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Cog Nero > Quiz 4 Content > Flashcards

Quiz 4 Content Flashcards

1
Q

Why does 70% of mock explosives and weapons make it through TSA?

A

sustaining vigilance is very hard/ especially when nothing is happening for a majority of the time –> hard to really pay attention

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1
Q

Selective Attention Test

A

When asked to focus on one thing it is hard for us to see other things/ we “block” them out

ie: don’t see the gorilla when asked to focus on the amount of ball passes.

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2
Q

The “Door” Study

A

A man walks up to a random stranger asking for directions and in the middle there is a door that goes in-between them and the person asking questions is switched with a new person.

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3
Q

Movie Perception Test

A

people think that they would see the changes but they are actually bad at perception

ie: hard to notice all of the differences/ inconsistencies between the different movie shots

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4
Q

Inattention Blindness

A

in the world/ should see but don’t

don’t notice very important features/ often due to attention capture of other features

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5
Q

Change Blindness

A

the difficulty noticing large changes

ie the gorilla, the door and the changes in the movie scenes

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6
Q

What is perception?

A

A filter to memory

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7
Q

What is memory linked to?

A

Attention

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8
Q

What is Selective Attention?

A

official def: the processes that allow an individual to select and focus on particular input for further processing while simultaneously suppressing irrelevant or distracting information

-taking possession by the mind/ several simultaneously possible
-foucalization/ concentration of consciousness are of its essence
-implies withdrawal from some things in order to deal effectively with others
-opposite= confused dazed scatterbrain state

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9
Q

What is attention?

A

-selective processing/ continue choice/ cost= what you are no longer attending to
-involves multiple areas of the brain
-separate from arousal
-occurs for all sensory domains
-attention is competitive b/c it is a limited resource
-bottlenecks at decision points

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10
Q

What is Voluntary Attention

A

endogenous/ self motivated

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11
Q

Types of Voluntary Attention

A

Overt (extremely focused on one spot) and Covert (attention is focused on something that you are not directly looking at)

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12
Q

Overt Attention

A

extremely focused on one spot/ physically focusing your eyes in one space

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13
Q

Corvert Attention

A

attention is focused on something that you are not directly looking at/ moving your attention but not looking directly at

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14
Q

Reflexive Attention

A

exogenous (externally drawn)/ something inherently draws attention
ie cat knocking something over
-can lead to perception benefits in space
-the hearing of a loud sound is what captures your attention

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15
Q

what type of benefit is reflexive attention?

one word

A

transitory

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16
Q

what is early selection?

A

immediate/ low level decision (yes or no)
-think tinder

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17
Q

what is late selection?

A

-once a filter occurs/ deeper form of selection
-occurs AFTER semantic processing

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18
Q

What is filtering?

A

being able to separate conversation that are happening/ ie the conversation at your table from the one that is right next to you/ the act of focusing attention on one or the other

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19
Q

When does filtering occur?
Information Processing System

A

-occurs before items are fully perceived ie. dichotic listening
-early selection

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20
Q

What does it mean when you are able to notice your name or like a word that sparks your interest in an unattended ear

A

this suggests LATE SELECTION/ the ideas reach semantic access but not consciously aware

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21
Q

What is the attenuation theory?

A

early selection degrades bit doesn’t completely suppress so the info doesn’t take up space/ Info that is not needed has a lower resolution and can be retrieved when needed

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22
Q

Posner Cue task

A

arrow indicates where a target can appear/ internal or endogenous cues (capture attention)

-valid cue improves RT even without eye movements (benefit)
-invalid cure slows RT (cost)

