Quiz 6 Flashcards
1
Q
What is the urinary bladder
A
a hollow, muscular and distensible or elastic organ that sits on the pelvic floor
2
Q
What is the role of the urinary bladder
A
to collect the urine from the kidneys
- can hold up to 500ml of urine
- micturation occurs at around 200ml
3
Q
what are the ligaments of the bladder
A
- median ligament of bladder
- round ligament of bladder
- lateral ligament of bladder
4
Q
what was the median ligament of the bladder in the fetus
A
it contains the urachus (stalk of the embryonic allantois)
5
Q
what was the round ligaments of the bladder in the fetus
A
its the remnants of the umbilical arteries in the lateral ligaments of the bladder
6
Q
where is the lateral ligament of the bladder
A
- passes to the pelvic wall
- alongside ureters
7
Q
what is the external urethral muscle
A
- a striated muscle
- surrounds the urethra
- a voluntary sphincter to retain urine
8
Q
what innervates the external urethral muscle
A
- by the pudendal nerve that arises from ventral branches of S1, S2, S3
9
Q
What are the parts of the anatomy of the female repro system
A
uterine horns ovaries uterus cervix vagina vestibule clitoris vulva
10
Q
where is the cervix
A
the caudal portion of the uterus
11
Q
where is the vagina
A
located between the cervix and the vestibule
12
Q
what is the vestibule
A
cavity extending from the vagina to the vulva
13
Q
what and where is the clitoris
A
- female homologue of penis
- located in the floor of the vestibule near the vulva
14
Q
what does the vulva include
A
the 2 labia
15
Q
what is found in the anal canal of dogs
A
the anal sacs containing the anal glands
16
Q
what is the role of the anal glands
A
to discharge foul smelling, serous-to-pasty secretion into the anal sacs for territorial scent marking
17
Q
what are the parts of the anatomy of the male repro system
A
prostate gland
urethra
urethral crest
penis
18
Q
what is the prostate gland
A
the accessory sex gland
19
Q
where is the prostate gland
A
completely surrounds the neck of bladder and beginning of urethra
20
Q
what passes through the prostate gland
A
the urethra
21
Q
what is the urethra composed of
A
- the pelvic part (within the pelvis)
- the penile part (within the penis)
22
Q
what is the urethral crest
A
lumen area of the pelvic urethra where deferens ducts open into
23
Q
what are the parts of the penis
A
root, body, glans
24
Q
what innervates the penis
A
- sympathetic: hypogastric nerve
- parasympathetic: pelvic nerve
- sensory: pudendal nerve (branch of sacral plexus: S1-S2-S3)
25
what are the 4 different parts of the glans
- bulbus glandis
- pars longa glandis
- os penis
- prepuce
26
where is the bulbus glandis
surrounds the proximal end of os penis
27
what is the tissue and its function of the bulbus glandis
- corpus spongiosum tissue
| - a highly vascularised tissue that swells upon thrusting to create "coital tie" at copulation
28
where is the pars longa glandis
- overlaps the distal half of the bulbus glandis to the end
| - partially encircles os penis and urethra
29
what separates the pars longa glandis and the bulbus glandis
separated by connective tissue
30
what does it contain and where is the os penis
- ventral groove, passage of urethra
| - lies within the glans
31
where is the os penis, how does it end
- bone ends as pointed cartilage
| - dorsal to urethral opening (protection)
32
in what other mammals is the os penis found
```
whale
bears
sea lions
walrus
racoons
```
33
what is the prepuce
tubular sheath (fold of skin) reflected over the glans
34
what is the formix of prepuce
internal layer reflected onto the glans
35
what forms the root of the penis
- left and right crura originating at ischiatic tuberosities
36
what tissue composes the root of the penis
corpus cavernosum tissue (erectile)
37
what supplies and what surrounds the tissue of the root of the penis
- supplied by deep arteries of penis
| - surrounded by tunica albuginea
38
where does the root of the penis end
at the body of the penis
39
what are the muscles of the penis
