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Comparative Anatomy > Quiz 6 > Flashcards

Quiz 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the urinary bladder

A

a hollow, muscular and distensible or elastic organ that sits on the pelvic floor

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2
Q

What is the role of the urinary bladder

A

to collect the urine from the kidneys

  • can hold up to 500ml of urine
  • micturation occurs at around 200ml
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3
Q

what are the ligaments of the bladder

A
  • median ligament of bladder
  • round ligament of bladder
  • lateral ligament of bladder
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4
Q

what was the median ligament of the bladder in the fetus

A

it contains the urachus (stalk of the embryonic allantois)

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5
Q

what was the round ligaments of the bladder in the fetus

A

its the remnants of the umbilical arteries in the lateral ligaments of the bladder

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6
Q

where is the lateral ligament of the bladder

A
  • passes to the pelvic wall

- alongside ureters

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7
Q

what is the external urethral muscle

A
  • a striated muscle
  • surrounds the urethra
  • a voluntary sphincter to retain urine
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8
Q

what innervates the external urethral muscle

A
  • by the pudendal nerve that arises from ventral branches of S1, S2, S3
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9
Q

What are the parts of the anatomy of the female repro system

A 
uterine horns
ovaries
uterus
cervix
vagina
vestibule
clitoris
vulva
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10
Q

where is the cervix

A

the caudal portion of the uterus

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11
Q

where is the vagina

A

located between the cervix and the vestibule

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12
Q

what is the vestibule

A

cavity extending from the vagina to the vulva

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13
Q

what and where is the clitoris

A
  • female homologue of penis

- located in the floor of the vestibule near the vulva

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14
Q

what does the vulva include

A

the 2 labia

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15
Q

what is found in the anal canal of dogs

A

the anal sacs containing the anal glands

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16
Q

what is the role of the anal glands

A

to discharge foul smelling, serous-to-pasty secretion into the anal sacs for territorial scent marking

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17
Q

what are the parts of the anatomy of the male repro system

A

prostate gland
urethra
urethral crest
penis

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18
Q

what is the prostate gland

A

the accessory sex gland

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19
Q

where is the prostate gland

A

completely surrounds the neck of bladder and beginning of urethra

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20
Q

what passes through the prostate gland

A

the urethra

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21
Q

what is the urethra composed of

A
  • the pelvic part (within the pelvis)

- the penile part (within the penis)

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22
Q

what is the urethral crest

A

lumen area of the pelvic urethra where deferens ducts open into

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23
Q

what are the parts of the penis

A

root, body, glans

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24
Q

what innervates the penis

A
  • sympathetic: hypogastric nerve
  • parasympathetic: pelvic nerve
  • sensory: pudendal nerve (branch of sacral plexus: S1-S2-S3)
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25
Q

what are the 4 different parts of the glans

A
  • bulbus glandis
  • pars longa glandis
  • os penis
  • prepuce
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26
Q

where is the bulbus glandis

A

surrounds the proximal end of os penis

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27
Q

what is the tissue and its function of the bulbus glandis

A
  • corpus spongiosum tissue

- a highly vascularised tissue that swells upon thrusting to create “coital tie” at copulation

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28
Q

where is the pars longa glandis

A
  • overlaps the distal half of the bulbus glandis to the end

- partially encircles os penis and urethra

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29
Q

what separates the pars longa glandis and the bulbus glandis

A

separated by connective tissue

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30
Q

what does it contain and where is the os penis

A
  • ventral groove, passage of urethra

- lies within the glans

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31
Q

where is the os penis, how does it end

A
  • bone ends as pointed cartilage

- dorsal to urethral opening (protection)

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32
Q

in what other mammals is the os penis found

A 
whale
bears
sea lions
walrus
racoons
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33
Q

what is the prepuce

A

tubular sheath (fold of skin) reflected over the glans

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34
Q

what is the formix of prepuce

A

internal layer reflected onto the glans

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35
Q

what forms the root of the penis

A
  • left and right crura originating at ischiatic tuberosities
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36
Q

what tissue composes the root of the penis

A

corpus cavernosum tissue (erectile)

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37
Q

what supplies and what surrounds the tissue of the root of the penis

A
  • supplied by deep arteries of penis

- surrounded by tunica albuginea

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38
Q

where does the root of the penis end

A

at the body of the penis

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39
Q

what are the muscles of the penis

A
  • ichiocavernosus muscle (skeletal m)
  • retractor penis muscle (smooth and striated m)
  • bulbospongiosus muscle (skeletal)
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40
Q

where is the body of the penis

A

extends from the root to the glans (caudal to prepuce)