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23
Q

Attentional Spotlight

A

making you highlight something in space

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24
Attention Expertement 1
- 8 exogenous cues in a circle -2 per LEFT/RIGHT, TOP/BOTTEN -targets appear at cue only some of the time/ vary size go cues -valid cues improved accuracy and RT -shifts "spotlight"
25
Electroencephalogram (EEG) Primer
-measures ongoing electrical activity -difference btw a reference and electrodes on the head -action potentials creates dipoles -often described using spectral power decompositions
26
common uses for EEGs
monitor brain states, seizures, sleeping staging
27
EEG strengths
cheap and easy to use in special populations ie children -mesures changes in real time -direct neuronal measure
28
EEG Limits
-poor localization- inverse problem vs forward solution/ can be hard to interpret (no glowing brains)
29
Event Related Potentials (ERP) Primer
-repeat stimuli -average EEG signal relative to presented stimuli -look at specific components named by direction and position/timing -very good at temporal resolution/ this is hard to get with fMRI -- what is evoked by stimuli
30
P1
sensory processing
31
N1
perceptual processing, visual discrimination (facial processing)
32
P2
deviance detection (ie. oddball paradigms)
33
N2
object recognition and categorization
34
N2pc
deployment of covert attention
35
P3( P300)
stimulus evaluation, categorization, attention and working memory updating --> continuous access to memory -- there is a p3 variant that does not require attention
36
N400
violations of semantic predictions
37
error related negativity (ERN)
errors
38
Neuronal "Spotlight"
-maintain fixation/ cue to covertly shift attention/ no eye movement -increased amplitude when probe falls in attention field -attention impacts sensory encoding -supports early selection models -very well replicated finding
39
attention/ color and neuronal "spotlight"
-isolating color cells with red and green color preferences -targets are both in the cell's receptive field -attention modulates neuronal activity ie. fires more if attending to preferred stimuli -attention acts on neuronal level
40
Monkey attention/ neuronal "spotlight"
-monkeys covertly tend to black and white flickering patterns -mack saccade after detecting colored pixel -impacted "simple" cells e.g. code orientation -earlier in hierarchy than complex cells -attention acts very early on in the sensory cortex
41
where do we see attention act very early on?
primary sensory cortex
42
What using fMRI found?
-performed retinotopic mapping -cued to covertly attend four locations/ able to localize 4 locations in space -control (G & H) - stimuli outside of attended area (C&D) -Stimuli in attended area (E&F) -increased % change in striate and extra striate regions when attended
43
Cocktail party effect
-ability to focus on a conversation in a crowd -information of other streams is lost -multiple auditory streams/ person talking to you or can ease drop -tested using dichotic listening
44
Dichotic listening
-when attending words in one ear, subjects can not report what is in the other -attention enhances some info at the cost of other info -more pronounced for left hem. which processes language
45
how does attention impact perception?
do we see replication of what is happening in early? -pitch discrimination task -attend left, attend right, or read a book (control) -attention modulates N1 but not P2 to the standard zone -very early timing
46
The late effect with attention and perception
increases in size of the P3 (P300) to the rare stimulus -context updating
47
where is the effect?
primary visual cortex
48
why should you use MEG rather than EEG?
better for localization
49
What is an argument for early selection?
-localize effect to Heschl's gyrus -primary auditory cortex -direct influence on auditory cortex
50
Not being able to notice gradual change is known as what?
change blindness
51
Danialeto strongly believes that attention serves as a filter of sensory information very early on in the processing stream. Danialeto would expect visual attention to impact ____.
influence activity in primary and secondary visual areas
52
only influence parietal and temporal areas in the where and what pathway
late selection
53
primarily be modulated through frontal regions
late selection
54
play a role in both early sensory regions and higher order association regions
evidence for late selection
55
how does attention impact perception?
attend to one ear/ suppress info in the other/ seeing similar that auction and vision?
56
Attentional Blink
-stimuli are rapidly presented together -subjects are asked to attend to both or just the second stimulus -impaired when attending both -"attention blink" maximal at short intervals -attention shifts from one thing to another -identify 2 visual in quick succession
57
Why does attentional blink occur?
late filter/ bottleneck
58
What is evidence for late selection?
-individuals do not have an AB for their own names -Modulation of the N400 during blink
59
N400
close probability= ability to predict next word ie "I take my coffee with milk and ...sugar" -effect is larger for left hemisphere information
60
N400 and Attentional Blink
-attentional blink means info still there even tho continuously aware -present cue words -items presented in "blink" could be semantically related or unrelated -calculate difference waves to isolate N400
61
What is an argument for late selection?
-ie meaning exists -the idea of intentional blink
62
What is a reason for attenuation theory to be seen as correct?
attentional blink
63
Spectral power
Fourier transform
64
Fluctuations in Attention
-high alpha power is associated with vigilance -target or blank followed by mask
65
Did a target appear?
-increased P1, N1, P2 and P3 for detected stimuli -alpha phase predicted detection
66
What is evidence for fluctuations in attention leading to inattention blindness?
-able to see when in the troff -looked at alpha bond -high alpha more likely to miss it
67
Biased Competition Model
-all object= children fighting for attention -conflict sound ways: -top down: which one based on past expectations ie: Maya is older--> more likely her -bottom up: inharently salient/ somthing about stimulus prophet ie: which one is crying
68
Top -down Feedback Mechanism
fronto-parietal attentional network ie see a cue--> know to shift attention there
69
bottom-up sensory driven mechanism