- ichiocavernosus muscle (skeletal m)
- retractor penis muscle (smooth and striated m)
- bulbospongiosus muscle (skeletal)
40
where is the body of the penis
extends from the root to the glans (caudal to prepuce)
41
what is the tissue of the body of the penis
- corpus cavernosum tissue
42
what does the ventral groove of the penis contain
corpus spongiosum tissue surrounding the urethra
43
what is the characteristic of the body of the penis
its the flexible region that allows dismount during coitus while remaining "tied"
44
what are the cranial thigh muscles
- extensors or stifle
| - quadriceps femoris
45
arterial and nerve supply of cranial thigh muscle
a: lateral circumflex femoral
n: femoral
46
what are the medial thigh muscles
- adductors of pelvic limb
- gracilis
- adductor
- pectineus
47
arterial and nerve supply of adductors of pelvic limb
a: deep femoral
n: obturator
48
arterial and nerve supply of gracilis, adductor, pectineus
a: caudal femoral
n: obturator
49
what are the caudal thigh muscles
flexors and extensors of stifle:
- biceps femoris
- semimembranosus
- semitendinosus
50
arterial and nerve supply of the caudal thigh muscles
a: deep/caudal femoral and caudal gluteal
n: sciatic
51
what are the cranial muscles of crus
```
flexors of tarsus:
- cranial tibial
- personeus longus
extensors of digits:
- long digital extensor
```
52
arterial and nerve supply of the cranial muscles of crus
a: cranial tibial
n: common fibular
53
what are the caudal muscles of crus
rotator of stifle: popliteus
extensor of tarsus: gastrocnemius
flexor of digits: super/deep digital flexors
54
arterial and nerve supply of caudal muscles of crus
a: popliteal, distal caudal femoral
n: tibial
55
what are the 4 main arteries of the pelvic limb
- external iliac artery
- femoral artery
- popliteal artery
- cranial tibial artery
56
what are the branches and subranches of the external iliac artery
deep femoral that branches into
pudendoepigastric trunk
- caudal epigastric artery
- external pudendal artery
medial circumflex femoral artery
57
what are the branches of the femoral artery
- superficial circumflex iliac artery
- lateral circumflex femoral artery
- proximal caudal femoral artery
- saphenous artery
- descending genicular
- middle caudal femoral artery
- distal caudal femoral artery
Femoral Sends Liquid Past Some Descending Members Drain
58
what does the superficial circumflex iliac artery supply
- sartorius
- tensor fascia latae
- rectus femoris
59
where is the cranial tibial artery located
between cranial tibial and long digital extensor muscles
60
what is the vascular lacuna
passageway allowing the external iliac arteries to leave the abdominal cavity in order to enter the thigh
they occupy the space of the femoral triangle and become the femoral arteries
61
what does the lumbosacral plexus consist of
the ventral branches of the lumbar and sacral spinal nerve
62
what are the 4 branches of the lumbosacral plexus
1. obturator nerve
2. femoral nerve
3. pudendal nerve
4. caudal cutaneous femoral nerve
63
what does the obturator nerve arise from and innervate
arises from: L4-L5-L6
innervates:
- gracilis
- pectineus
- adductor
- external obturator
64
what does the femoral nerve arise from, emerges from and innervate
arises from: L4-L5-L6
emerges from: illiopsoas muscle
innervates: 4 heads of the quadriceps
65
what is the superficial branch of the femoral nerve
saphenous nerve
66
what is the saphenous nerve, what does it supply
superficial branch of the femoral nerve
supplies:
- cutaneous innervation to the medial side of the limb
- motor innervation to sartorius muscle
67
what does the pudendal nerve arise from
S1-S2-S3
68
what are the branches of the pudendal nerve
- caudal rectal nerve
- perineal nerve
- dorsal nerve of penis
69
what is the role of the branches of the pudendal nerves
they carry
- somatic motor fibers from anal and urethral voluntary sphincters
- sensory fibers from anus, clitoris/penis
70
where does the caudal cutaneous femoral nerve arise from and what is it sensory for?