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41
Q

what is the tissue of the body of the penis

A
  • corpus cavernosum tissue
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42
Q

what does the ventral groove of the penis contain

A

corpus spongiosum tissue surrounding the urethra

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43
Q

what is the characteristic of the body of the penis

A

its the flexible region that allows dismount during coitus while remaining “tied”

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44
Q

what are the cranial thigh muscles

A
  • extensors or stifle

- quadriceps femoris

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45
Q

arterial and nerve supply of cranial thigh muscle

A

a: lateral circumflex femoral
n: femoral

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46
Q

what are the medial thigh muscles

A
  • adductors of pelvic limb
  • gracilis
  • adductor
  • pectineus
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47
Q

arterial and nerve supply of adductors of pelvic limb

A

a: deep femoral
n: obturator

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48
Q

arterial and nerve supply of gracilis, adductor, pectineus

A

a: caudal femoral
n: obturator

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49
Q

what are the caudal thigh muscles

A

flexors and extensors of stifle:

  • biceps femoris
  • semimembranosus
  • semitendinosus
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50
Q

arterial and nerve supply of the caudal thigh muscles

A

a: deep/caudal femoral and caudal gluteal
n: sciatic

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51
Q

what are the cranial muscles of crus

A 
flexors of tarsus:
- cranial tibial
- personeus longus
extensors of digits: 
- long digital extensor
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52
Q

arterial and nerve supply of the cranial muscles of crus

A

a: cranial tibial
n: common fibular

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53
Q

what are the caudal muscles of crus

A

rotator of stifle: popliteus
extensor of tarsus: gastrocnemius
flexor of digits: super/deep digital flexors

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54
Q

arterial and nerve supply of caudal muscles of crus

A

a: popliteal, distal caudal femoral
n: tibial

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55
Q

what are the 4 main arteries of the pelvic limb

A
  • external iliac artery
  • femoral artery
  • popliteal artery
  • cranial tibial artery
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56
Q

what are the branches and subranches of the external iliac artery

A

deep femoral that branches into

pudendoepigastric trunk
- caudal epigastric artery
- external pudendal artery
medial circumflex femoral artery

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57
Q

what are the branches of the femoral artery

A
  • superficial circumflex iliac artery
  • lateral circumflex femoral artery
  • proximal caudal femoral artery
  • saphenous artery
  • descending genicular
  • middle caudal femoral artery
  • distal caudal femoral artery

Femoral Sends Liquid Past Some Descending Members Drain

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58
Q

what does the superficial circumflex iliac artery supply

A
  • sartorius
  • tensor fascia latae
  • rectus femoris
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59
Q

where is the cranial tibial artery located

A

between cranial tibial and long digital extensor muscles

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60
Q

what is the vascular lacuna

A

passageway allowing the external iliac arteries to leave the abdominal cavity in order to enter the thigh
they occupy the space of the femoral triangle and become the femoral arteries

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61
Q

what does the lumbosacral plexus consist of

A

the ventral branches of the lumbar and sacral spinal nerve

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62
Q

what are the 4 branches of the lumbosacral plexus

A
  1. obturator nerve
  2. femoral nerve
  3. pudendal nerve
  4. caudal cutaneous femoral nerve
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63
Q

what does the obturator nerve arise from and innervate

A

arises from: L4-L5-L6

innervates:

  • gracilis
  • pectineus
  • adductor
  • external obturator
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64
Q

what does the femoral nerve arise from, emerges from and innervate

A

arises from: L4-L5-L6

emerges from: illiopsoas muscle

innervates: 4 heads of the quadriceps

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65
Q

what is the superficial branch of the femoral nerve

A

saphenous nerve

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66
Q

what is the saphenous nerve, what does it supply

A

superficial branch of the femoral nerve

supplies:
- cutaneous innervation to the medial side of the limb
- motor innervation to sartorius muscle

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67
Q

what does the pudendal nerve arise from

A

S1-S2-S3

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68
Q

what are the branches of the pudendal nerve

A
  • caudal rectal nerve
  • perineal nerve
  • dorsal nerve of penis
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69
Q

what is the role of the branches of the pudendal nerves

A

they carry

  • somatic motor fibers from anal and urethral voluntary sphincters
  • sensory fibers from anus, clitoris/penis
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70
Q

where does the caudal cutaneous femoral nerve arise from and what is it sensory for?

