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Cog Nero > Quiz 3 > Flashcards

Quiz 3 Flashcards

Questions

1
Q

Transduction

A

taking the signals we receive from the outside world and creating them into neuronal signals for our brain

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2
Q

Adaptation

A

Integration of sensory information and learning into behavior

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3
Q

Habituation

A

being able to orient self to something you are consistently exposed to effectively “zoning it out”

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4
Q

How is Adaptation different from Habituation?

A

sensory adaptation is INVOLUNTARY PROCESS/PHYSIOLOGICAL PHENOMENON where a person becomes less sensitive to stimuli over time. Habituation is a BEHAVIORAL PHENOMENON involving a decrease in response to something over time.

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5
Q

What is the olfaction related to? what system is it a part of and what are other things that can be affected?

A

it is related to smell/ smell is closely linked to taste and when retronasal olfaction is effected ie you are not able to smell well do to a cold–> can have an impact on the way you taste

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6
Q

What is Gustation?

A

Is the sense of taste. As motioned before it is closely linked to smell and if that is off it will have an effect on taste. There are 5 basic tastes to be aware of (sweet, salty, sour, bitter and of umami which is savory)

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7
Q

How do we taste?

A

we have papillea which are bumps on our tongs. within the bumps is where you can find taste buds.

fun fact: women have more

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8
Q

What is Somatosensation?

A

Sensory Perception

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9
Q

where are sensory receptors found?

A

in the skin and tissue

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10
Q

What are Corpuscles?

A

these are mechanical receptors and can be triggered based on the severity of the touch

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11
Q

regular touch?

A

Merkel’s

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12
Q

light touch?

A

Meissner’s

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13
Q

deep pressure?

A

Pacinian

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14
Q

temperature?

A

Ruffini

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15
Q

Pain receptors?

A

called Nocieptors and there are two types: A-delta which are myelinated and C fibers which are unmyelinated

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16
Q

What is Proprioception?

A

it is essentially the knowledge that you exist outside of only what you can see.

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17
Q

What is the Cochela’s Role in Balance?

A

the cochlea is within the inner ear and is a main part of the vestibular system. the cochlea is fluid filled. this is totally fine unless there is fluid build up. if that were to happen then a person could have Meniere disease.

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18
Q

What are Otoconia?

A

essentially ear stones. more specifically they are signal accelerators. if dislodged the stones could chase vertigo

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19
Q

What does Somatosensory Processing look like?

A

Afferent signals synapse in the brainstem–>Cross over to opposite thalamus–>Goes to primary S1 and Secondary S2 somatosensory cortex

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20
Q

Does everyone mammal/ person have the same size somatosensory cortex?

A

NO. IT IS PROPORTIONAL TO USAGE

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21
Q

Is it possible for the sensory cortex to be remapped?

A

based on an MEG study it looks like ti is possible. looked at amities and for some touching the face felt like they were touching there limb that was no longer there.

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22
Q

Is the Sensory Cortex Plasid?

A

argument for yes: average length of playing= 11 yrs
counter: they excel b/c already have this bias–> need to teach them a new skill and see if you achieve the same result ie juggling.

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23
Q

What are the physical characteristics of sound?

A

sound is like a wave. it relies on somthing for it to be able to travel. ie gas

in the ear it moves through fluid/ same process

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24
Q

Where does the processes of Audition start?

A

sound first gathers by the pinna. this is the external part of the ear.