from sacral plexus, sensory to caudal thigh
71
what is the lumbosacral trunk
the union of ventral branches L6-L7-S1-S2
72
what are the branches of the lumbosacral trunk
- caudal gluteal nerve
- cranial gluteal nerve
- sciatic nerve
73
what does the caudal gluteal nerve arise from and innervate
arises from: L7-S1-S2
| sole innervation to superficial gluteal muscle
74
what does the cranial gluteal nerve arises from and innervates
arises from: L6-L7-S1
| innervates middle/deep gluteal, tensor fasciae latae
75
what does the sciatic nerve arise from and innervate
arises from L6-L7-S1-S2
| innervates: internal obturator, gemelli, quadratus femoris
76
what does the sciatic nerve branch at the hip level leave to supply
biceps femoris
semitendinosus
semimembranosus
77
what are the branches of the sciatic nerve
common fibular nerve (L6-L7)
- superficial fibular nerve
- deep fibular nerve
tibial nerve (L7-S1)
78
what are the parts of the dorsal and lateral braincase
- paired frontal and parietal bones
- external occipital protuberance
- nuchal crest
- temporal fossa
- temporal bone
79
what is the external occipital protuberance
where the sagittal crest and temporal lines joining
80
what is the nuchal crest
transition between dorsal and caudal surface of skull
81
how is the temporal fossa bounded medially, caudally and ventrally
medially: by saggital crest
caudally: by nuchal crest
ventrally: by zygomatic process/temporal bone
82
what are the 3 types of skull
mesaticephalic: average conformation (ex: beagle, labrador)
dolichocephalic: larger (long) facial component (ex: collie)
brachycephalic: shorter facial component (ex: boston terrier)
83
what is the nasal bone
2 bones meet at midline
| bounded by the incisive and nasal bones
84
what are the differences in nasal bones
round in brachycephalic breeds (ex: pug)
| oval in dolichocephalic (ex: collie)
85
what does the maxilla contain
upper cheek teeth and canine
86
what do the incisive contain
contains 3 upper incisor teeth
87
what does the incisive articulate with
with maxilla and nasal bones
88
what is the orbit
cavity in which the eye is located
89
what are the 3 caudal openings in the orbit
- optic canal
- orbital fissure
- rostral alar foramen
90
what is the nerve of the optical canal
optic nerve
91
what are the nerves of the orbital fissure
oculomotor nerve
trochlear nerve
abducent nerve
ophtalmic nerve
92
what is found in the rostral alar foramen
maxillary artery and nerve
93
what forms the orbital margin
formed by frontal, lacrimal and zygomatic bones
94
what forms the zygomatic arch
formed by maxilla, zygomatic bone and zygomatic process of temporal bone
95
what is the zygomatic arch
the arch that forms the cheek bone
96
the zygomatic arch is the origin of which muscle
the masseter muscle that closes the jaw
97
where is the pterygopalatine fossa
ventral to the orbit
98
what muscle arises from the pterygopalatine fossa
the petrygoid muscle
99
what are the different foramen of the pterygopalatine fossa
- caudal palatine foramen
- sphenopalatine foramen
- maxillary foramen
100
what is in the fossa for the lacrimal sac
the nasolacrimal canal for the nasolacrimal duct
101
what is the infraorbital foramen
rostral opening of infraorbital canal
| passageway for infraorbital artery, vein and nerve
102
what does the ventral braincase consist of
```
basioccipital bone
tympanic bone
petrosal part of the temporal bone
basiphenoid bone
presphenoid bone
```
103
what is the paracondylar process
the origin for the digastricus muscle (mastication)
104
what is part of the tympanic bone
the tympanic bulla
| the external acoustic meatus (annular cartilage of external ear attaches to its periphery)
105
what is the mastoid process
the termination of mastoid parts of
- cleidocephalicus muscle
- sternocephalicus muscle
106
what is the oval foramen
the exit of mandibular nerve (trigeminal branch)
107
what is the tympano occipital fissure
passage for
- glossopharyngeal,
- vagus,
- accessory nerves,
- int. carotid artery,
- int. jugular vein,