A

from sacral plexus, sensory to caudal thigh

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71
Q

what is the lumbosacral trunk

A

the union of ventral branches L6-L7-S1-S2

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72
Q

what are the branches of the lumbosacral trunk

A
  • caudal gluteal nerve
  • cranial gluteal nerve
  • sciatic nerve
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73
Q

what does the caudal gluteal nerve arise from and innervate

A

arises from: L7-S1-S2

sole innervation to superficial gluteal muscle

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74
Q

what does the cranial gluteal nerve arises from and innervates

A

arises from: L6-L7-S1

innervates middle/deep gluteal, tensor fasciae latae

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75
Q

what does the sciatic nerve arise from and innervate

A

arises from L6-L7-S1-S2

innervates: internal obturator, gemelli, quadratus femoris

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76
Q

what does the sciatic nerve branch at the hip level leave to supply

A

biceps femoris
semitendinosus
semimembranosus

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77
Q

what are the branches of the sciatic nerve

A

common fibular nerve (L6-L7)
- superficial fibular nerve
- deep fibular nerve
tibial nerve (L7-S1)

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78
Q

what are the parts of the dorsal and lateral braincase

A
  • paired frontal and parietal bones
  • external occipital protuberance
  • nuchal crest
  • temporal fossa
  • temporal bone
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79
Q

what is the external occipital protuberance

A

where the sagittal crest and temporal lines joining

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80
Q

what is the nuchal crest

A

transition between dorsal and caudal surface of skull

81
Q

how is the temporal fossa bounded medially, caudally and ventrally

A

medially: by saggital crest
caudally: by nuchal crest
ventrally: by zygomatic process/temporal bone

82
Q

what are the 3 types of skull

A

mesaticephalic: average conformation (ex: beagle, labrador)
dolichocephalic: larger (long) facial component (ex: collie)
brachycephalic: shorter facial component (ex: boston terrier)

83
Q

what is the nasal bone

A

2 bones meet at midline

bounded by the incisive and nasal bones

84
Q

what are the differences in nasal bones

A

round in brachycephalic breeds (ex: pug)

oval in dolichocephalic (ex: collie)

85
Q

what does the maxilla contain

A

upper cheek teeth and canine

86
Q

what do the incisive contain

A

contains 3 upper incisor teeth

87
Q

what does the incisive articulate with

A

with maxilla and nasal bones

88
Q

what is the orbit

A

cavity in which the eye is located

89
Q

what are the 3 caudal openings in the orbit

A
  • optic canal
  • orbital fissure
  • rostral alar foramen
90
Q

what is the nerve of the optical canal

A

optic nerve

91
Q

what are the nerves of the orbital fissure

A

oculomotor nerve
trochlear nerve
abducent nerve
ophtalmic nerve

92
Q

what is found in the rostral alar foramen

A

maxillary artery and nerve

93
Q

what forms the orbital margin

A

formed by frontal, lacrimal and zygomatic bones

94
Q

what forms the zygomatic arch

A

formed by maxilla, zygomatic bone and zygomatic process of temporal bone

95
Q

what is the zygomatic arch

A

the arch that forms the cheek bone

96
Q

the zygomatic arch is the origin of which muscle

A

the masseter muscle that closes the jaw

97
Q

where is the pterygopalatine fossa

A

ventral to the orbit

98
Q

what muscle arises from the pterygopalatine fossa

A

the petrygoid muscle

99
Q

what are the different foramen of the pterygopalatine fossa

A
  • caudal palatine foramen
  • sphenopalatine foramen
  • maxillary foramen
100
Q

what is in the fossa for the lacrimal sac

A

the nasolacrimal canal for the nasolacrimal duct

101
Q

what is the infraorbital foramen

A

rostral opening of infraorbital canal

passageway for infraorbital artery, vein and nerve

102
Q

what does the ventral braincase consist of

A 
basioccipital bone
tympanic bone
petrosal part of the temporal bone
basiphenoid bone
presphenoid bone
103
Q

what is the paracondylar process

A

the origin for the digastricus muscle (mastication)

104
Q

what is part of the tympanic bone

A

the tympanic bulla

the external acoustic meatus (annular cartilage of external ear attaches to its periphery)

