Quiz 6 Flashcards
What is the urinary bladder
a hollow, muscular and distensible or elastic organ that sits on the pelvic floor
What is the role of the urinary bladder
to collect the urine from the kidneys
- can hold up to 500ml of urine
- micturation occurs at around 200ml
what are the ligaments of the bladder
- median ligament of bladder
- round ligament of bladder
- lateral ligament of bladder
what was the median ligament of the bladder in the fetus
it contains the urachus (stalk of the embryonic allantois)
what was the round ligaments of the bladder in the fetus
its the remnants of the umbilical arteries in the lateral ligaments of the bladder
where is the lateral ligament of the bladder
- passes to the pelvic wall
- alongside ureters
what is the external urethral muscle
- a striated muscle
- surrounds the urethra
- a voluntary sphincter to retain urine
what innervates the external urethral muscle
- by the pudendal nerve that arises from ventral branches of S1, S2, S3
What are the parts of the anatomy of the female repro system
uterine horns ovaries uterus cervix vagina vestibule clitoris vulva
where is the cervix
the caudal portion of the uterus
where is the vagina
located between the cervix and the vestibule
what is the vestibule
cavity extending from the vagina to the vulva
what and where is the clitoris
- female homologue of penis
- located in the floor of the vestibule near the vulva
what does the vulva include
the 2 labia
what is found in the anal canal of dogs
the anal sacs containing the anal glands
what is the role of the anal glands
to discharge foul smelling, serous-to-pasty secretion into the anal sacs for territorial scent marking
what are the parts of the anatomy of the male repro system
prostate gland
urethra
urethral crest
penis
what is the prostate gland
the accessory sex gland
where is the prostate gland
completely surrounds the neck of bladder and beginning of urethra
what passes through the prostate gland
the urethra
what is the urethra composed of
- the pelvic part (within the pelvis)
- the penile part (within the penis)
what is the urethral crest
lumen area of the pelvic urethra where deferens ducts open into
what are the parts of the penis
root, body, glans
what innervates the penis
- sympathetic: hypogastric nerve
- parasympathetic: pelvic nerve
- sensory: pudendal nerve (branch of sacral plexus: S1-S2-S3)
what are the 4 different parts of the glans
- bulbus glandis
- pars longa glandis
- os penis
- prepuce
where is the bulbus glandis
surrounds the proximal end of os penis
what is the tissue and its function of the bulbus glandis
- corpus spongiosum tissue
- a highly vascularised tissue that swells upon thrusting to create “coital tie” at copulation
where is the pars longa glandis
- overlaps the distal half of the bulbus glandis to the end
- partially encircles os penis and urethra
what separates the pars longa glandis and the bulbus glandis
separated by connective tissue
what does it contain and where is the os penis
- ventral groove, passage of urethra
- lies within the glans
where is the os penis, how does it end
- bone ends as pointed cartilage
- dorsal to urethral opening (protection)
in what other mammals is the os penis found
whale bears sea lions walrus racoons
what is the prepuce
tubular sheath (fold of skin) reflected over the glans
what is the formix of prepuce
internal layer reflected onto the glans
what forms the root of the penis
- left and right crura originating at ischiatic tuberosities
what tissue composes the root of the penis
corpus cavernosum tissue (erectile)
what supplies and what surrounds the tissue of the root of the penis
- supplied by deep arteries of penis
- surrounded by tunica albuginea
where does the root of the penis end
at the body of the penis
what are the muscles of the penis
- ichiocavernosus muscle (skeletal m)
- retractor penis muscle (smooth and striated m)