- postganglionic axons from cranial cervical ganglion
108
what is part of the mandibular fossa
the teporomandibular joint
| zygomatic process of temporal bone articulating with condyles of mandible
109
what are the occipital bones
```
occipital condyles
nuchal crest
external occipital protuberance
foramen magnum
mastoid foramen
```
110
what is the nuchal crest
area where the dorsal portion of the parietal bone meets with the caudal portion of the occi
111
what is the other name for extrenal occipital protuberance
sagittal crest of the skull
112
what is the foramen magnum
passageway of spinal cord which continue as the brainstem
113
what is the mastoid foramen
passage for meningeal artery and vein
114
What are the parts of the mandible
```
lowe jaw
lower and upper jaw
masseteric fossa
coronoid process
mandibular foramen
condylar process
madibular notch
angular process
```
115
what does the lower jaw articulate with
articulates with the mandibular fossa of the zygomatic process of the temporal bone
116
where do the lower and upper jaw join and how are they divided
- join at symphisis
| - each are divided into body and ramus
117
wha muscle inserts on masseteric fossa
masseter muscle
118
what is the coronoid process
- dorsal half of ramus
| - medial side has a depession for insertion of temporal muscle
119
role of mandibular foramen
- caudal opening of mandibular canal
- transmits inferior alveoli artery, vein and nerve
- opens up at the 3 mental foramina (supply sensory innervation to lower lip and chin)
120
role of condylar process
helps to form the temporomandibular joint
121
what is the mandibular notch
u shaped depression between condylar ans coronoid process
122
what is the angular process
- hooked eminence ventral to condylar process
| - attachment of pterygoid muscle medially and masseter muscle laterally
123
what are the types of teeth
incisors
canine
premolar
molars
124
where are incisors embedded and how many
upper: in incisive bone
lower: in mandible
3 on left and right
125
where are canine embedded and how many
upper: in maxilla bone
lower: in mandible
1 on left and right
126
where are promolar embedded and how many
upper: maxilla bone
lower: mandible
4 on left and right
127
where are molar embedded and how many
upper: maxilla bone
lower: mandible
```
upper = 2 on left and right
lower = 3 on left and right
```
128
what is the dog teeth formula
I 3/3 C 1/1 P 4/4 M 2/3 = 10/11 = 42
129
what is the pig teeth formula
I 3/3 C 1/1 P 4/4 M 3/3 = 11/11 = 44
130
what is the horse teeth formula
I 3/9 C 0-1/0-1 P 3/3 M 3/3 = 9-10/9-10 = 36-40
131
when do horses have a canine tooth
90% of the time the presence of a canine will be a male
132
what is the ox tooth formula
I 0/4 C 0/0 P 3/3 M 3/3 = 6/10 = 32
133
what is special about horse teeth
the high crowns keep growing
| must float teeth
134
what does the cranial cavity of the skull contain
brain, its coverings, blood vessels
135
what forms the roof of the braincase (calvaria)
formed by the parietal and frontal bones
136
what is the nasal aperture composed of
2 symmetrical halves separated by a medain nasal septum
137
what is the choanae
the caudal end of nasal septum where the 2 nasal cavities open into the nasopharynx
138
what is the concahe and their role
- project into each half of the nasal cavity end
- with their mucosa, act as baffles to warm and cleanse inspired air
- contain olfactory neurons coursing to the olfactory bulbs
139
what are the parts of the concha
- dorsal concha
- ventral concha
- ethmoidal concha/labyrinth
140
what are the 4 passages/meatuses of the conchae
- dorsal nasal meatus
- middle nasal meatus
- ventral nasal meatus
- common nasal meatus
141
parts of the sinus system of the dog
```
nasal cavity/airwas
l and r rostral frontal sinus
l and r lateral frontal sinus
l and r medial frontal sinus
l nd r maxillary recess
```
142
functions of muscle of face
open, close or move lips, eylids, nose and ears
143
what muscle is not nnervated in the face
levator palpebrae superioris muscle
