cue–> know to shift attention there

69
Q

bottom-up sensory driven mechanism

A

ie square with bright color

70
Q

inattention blindness

A

think about how you did not see the gorilla when you were asked to focus on the balls

71
Q

change blindness

A

when thing vary in environment

72
Q

dichotic listening

A

attend to 1 ear, suppress processing of the other

73
Q

When looking through the crowd at a MacLaren’s pub Ted’s attention could be divided between all of the different people in the room. However his friend Barney is wearing tie with a duck on it that captures his attention. This is an example of ____

A

pop-out effect

74
Q

Dorsal attention network

A

voluntary attention, location, features, and objects

75
Q

ventral attention network

A

novelty and salience, spatial working memory

76
Q

ventral pathway

A

attentional deficit caused by lesions

77
Q

Balint’s Syndrome

A

-visual deficients/ problems = attention problem
-can’t see two things in attention at a time
-attentional spotlight= narrowed down

78
Q

Spatial Neglect

A

-unilateral stroke to attentional networks
-no vision impairment
-does not move “spotlight” to one half of the world
-real world
-memory
-attention can be directed to neglected field

79
Q

Abnormal Gaze Bias

A

??

80
Q

Neglect in Visual Memory

A

information exists but internal bias/ parietal lobe does spacial searching

81
Q

Subcortical Attention

A

-lateral geniculate nucleus (thalamus)
-gating mediated through thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN)
-Superior colliculus (midbrain)
-Pulvinar (thalamus)

82
Q

lateral geniculate nucleus (thalamus)

A

-direct retinal input
-relay station for much of visual information

83
Q

gating mediated through thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN)

A

TRN inhibits LGN transfer to cortex

84
Q

Superior colliculus (midbrain)

A

-important for intentional control
-direct input from retina
-inputs from basal ganglia and cortex
-projects to motor cortex
-helps eye movements

85
Q

Pulvinar (thalamus)

A

-inputs from SC and many visual areas
-selectivity for color, motion, and orientation
-no direct retinal input
-role in covert attention

86
Q

What is a way of defining memory?

A

it is how we expertise the world

87
Q

Eyewitness Testimony

A

we are really bad at memory/ have really bad

88
Q

Encoding

A

Acquisition and Consolidation

89
Q

Acquisition

A

register information through senses

90
Q

Consolidation

A

create long-term representation

91
Q

Storage

A

maintain long-term representation

92
Q

Retrieval

A

recall representation to mind

93
Q

Reconsolidation

A

place memory back into storage

94
Q

Sensory Memory

A

-provides coherence and continuity to our world
-we are continuously sampling the world

95
Q

iconic memory

A

vision-millisecond duration

96
Q

echoic memory

A

audition- second duration and Scottish Accents

retaining info that you hear

97
Q

Mismatch Negativity (MMN)

A

ERP component sensitive to deviance

98
Q

Modal Memory Theory

A

-proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin/ argued for discrete stages
-sequential progression is required to move between short and long term memory

99
Q

Damage to perisylvian cortex

A

small short-term memory but forms long term memories

100
Q

tumor in left angular gyrus

A

-reduced verbal short-term memory
-working memory deficits
-preserved visuospatial short-term memory
-preserved long-term memory

101
Q

Short-term memory

A

-holding into a thought ie remembering a phone number you just looked up

102
Q

Working memory

A

overlaps with short term memory/ what is different is that the information is being manipulated
–not just spit back

103
Q

Working Memory

A

-central executive mechanism
-made up of three systems
-Visual semantics, Episodic LTM and Language

104
Q

Working Memory subordinate systems

A

-visuospatial sketch pad – Pareto-occpial regions

-phonological loop
-acoustic store and articulatory component
-left lateral frontal and inferior partial cortex

-episodic buffer– integrates information

105
Q

tasks related to working memory

A

-verbal item-recognition task, visuospatial item-recognition task or a control task

-during delay either a fixation cross, articulatory suppression by following

-isolated regions involved in A) verbal and B) spatial working memory

-consistent with prior PET work

106
Q

Working Memory: Central Executive

A

-comparing reading span test to passive reading

-examining high (HSS) and low (LSS) spatial span individuals
-areas in frontal and parietal areas more activated to span than reading
-frontal areas particularly activated in HSS

107
Q

Long term memory

A

-declarative memory (explicit)
-non-declarative memory (implicit)

108
Q

declarative memory (explicit)

A

-Conscious access
-Episodic Memory (personal experience)
-Semantic Memory (facts)

109
Q

non-declarative memory (implicit)

A

-no conscious access
-typically left intact in patients like HM
-Procedural Memory
-priming
-classical continuing
-non-associative learning (habituation and sensitization)

110
Q

Procedural Memory

A

-rats learning critera
-some cells active during acquisition/ this changes when learning occurs
-then there is this noncontious access of skills/ procedural

-ie. riding a bicycle etc.

111
Q

Priming

A

-perceptual (can last up to days, think browser cookie)
–word completion, word identification, picture naming etc.
-conceptual and semantic

112
Q

semantic memory

A

facts

113
Q

Semantic

A

ie Codenames this is none continuous and drives priming

113
Q

conceptual

A

picking a movie after discussion the Oscars

114
Q

episodic memory

A

personal experience

115
Q

Causes of Amnesia

A

-physical damage to hippocampus
-damage only to CA1 (Ischemic event)
-Korsakoff’s syndrome which is damage to the thalamus and mammillary bodies and contentions btw MTL are damaged
-Alzhimers Disease which is a progressive neurodegenerative disease impacts medial temporal lobe
-Infections

116
Q

HM

A

-memory loss symptoms retrograde amnesia and anterograde amnesia
-could not form new memories

117
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

not solidified in long term

118
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

something is interfering with system

119
Q

thing HM could do

A

-still thinks he is in his 20’s but not scared when he sees himself
-able to have a convo
-able to make reasonable deductions
-talks abt childhood before surgery
-new implicit memories ie mirror tracing
-could remember some spacial things

120
Q

Real 50 First Dates

A

man had a woking memory of around 30 seconds/ thought he was constants just waking up

121
Q

Shirley works at a movie theater. Each week she pieces together the new film reels. She knows that even though the film is made up of single still frames, a brief propagation of visual information in our ________ memory helps link these frames into a coherent stream.

A

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Cog Nero (7 decks)

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