105
Q

what is the mastoid process

A

the termination of mastoid parts of

  • cleidocephalicus muscle
  • sternocephalicus muscle
106
Q

what is the oval foramen

A

the exit of mandibular nerve (trigeminal branch)

107
Q

what is the tympano occipital fissure

A

passage for

  • glossopharyngeal,
  • vagus,
  • accessory nerves,
  • int. carotid artery,
  • int. jugular vein,
  • postganglionic axons from cranial cervical ganglion
108
Q

what is part of the mandibular fossa

A

the teporomandibular joint

zygomatic process of temporal bone articulating with condyles of mandible

109
Q

what are the occipital bones

A 
occipital condyles
nuchal crest
external occipital protuberance
foramen magnum
mastoid foramen
110
Q

what is the nuchal crest

A

area where the dorsal portion of the parietal bone meets with the caudal portion of the occi

111
Q

what is the other name for extrenal occipital protuberance

A

sagittal crest of the skull

112
Q

what is the foramen magnum

A

passageway of spinal cord which continue as the brainstem

113
Q

what is the mastoid foramen

A

passage for meningeal artery and vein

114
Q

What are the parts of the mandible

A 
lowe jaw
lower and upper jaw
masseteric fossa
coronoid process
mandibular foramen
condylar process
madibular notch
angular process
115
Q

what does the lower jaw articulate with

A

articulates with the mandibular fossa of the zygomatic process of the temporal bone

116
Q

where do the lower and upper jaw join and how are they divided

A
  • join at symphisis

- each are divided into body and ramus

117
Q

wha muscle inserts on masseteric fossa

A

masseter muscle

118
Q

what is the coronoid process

A
  • dorsal half of ramus

- medial side has a depession for insertion of temporal muscle

119
Q

role of mandibular foramen

A
  • caudal opening of mandibular canal
  • transmits inferior alveoli artery, vein and nerve
  • opens up at the 3 mental foramina (supply sensory innervation to lower lip and chin)
120
Q

role of condylar process

A

helps to form the temporomandibular joint

121
Q

what is the mandibular notch

A

u shaped depression between condylar ans coronoid process

122
Q

what is the angular process

A
  • hooked eminence ventral to condylar process

- attachment of pterygoid muscle medially and masseter muscle laterally

123
Q

what are the types of teeth

A

incisors
canine
premolar
molars

124
Q

where are incisors embedded and how many

A

upper: in incisive bone
lower: in mandible

3 on left and right

125
Q

where are canine embedded and how many

A

upper: in maxilla bone
lower: in mandible

1 on left and right

126
Q

where are promolar embedded and how many

A

upper: maxilla bone
lower: mandible

4 on left and right

127
Q

where are molar embedded and how many

A

upper: maxilla bone
lower: mandible

upper = 2 on left and right
lower = 3 on left and right
128
Q

what is the dog teeth formula

A

I 3/3 C 1/1 P 4/4 M 2/3 = 10/11 = 42

129
Q

what is the pig teeth formula

A

I 3/3 C 1/1 P 4/4 M 3/3 = 11/11 = 44

130
Q

what is the horse teeth formula

A

I 3/9 C 0-1/0-1 P 3/3 M 3/3 = 9-10/9-10 = 36-40

131
Q

when do horses have a canine tooth

A

90% of the time the presence of a canine will be a male

132
Q

what is the ox tooth formula

A

I 0/4 C 0/0 P 3/3 M 3/3 = 6/10 = 32

133
Q

what is special about horse teeth

A

the high crowns keep growing

must float teeth

134
Q

what does the cranial cavity of the skull contain

A

brain, its coverings, blood vessels

135
Q

what forms the roof of the braincase (calvaria)

A

formed by the parietal and frontal bones

136
Q

what is the nasal aperture composed of

A

2 symmetrical halves separated by a medain nasal septum

137
Q

what is the choanae

A

the caudal end of nasal septum where the 2 nasal cavities open into the nasopharynx

138
Q

what is the concahe and their role

A
  • project into each half of the nasal cavity end
  • with their mucosa, act as baffles to warm and cleanse inspired air
  • contain olfactory neurons coursing to the olfactory bulbs
139
Q

what are the parts of the concha

A
  • dorsal concha
  • ventral concha
  • ethmoidal concha/labyrinth
140
Q

what are the 4 passages/meatuses of the conchae

A
  • dorsal nasal meatus
  • middle nasal meatus
  • ventral nasal meatus
  • common nasal meatus
141
Q

parts of the sinus system of the dog

A 
nasal cavity/airwas
l and r rostral frontal sinus
l and r lateral frontal sinus
l and r medial frontal sinus
l nd r maxillary recess
142
Q

functions of muscle of face

A

open, close or move lips, eylids, nose and ears

143
Q

what muscle is not nnervated in the face

A

levator palpebrae superioris muscle

144
Q

what is the platysma

A

form dorsal median raphe of the neck to angle of mouth radiating into orbicularis oris