144
what is the platysma
form dorsal median raphe of the neck to angle of mouth radiating into orbicularis oris
145
what is orbicularis oris
near the free borders of lips, goes around the angle of the mouth,
function: acts to shape and control the size of the mouth opening
146
what is buccinator muscle
thin, wide muscle
foundation of cheek
adjacent to buccal mucosa and deep to orbicularis oris
function: return food from vestibuke to occlusal surface of teeth
147
what is levator nasobialis muscle
flat muscle,
arises from maxillary bone
attaches to edge of upper lip on external naris
function: dilates the nostril and raises the upper lip
148
where is the lacrimal gland and what is its function
ventral to zygomatic process of frontal bone
| secretes into conjunctival sac
149
what is lacrimal flow
serous fluid passes across cornea, its collected by puncta (opening of lacrimal duct) and passes through lacrimal duct of each lid -> to lacrimal sac -> to nasolacrimal duct -> to nasal meatus of nasal cavity where evaporation takes place
150
what is on upper eyelid and inner eyelid
upper bears cilia
| inner surface covered by a mucous membrane called plapebral conjunctiva
151
what is the palpebrae
both upper and lower palpebrae border the palpebral fissure
both join at the end of fissure to form medial & lateral palpebral commisure
each commisure is attached by ligaments: med. & lat. palpebral ligaments
152
what is the plica semilunaris/nictating membrane
concave fold of palpebral conjunctiva and cartilage that moves horizontally across the eyeball.
It lubricates the cornea.
153
what are the muscles of the eyelids
orbicularis oculi muscle
retractor anguli oculi lateralis muscle
levator palpebrae superioris muscle
154
what is orbicularis oculi m attached to and its action
– attached to medial palpebral ligament
| - action: close eyelids (facial nerve)
155
what is action of retractor anguli oculi lateralis muscle
action: to close palpebral fissure
156
action and innervation of levator anguli oculi lateralis
elevates the upper lid,
| eye muscle innervated by oculomotor nerve
157
what is the vestibule of oral cavity
cavity lying outside the teeth and gums and inside the lip and cheeks.
158
what is the parotid duct
opens through the cheek on a small papilla located opposite the caudal end of the upper shearing tooth
159
where are ducts of zygomatic gland
open into vestibule lateral to last upper molar tooth
160
what is oral cavity proper bounded to
bounded
- dorsally by hard palate & part of soft palate
- laterally & rostrally by dental arches
- ventrally by tongue
161
what are the types of papillae of the tongue
- filiform (smallest in size and the most numerous of all papillae)
- conical (mechanical & tactile rather than gustatory in function)
- fungiform = salt
- foliate = bitter
- vallate = sweet
162
what does the tongue attach to
tongue attaches to floor of oral cavity by a ventral median fold of mucosa:lingual frenulum
163
what are the salivary ducts
mandibular duct
• major sublingual duct
• parotid duct
• zygomatic duct
164
what are the salivary glands
* mandibular (Mixture of serous , mucous)
* sublingual (mainly mucous)
* parotid (mainly serous, produces 50% of volume)
* zygomatic (mainly mucous fluid
165
what is the parasympathetic nnervation of salivary glands
carried via cranial nerves (facial & glossopharyngeal nerve)
166
what is the sympathetic innervation of salivary glands
via preganglionic nerves in the thoracic segments T1-T3 which synapse in the cranial cervical ganglion
167
what is found on hard palate
* crossed by 8 transverse ridges
| * incisive papilla; caudal to central incisor tooth, is the opening to incisive duct.
168
what is the vomeronasal organ
```
tubular structure (~ 2cm) found at the base of nasal septum,
dorsal to hard palate
```
is an olfactory receptor of sexual stimuli (pheromones)
169
what is the soft palate
soft tissue at the back of the roof of the mouth, responsible for closing off the nasal passages during the act of swallowing.