- bulbospongiosus muscle (skeletal)
where is the body of the penis
extends from the root to the glans (caudal to prepuce)
what is the tissue of the body of the penis
- corpus cavernosum tissue
what does the ventral groove of the penis contain
corpus spongiosum tissue surrounding the urethra
what is the characteristic of the body of the penis
its the flexible region that allows dismount during coitus while remaining “tied”
what are the cranial thigh muscles
- extensors or stifle
- quadriceps femoris
arterial and nerve supply of cranial thigh muscle
a: lateral circumflex femoral
n: femoral
what are the medial thigh muscles
- adductors of pelvic limb
- gracilis
- adductor
- pectineus
arterial and nerve supply of adductors of pelvic limb
a: deep femoral
n: obturator
arterial and nerve supply of gracilis, adductor, pectineus
a: caudal femoral
n: obturator
what are the caudal thigh muscles
flexors and extensors of stifle:
- biceps femoris
- semimembranosus
- semitendinosus
arterial and nerve supply of the caudal thigh muscles
a: deep/caudal femoral and caudal gluteal
n: sciatic
what are the cranial muscles of crus
flexors of tarsus: - cranial tibial - personeus longus extensors of digits: - long digital extensor
arterial and nerve supply of the cranial muscles of crus
a: cranial tibial
n: common fibular
what are the caudal muscles of crus
rotator of stifle: popliteus
extensor of tarsus: gastrocnemius
flexor of digits: super/deep digital flexors
arterial and nerve supply of caudal muscles of crus
a: popliteal, distal caudal femoral
n: tibial
what are the 4 main arteries of the pelvic limb
- external iliac artery
- femoral artery
- popliteal artery
- cranial tibial artery
what are the branches and subranches of the external iliac artery
deep femoral that branches into
pudendoepigastric trunk
- caudal epigastric artery
- external pudendal artery
medial circumflex femoral artery
what are the branches of the femoral artery
- superficial circumflex iliac artery
- lateral circumflex femoral artery
- proximal caudal femoral artery
- saphenous artery
- descending genicular
- middle caudal femoral artery
- distal caudal femoral artery
Femoral Sends Liquid Past Some Descending Members Drain
what does the superficial circumflex iliac artery supply
- sartorius
- tensor fascia latae
- rectus femoris
where is the cranial tibial artery located
between cranial tibial and long digital extensor muscles
what is the vascular lacuna
passageway allowing the external iliac arteries to leave the abdominal cavity in order to enter the thigh
they occupy the space of the femoral triangle and become the femoral arteries
what does the lumbosacral plexus consist of
the ventral branches of the lumbar and sacral spinal nerve
what are the 4 branches of the lumbosacral plexus
- obturator nerve
- femoral nerve
- pudendal nerve
- caudal cutaneous femoral nerve
what does the obturator nerve arise from and innervate
arises from: L4-L5-L6
innervates:
- gracilis
- pectineus
- adductor
- external obturator
what does the femoral nerve arise from, emerges from and innervate
arises from: L4-L5-L6
emerges from: illiopsoas muscle
innervates: 4 heads of the quadriceps
what is the superficial branch of the femoral nerve
saphenous nerve
what is the saphenous nerve, what does it supply
superficial branch of the femoral nerve
supplies:
- cutaneous innervation to the medial side of the limb
- motor innervation to sartorius muscle
what does the pudendal nerve arise from
S1-S2-S3
what are the branches of the pudendal nerve
- caudal rectal nerve
- perineal nerve
- dorsal nerve of penis
what is the role of the branches of the pudendal nerves
they carry
- somatic motor fibers from anal and urethral voluntary sphincters
- sensory fibers from anus, clitoris/penis
where does the caudal cutaneous femoral nerve arise from and what is it sensory for?