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25
What is the second step in the Audition process?
soundwaves hit the eardrum vibrating it tympanic membrane
26
Step 3 of the Audition process?
amplified by the bones of the inner ear. malleus, incus and stapes transforms acoustic energy to compression of fluid via the oval window in the inner ear
27
the audition process boiled down to one sentence
flow of fluid stimulates hair cells located on the basilar membrane of the cochlea
28
what happens if cells are deformed?
leads to depolarization
29
What is the place theory?
-cells at the base code high frequency sounds -cells at the tip lower frequency
30
What is the frequency theory?
cells firing is Hz/ we hear btwn 20-20,000Hz cells can not fire that fast volley theory-- neurons firing in combination
31
Place-volley Theory
is a combination of the two (frequency theory and place theory)
32
What is the Auditory Pathway?
Auditory nerve projects--> cochlear nucleus in medulla-> olivary nucleus in the pins (integration)--> inferior colliculus in the midbrain-> hits the medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) of the thalamus--> ends up in primary auditory cortex
33
What is the frequency of the auditory pathway?
it is frequency dependent
34
Why are old musicians hard of hearing?
loud sounds damage hairs in specific places and this leads to frequency specific hair loss
35
How to address hearing loss?
1) hearing aids --> help out hair cells 2) cochlear implants--> bypass hair cells/ stimulates auditory nerve directly
36
After a hard night of partying with the JSA Ariella can no longer recognize her friend Maya. Ariella believes in the ___ theory of object recognition and is concerned that she damaged the cell population, or ____ that represents Maya.
hierarchal and gnostic unit or grandmother cell
37
After a hard night of partying with the JSA Ariella can no longer recognize what a jewish noise looks like. Ariella believes in the ___ theory of object recognition and is concerned that she damaged the cells ____ that represent nosies.
ensemble/ feature detectors
38
cells in the partial lobe and temporal lobe respond differently to stimuli in their receptive fields. Cells in the Partial lobe have ____ receptive fields and respond to ___ stimuli. While temporal lobes have ____ receptive fields and respond to ___ stimuli.
large/ many different large/ specific
39
What is ECoG stimulation of the brain?
when a patient is in for epilepsy surgery it is somthing they can do to test the senstivitity to different categories of the brain (ie faces-FFA or color regions)
40
Are their areas specific for faces in the brain?
No, we have places in the brain for our expertise and faces just so happens to be one thing we are really good at recognizing. even in paper talking about experties we can see that faces are still the highest when trying to stimulate a certain part of the brain
41
other than face selectivity are there any other category Specific Systems?
yes there is a place area PPA that is more active when shown places and localization of different types of object recognition
42
how can you look at areas and how they are related to specific catiorgies?
use fMRI to compare blood flow change
43
which pathway related to the idea of category-specific systems?
WHAT are you looking at--> ventral (what) pathway
44
how to look at specific regions?
use TMS selectively impaired performance for category specific judgments
45
What is Agnosia?
in ability to recognize person/object using multiple senses
46
visual agnosia
defect in visual recognition/ no access to somatic memory/ only know what somthing is when touching it
47
Apperceptive Agnosia
perception problem/ can see when object is altered slightly/ failer of object consistency struggle copying cn draw from memory driven by legion to posterior right hemisphere
48
Integrative Agnosia
get info but can link object together/ can't see the big picture/ CAN copy but only line by line can't just look and know what do draw ventral medial lesions
49
Associative Agnosia
breakdown btwn visual and somatic information/ can recognize object and could copy image smoothly meaning is inaccessible left lesions to occipital/ temporal or parietal lobe
50
What is Category septic agnosia?
different lives of recognition for living vs non living things due to different areas of the brain being activated
51
Prosopagnosia
inability to recognize familiar faces
52
Bubo the Owl is trying to localize the sound of a tasty moth. He would use two clues to do this.
interaural time (rotates ears)/ interaural intensity (loader= closer)
53
what is the structuralist approach?
perception is the sum of its parts
54
gestalt psychology
this are MORE THAN the sum of their parts continuous perception changes figure-ground separation
55
object consistency
able to recognize people regardless of setting or clothing
56
How does Visual Perception opperate?
opperates parallel partial cortex and inferior temporal cortex
57
parietal fetures
large receptive field/ nonselective --> respond to many stimuli
58
temporal features
large receptive field/ selective
59
Dorsal Stream
where, not specific can insert card
60
Ventral Stream
what, specific patient can not match orientation of the card to the slot
61
hierarchical encoding
relies on leader/ whole thing is unable to be remembered with out the leader
62
ensemble encoding
complex feature detecter/ not specific/ no need for new orchestra for every new song played
63
What type of encoding is convolutional neural nets
ensemble encoding
64
identifying scenes
spatial frequency predict evoked activity from learned model
65
"restructuring" scenes
the selection from a pre selected list of pics/ matching not true mind reading
66
Reconstructing Action
how the brain codes motion/ from static images to movies
67
reading dreams
this was done based on linguistic information predict category from fMRI "sleep" data
68
Are faces special?
possibly, some cells show selectivity for faces
69
what sees sound?
bats, Whales and that blind kid through echo location
70
How is vision measured?
fMRI
71
How we see.
complex, light has to filter to the back where the photo receptor is located
72
what is the scotoma?
blind spot in the eye
73
What is an eye similar to?
a camera
74
What is the visual pathway?
Information leaves the eye in the optic nerves hemisphere, visual field, is lateralized meaning the eye gets into from both
75
What happens to cells the "higher up you go"?
they become more selective/ cells can respond to specific locations/ receptor fields/ also can have different orientations
76
what type of model is the visual pathway?
paralle processing
77
What are Rods?
sensitive to low light and intense color
78
What are characteristics of Cones?
they require more light/ and sensitive to color
79
What are the colors that are associated with the different wave lengths?
red(long), green(medium) and blue (short)
80
What is one theory of color vision that allows us to explain vision at photoreceptor level
trichromatic--> filters change the balance of Red, Green and Blue
81
What is the theory of color vision that is realated to cells aggregating information?
Opponent process/ cells operate in opposition to one another/ there is the push back
82
What do we know about colorblindness?
1)dichromats- missing a receptor 2)anomalous trichromats- abnormal receptor
83
What is Achromatopsia and what do we know about it?
monochromacy, no cones only rods can be caused by lesion to V4
84
What is Akinetopsia?
motion blindness, lesions to V5 (MT) these people can see fine but life is like a bunch of snap flash shots/ can't see motion fluidly
85
What do colorblind glasses do?
increases the differences/ can't actually let you see NEW COLORS
86
What happeneds when V1 is damaged?
this is the entering of the visual area--> leads to blindness not all visual information ends up in V1--> can't technically see but can guess correctly
87
What is Hemianopia?
loss of vision to contralateral side of lesion
88
What is Scotomas?
smaller region of blindness
89
What is the Blindsight phenomenon?
individuals with no ability to see an object are able to know where it is
90
When looking at a person "reading" brail what dod they find and what devise was used to look at this?
fMRI was the devise used and they saw significant activation in the visual cortex. This showed that the brain is able to be remapped to maximize efficiency.
91
What is multimodal processing?
This is a higher organizational system/ additional visual systems merge/ naturally occurs with audio and visual integration but some ppl have special cases ie Synetheisa

Cog Nero (7 decks)

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