145
Q

what is orbicularis oris

A

near the free borders of lips, goes around the angle of the mouth,

function: acts to shape and control the size of the mouth opening

146
Q

what is buccinator muscle

A

thin, wide muscle
foundation of cheek
adjacent to buccal mucosa and deep to orbicularis oris

function: return food from vestibuke to occlusal surface of teeth

147
Q

what is levator nasobialis muscle

A

flat muscle,
arises from maxillary bone
attaches to edge of upper lip on external naris

function: dilates the nostril and raises the upper lip

148
Q

where is the lacrimal gland and what is its function

A

ventral to zygomatic process of frontal bone

secretes into conjunctival sac

149
Q

what is lacrimal flow

A

serous fluid passes across cornea, its collected by puncta (opening of lacrimal duct) and passes through lacrimal duct of each lid -> to lacrimal sac -> to nasolacrimal duct -> to nasal meatus of nasal cavity where evaporation takes place

150
Q

what is on upper eyelid and inner eyelid

A

upper bears cilia

inner surface covered by a mucous membrane called plapebral conjunctiva

151
Q

what is the palpebrae

A

both upper and lower palpebrae border the palpebral fissure
both join at the end of fissure to form medial & lateral palpebral commisure
each commisure is attached by ligaments: med. & lat. palpebral ligaments

152
Q

what is the plica semilunaris/nictating membrane

A

concave fold of palpebral conjunctiva and cartilage that moves horizontally across the eyeball.
It lubricates the cornea.

153
Q

what are the muscles of the eyelids

A

orbicularis oculi muscle
retractor anguli oculi lateralis muscle
levator palpebrae superioris muscle

154
Q

what is orbicularis oculi m attached to and its action

A

– attached to medial palpebral ligament

- action: close eyelids (facial nerve)

155
Q

what is action of retractor anguli oculi lateralis muscle

A

action: to close palpebral fissure

156
Q

action and innervation of levator anguli oculi lateralis

A

elevates the upper lid,

eye muscle innervated by oculomotor nerve

157
Q

what is the vestibule of oral cavity

A

cavity lying outside the teeth and gums and inside the lip and cheeks.

158
Q

what is the parotid duct

A

opens through the cheek on a small papilla located opposite the caudal end of the upper shearing tooth

159
Q

where are ducts of zygomatic gland

A

open into vestibule lateral to last upper molar tooth

160
Q

what is oral cavity proper bounded to

A

bounded

  • dorsally by hard palate & part of soft palate
  • laterally & rostrally by dental arches
  • ventrally by tongue
161
Q

what are the types of papillae of the tongue

A
  • filiform (smallest in size and the most numerous of all papillae)
  • conical (mechanical & tactile rather than gustatory in function)
  • fungiform = salt
  • foliate = bitter
  • vallate = sweet
162
Q

what does the tongue attach to

A

tongue attaches to floor of oral cavity by a ventral median fold of mucosa:lingual frenulum

163
Q

what are the salivary ducts

A

mandibular duct
• major sublingual duct
• parotid duct
• zygomatic duct

164
Q

what are the salivary glands

A
  • mandibular (Mixture of serous , mucous)
  • sublingual (mainly mucous)
  • parotid (mainly serous, produces 50% of volume)
  • zygomatic (mainly mucous fluid
165
Q

what is the parasympathetic nnervation of salivary glands

A

carried via cranial nerves (facial & glossopharyngeal nerve)

166
Q

what is the sympathetic innervation of salivary glands

A

via preganglionic nerves in the thoracic segments T1-T3 which synapse in the cranial cervical ganglion

167
Q

what is found on hard palate

A
  • crossed by 8 transverse ridges

* incisive papilla; caudal to central incisor tooth, is the opening to incisive duct.

168
Q

what is the vomeronasal organ

A 
tubular structure (~ 2cm) found at the base of nasal septum, 
dorsal to hard palate

is an olfactory receptor of sexual stimuli (pheromones)

169
Q

what is the soft palate

A

soft tissue at the back of the roof of the mouth, responsible for closing off the nasal passages during the act of swallowing.