170
what is the flehmen response
Particular type of curling of the lips in ungulates, felids, and many other mammals, which facilitates the transfer of odorant chemicals into the vomeronasal organ.
Flehming allows the animals to determine several factors, for example the presence or absence of estrus.
This particular response is most recognizable in stallions when smelling the urine of a mare in heat.
171
what is pharynx
passageway common, in part, to both respiratory & digestive systems.
172
what is oropharynx
extends from the caudal border of soft palate and the base of the epiglottis at the caudal end of the root of the tongue.
173
what is palatine tonsil
fossa in which the tonsil is located and covered by the semilunar fold
174
what is nasopharynx
extends from the choanae to the junction of the palatopharyngeal arch at the caudal border of soft palate.
175
what is auditory tube
muscle assisted / ciliated tube located dorsal to the middle soft palate; is an oblique
“slitlike” opening draining the excess mucus of tympanic bulla
176
what is laryngopharynx
extends from palatopharyngeal arch to the beginning of the esophagus.
177
what is epiglottic cartilage
lies at the entrance to the larynx
178
what is glottis
consists of the vocal folds & processes
179
muscles of mastication
temporalis muscle
masseter muscle
medial and lateral pterygoid muscle
digastricus
180
O and I of temporalis muscle
O: arises from the temporal fossa
I: on the coronoid process of the mandible
181
action and innervation of temporalis muscle
- the action of this muscle is to close the jaw (well developed in certain breeds)
- innervation is from mandibular and trigeminal nerves
182
O and I of masseter muscle
O: arises from the zygomatic arch
I: in the masseteric fossa
183
action and innervation of masseter muscle
- the action of this muscle is to close the jaw
| - innervation is from mandibular and trigeminal nerves
184
O and I of medial and lateral pterygoid muscle
O: arise from the pterygopalatine fossa
I: on the medial surface and caudal margin of the ramus of the mandible and angular process
185
action and innervation of medial and lateral pterygoid muscle
- the action of this muscle is to close the jaw and sideway motion of jaw
- innervation is from mandibular and trigeminal nerves
186
O and I of digastricus
O: arises from the paracondylar process of the occipital bone
I: inserts on the body of the mandible
187
action and innervation of digastricus
- the action of this muscle is to open the jaw
| - innervation is from mandibular n. for the rostral belly and facial n. for caudal belly
188
lingual muscles
styloglossus
hyoglossus
genioglossus
189
O and I of styloglossus
O: arises from stylohyoid bone
I: in the middle of the tongue
190
action and innervation of styloglossus
* retracts and elevate the tongue
| * innervated by hypoglossal nerve (cranial nerve XII)
191
O and I of hyoglossus
arises from thyrohyoid & basihyoid bones
192
location action and innervation of hyoglossus
* lies medial to styloglossus m.
* retracts and depresses the tongue
* innervated by hypoglossal nerve (cranial nerve XII)
193
O and I genioglossus
• arises from the symphysis and adjacent surface of the body of mandible
194
action and innervation of genioglossus
caudal fibers protrude the tongue (stick out tongue) • rostral fibers retract the apex
• lies partly in the frenulum
• innervated by hypoglossal nerve (cranial nerve XII)
195
the extrinsic muscles of the eye
```
1- obliquus dorsalis m
2- obliquus ventralis m.
3- dorsal rectus m.
4- ventral rectus m.
5- medial rectus m.
6- lateral rectus m.
7- retractor bulbi m.
```
196
what muscles trochlea nerve innervates
obliquus dorsalis m
197
what muscles oculomotor nerve innervates
obliquus ventralis m
dorsal rectus m.
ventral rectus m.
medial rectus m.
198
what muscles abducent nerve innervate
lateral rectus m.
| retractor bulbi m
199
what is trochlea
a pulley structure in the eye through which the dorsal oblique muscle passes.