from sacral plexus, sensory to caudal thigh
what is the lumbosacral trunk
the union of ventral branches L6-L7-S1-S2
what are the branches of the lumbosacral trunk
- caudal gluteal nerve
- cranial gluteal nerve
- sciatic nerve
what does the caudal gluteal nerve arise from and innervate
arises from: L7-S1-S2
sole innervation to superficial gluteal muscle
what does the cranial gluteal nerve arises from and innervates
arises from: L6-L7-S1
innervates middle/deep gluteal, tensor fasciae latae
what does the sciatic nerve arise from and innervate
arises from L6-L7-S1-S2
innervates: internal obturator, gemelli, quadratus femoris
what does the sciatic nerve branch at the hip level leave to supply
biceps femoris
semitendinosus
semimembranosus
what are the branches of the sciatic nerve
common fibular nerve (L6-L7)
- superficial fibular nerve
- deep fibular nerve
tibial nerve (L7-S1)
what are the parts of the dorsal and lateral braincase
- paired frontal and parietal bones
- external occipital protuberance
- nuchal crest
- temporal fossa
- temporal bone
what is the external occipital protuberance
where the sagittal crest and temporal lines joining
what is the nuchal crest
transition between dorsal and caudal surface of skull
how is the temporal fossa bounded medially, caudally and ventrally
medially: by saggital crest
caudally: by nuchal crest
ventrally: by zygomatic process/temporal bone
what are the 3 types of skull
mesaticephalic: average conformation (ex: beagle, labrador)
dolichocephalic: larger (long) facial component (ex: collie)
brachycephalic: shorter facial component (ex: boston terrier)
what is the nasal bone
2 bones meet at midline
bounded by the incisive and nasal bones
what are the differences in nasal bones
round in brachycephalic breeds (ex: pug)
oval in dolichocephalic (ex: collie)
what does the maxilla contain
upper cheek teeth and canine
what do the incisive contain
contains 3 upper incisor teeth
what does the incisive articulate with
with maxilla and nasal bones
what is the orbit
cavity in which the eye is located
what are the 3 caudal openings in the orbit
- optic canal
- orbital fissure
- rostral alar foramen
what is the nerve of the optical canal
optic nerve
what are the nerves of the orbital fissure
oculomotor nerve
trochlear nerve
abducent nerve
ophtalmic nerve
what is found in the rostral alar foramen
maxillary artery and nerve
what forms the orbital margin
formed by frontal, lacrimal and zygomatic bones
what forms the zygomatic arch
formed by maxilla, zygomatic bone and zygomatic process of temporal bone
what is the zygomatic arch
the arch that forms the cheek bone
the zygomatic arch is the origin of which muscle
the masseter muscle that closes the jaw
where is the pterygopalatine fossa
ventral to the orbit
what muscle arises from the pterygopalatine fossa
the petrygoid muscle
what are the different foramen of the pterygopalatine fossa
- caudal palatine foramen
- sphenopalatine foramen
- maxillary foramen
what is in the fossa for the lacrimal sac
the nasolacrimal canal for the nasolacrimal duct
what is the infraorbital foramen
rostral opening of infraorbital canal
passageway for infraorbital artery, vein and nerve
what does the ventral braincase consist of
basioccipital bone tympanic bone petrosal part of the temporal bone basiphenoid bone presphenoid bone
what is the paracondylar process
the origin for the digastricus muscle (mastication)
what is part of the tympanic bone
the tympanic bulla
the external acoustic meatus (annular cartilage of external ear attaches to its periphery)
what is the mastoid process
the termination of mastoid parts of
- cleidocephalicus muscle
- sternocephalicus muscle
what is the oval foramen
the exit of mandibular nerve (trigeminal branch)
what is the tympano occipital fissure
passage for
- glossopharyngeal,
- vagus,
- accessory nerves,
- int. carotid artery,
- int. jugular vein,
- postganglionic axons from cranial cervical ganglion
what is part of the mandibular fossa
the teporomandibular joint
zygomatic process of temporal bone articulating with condyles of mandible
what are the occipital bones
occipital condyles nuchal crest external occipital protuberance foramen magnum mastoid foramen
what is the nuchal crest
area where the dorsal portion of the parietal bone meets with the caudal portion of the occi
what is the other name for extrenal occipital protuberance
sagittal crest of the skull
what is the foramen magnum
passageway of spinal cord which continue as the brainstem