170
Q

what is the flehmen response

A

Particular type of curling of the lips in ungulates, felids, and many other mammals, which facilitates the transfer of odorant chemicals into the vomeronasal organ.
Flehming allows the animals to determine several factors, for example the presence or absence of estrus.
This particular response is most recognizable in stallions when smelling the urine of a mare in heat.

171
Q

what is pharynx

A

passageway common, in part, to both respiratory & digestive systems.

172
Q

what is oropharynx

A

extends from the caudal border of soft palate and the base of the epiglottis at the caudal end of the root of the tongue.

173
Q

what is palatine tonsil

A

fossa in which the tonsil is located and covered by the semilunar fold

174
Q

what is nasopharynx

A

extends from the choanae to the junction of the palatopharyngeal arch at the caudal border of soft palate.

175
Q

what is auditory tube

A

muscle assisted / ciliated tube located dorsal to the middle soft palate; is an oblique
“slitlike” opening draining the excess mucus of tympanic bulla

176
Q

what is laryngopharynx

A

extends from palatopharyngeal arch to the beginning of the esophagus.

177
Q

what is epiglottic cartilage

A

lies at the entrance to the larynx

178
Q

what is glottis

A

consists of the vocal folds & processes

179
Q

muscles of mastication

A

temporalis muscle
masseter muscle
medial and lateral pterygoid muscle
digastricus

180
Q

O and I of temporalis muscle

A

O: arises from the temporal fossa
I: on the coronoid process of the mandible

181
Q

action and innervation of temporalis muscle

A
  • the action of this muscle is to close the jaw (well developed in certain breeds)
  • innervation is from mandibular and trigeminal nerves
182
Q

O and I of masseter muscle

A

O: arises from the zygomatic arch
I: in the masseteric fossa

183
Q

action and innervation of masseter muscle

A
  • the action of this muscle is to close the jaw

- innervation is from mandibular and trigeminal nerves

184
Q

O and I of medial and lateral pterygoid muscle

A

O: arise from the pterygopalatine fossa
I: on the medial surface and caudal margin of the ramus of the mandible and angular process

185
Q

action and innervation of medial and lateral pterygoid muscle

A
  • the action of this muscle is to close the jaw and sideway motion of jaw
  • innervation is from mandibular and trigeminal nerves
186
Q

O and I of digastricus

A

O: arises from the paracondylar process of the occipital bone
I: inserts on the body of the mandible

187
Q

action and innervation of digastricus

A
  • the action of this muscle is to open the jaw

- innervation is from mandibular n. for the rostral belly and facial n. for caudal belly

188
Q

lingual muscles

A

styloglossus
hyoglossus
genioglossus

189
Q

O and I of styloglossus

A

O: arises from stylohyoid bone
I: in the middle of the tongue

190
Q

action and innervation of styloglossus

A
  • retracts and elevate the tongue

* innervated by hypoglossal nerve (cranial nerve XII)

191
Q

O and I of hyoglossus

A

arises from thyrohyoid & basihyoid bones

192
Q

location action and innervation of hyoglossus

A
  • lies medial to styloglossus m.
  • retracts and depresses the tongue
  • innervated by hypoglossal nerve (cranial nerve XII)
193
Q

O and I genioglossus

A

• arises from the symphysis and adjacent surface of the body of mandible

194
Q

action and innervation of genioglossus

A

caudal fibers protrude the tongue (stick out tongue) • rostral fibers retract the apex
• lies partly in the frenulum
• innervated by hypoglossal nerve (cranial nerve XII)

195
Q

the extrinsic muscles of the eye

A 
1- obliquus dorsalis m 
2- obliquus ventralis m. 
3- dorsal rectus m.
4- ventral rectus m.
5- medial rectus m. 
6- lateral rectus m. 
7- retractor bulbi m.
196
Q

what muscles trochlea nerve innervates

A

obliquus dorsalis m

197
Q

what muscles oculomotor nerve innervates

A

obliquus ventralis m
dorsal rectus m.
ventral rectus m.
medial rectus m.

198
Q

what muscles abducent nerve innervate

A

lateral rectus m.

retractor bulbi m

199
Q

what is trochlea

A

a pulley structure in the eye through which the dorsal oblique muscle passes.

Comparative Anatomy (6 decks)

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