ie square with bright color
70
inattention blindness
think about how you did not see the gorilla when you were asked to focus on the balls
71
change blindness
when thing vary in environment
72
dichotic listening
attend to 1 ear, suppress processing of the other
73
When looking through the crowd at a MacLaren's pub Ted's attention could be divided between all of the different people in the room. However his friend Barney is wearing tie with a duck on it that captures his attention. This is an example of ____
pop-out effect
74
Dorsal attention network
voluntary attention, location, features, and objects
75
ventral attention network
novelty and salience, spatial working memory
76
ventral pathway
attentional deficit caused by lesions
77
Balint's Syndrome
-visual deficients/ problems = attention problem -can't see two things in attention at a time -attentional spotlight= narrowed down
78
Spatial Neglect
-unilateral stroke to attentional networks -no vision impairment -does not move "spotlight" to one half of the world -real world -memory -attention can be directed to neglected field
79
Abnormal Gaze Bias
??
80
Neglect in Visual Memory
information exists but internal bias/ parietal lobe does spacial searching
81
Subcortical Attention
-lateral geniculate nucleus (thalamus) -gating mediated through thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) -Superior colliculus (midbrain) -Pulvinar (thalamus)
82
lateral geniculate nucleus (thalamus)
-direct retinal input -relay station for much of visual information
83
gating mediated through thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN)
TRN inhibits LGN transfer to cortex
84
Superior colliculus (midbrain)
-important for intentional control -direct input from retina -inputs from basal ganglia and cortex -projects to motor cortex -helps eye movements
85
Pulvinar (thalamus)
-inputs from SC and many visual areas -selectivity for color, motion, and orientation -no direct retinal input -role in covert attention
86
What is a way of defining memory?
it is how we expertise the world
87
Eyewitness Testimony
we are really bad at memory/ have really bad
88
Encoding
Acquisition and Consolidation
89
Acquisition
register information through senses
90
Consolidation
create long-term representation
91
Storage
maintain long-term representation
92
Retrieval
recall representation to mind
93
Reconsolidation
place memory back into storage
94
Sensory Memory
-provides coherence and continuity to our world -we are continuously sampling the world
95
iconic memory
vision-millisecond duration
96
echoic memory
audition- second duration and Scottish Accents | retaining info that you hear
97
Mismatch Negativity (MMN)
ERP component sensitive to deviance
98
Modal Memory Theory
-proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin/ argued for discrete stages -sequential progression is required to move between short and long term memory
99
Damage to perisylvian cortex
small short-term memory but forms long term memories
100
tumor in left angular gyrus
-reduced verbal short-term memory -working memory deficits -preserved visuospatial short-term memory -preserved long-term memory
101
Short-term memory
-holding into a thought ie remembering a phone number you just looked up
102
Working memory
overlaps with short term memory/ what is different is that the information is being manipulated --not just spit back
103
Working Memory
-central executive mechanism -made up of three systems -Visual semantics, Episodic LTM and Language
104
Working Memory subordinate systems
-visuospatial sketch pad -- Pareto-occpial regions -phonological loop -acoustic store and articulatory component -left lateral frontal and inferior partial cortex -episodic buffer-- integrates information
105
tasks related to working memory
-verbal item-recognition task, visuospatial item-recognition task or a control task -during delay either a fixation cross, articulatory suppression by following -isolated regions involved in A) verbal and B) spatial working memory -consistent with prior PET work
106
Working Memory: Central Executive
-comparing reading span test to passive reading -examining high (HSS) and low (LSS) spatial span individuals -areas in frontal and parietal areas more activated to span than reading -frontal areas particularly activated in HSS
107
Long term memory
-declarative memory (explicit) -non-declarative memory (implicit)
108
declarative memory (explicit)
-Conscious access -Episodic Memory (personal experience) -Semantic Memory (facts)
109
non-declarative memory (implicit)
-no conscious access -typically left intact in patients like HM -Procedural Memory -priming -classical continuing -non-associative learning (habituation and sensitization)
110
Procedural Memory
-rats learning critera -some cells active during acquisition/ this changes when learning occurs -then there is this noncontious access of skills/ procedural -ie. riding a bicycle etc.
111
Priming
-perceptual (can last up to days, think browser cookie) --word completion, word identification, picture naming etc. -conceptual and semantic
112
semantic memory
facts
113
Semantic
ie Codenames this is none continuous and drives priming
113
conceptual
picking a movie after discussion the Oscars
114
episodic memory
personal experience
115
Causes of Amnesia
-physical damage to hippocampus -damage only to CA1 (Ischemic event) -Korsakoff's syndrome which is damage to the thalamus and mammillary bodies and contentions btw MTL are damaged -Alzhimers Disease which is a progressive neurodegenerative disease impacts medial temporal lobe -Infections
116
HM
-memory loss symptoms retrograde amnesia and anterograde amnesia -could not form new memories
117
retrograde amnesia
not solidified in long term
118
anterograde amnesia
something is interfering with system
119
thing HM could do
-still thinks he is in his 20's but not scared when he sees himself -able to have a convo -able to make reasonable deductions -talks abt childhood before surgery -new implicit memories ie mirror tracing -could remember some spacial things
120
Real 50 First Dates
man had a woking memory of around 30 seconds/ thought he was constants just waking up
121
Shirley works at a movie theater. Each week she pieces together the new film reels. She knows that even though the film is made up of single still frames, a brief propagation of visual information in our ________ memory helps link these frames into a coherent stream.
?

Cog Nero (7 decks)

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