what is the mastoid foramen
passage for meningeal artery and vein
What are the parts of the mandible
lowe jaw lower and upper jaw masseteric fossa coronoid process mandibular foramen condylar process madibular notch angular process
what does the lower jaw articulate with
articulates with the mandibular fossa of the zygomatic process of the temporal bone
where do the lower and upper jaw join and how are they divided
- join at symphisis
- each are divided into body and ramus
wha muscle inserts on masseteric fossa
masseter muscle
what is the coronoid process
- dorsal half of ramus
- medial side has a depession for insertion of temporal muscle
role of mandibular foramen
- caudal opening of mandibular canal
- transmits inferior alveoli artery, vein and nerve
- opens up at the 3 mental foramina (supply sensory innervation to lower lip and chin)
role of condylar process
helps to form the temporomandibular joint
what is the mandibular notch
u shaped depression between condylar ans coronoid process
what is the angular process
- hooked eminence ventral to condylar process
- attachment of pterygoid muscle medially and masseter muscle laterally
what are the types of teeth
incisors
canine
premolar
molars
where are incisors embedded and how many
upper: in incisive bone
lower: in mandible
3 on left and right
where are canine embedded and how many
upper: in maxilla bone
lower: in mandible
1 on left and right
where are promolar embedded and how many
upper: maxilla bone
lower: mandible
4 on left and right
where are molar embedded and how many
upper: maxilla bone
lower: mandible
upper = 2 on left and right lower = 3 on left and right
what is the dog teeth formula
I 3/3 C 1/1 P 4/4 M 2/3 = 10/11 = 42
what is the pig teeth formula
I 3/3 C 1/1 P 4/4 M 3/3 = 11/11 = 44
what is the horse teeth formula
I 3/9 C 0-1/0-1 P 3/3 M 3/3 = 9-10/9-10 = 36-40
when do horses have a canine tooth
90% of the time the presence of a canine will be a male
what is the ox tooth formula
I 0/4 C 0/0 P 3/3 M 3/3 = 6/10 = 32
what is special about horse teeth
the high crowns keep growing
must float teeth
what does the cranial cavity of the skull contain
brain, its coverings, blood vessels
what forms the roof of the braincase (calvaria)
formed by the parietal and frontal bones
what is the nasal aperture composed of
2 symmetrical halves separated by a medain nasal septum
what is the choanae
the caudal end of nasal septum where the 2 nasal cavities open into the nasopharynx
what is the concahe and their role
- project into each half of the nasal cavity end
- with their mucosa, act as baffles to warm and cleanse inspired air
- contain olfactory neurons coursing to the olfactory bulbs
what are the parts of the concha
- dorsal concha
- ventral concha
- ethmoidal concha/labyrinth
what are the 4 passages/meatuses of the conchae
- dorsal nasal meatus
- middle nasal meatus
- ventral nasal meatus
- common nasal meatus
parts of the sinus system of the dog
nasal cavity/airwas l and r rostral frontal sinus l and r lateral frontal sinus l and r medial frontal sinus l nd r maxillary recess
functions of muscle of face
open, close or move lips, eylids, nose and ears
what muscle is not nnervated in the face
levator palpebrae superioris muscle
what is the platysma
form dorsal median raphe of the neck to angle of mouth radiating into orbicularis oris
what is orbicularis oris
near the free borders of lips, goes around the angle of the mouth,
function: acts to shape and control the size of the mouth opening
what is buccinator muscle
thin, wide muscle
foundation of cheek
adjacent to buccal mucosa and deep to orbicularis oris
function: return food from vestibuke to occlusal surface of teeth
what is levator nasobialis muscle
flat muscle,
arises from maxillary bone
attaches to edge of upper lip on external naris
function: dilates the nostril and raises the upper lip
where is the lacrimal gland and what is its function
ventral to zygomatic process of frontal bone
secretes into conjunctival sac
what is lacrimal flow
serous fluid passes across cornea, its collected by puncta (opening of lacrimal duct) and passes through lacrimal duct of each lid -> to lacrimal sac -> to nasolacrimal duct -> to nasal meatus of nasal cavity where evaporation takes place
what is on upper eyelid and inner eyelid
upper bears cilia
inner surface covered by a mucous membrane called plapebral conjunctiva
what is the palpebrae
both upper and lower palpebrae border the palpebral fissure
both join at the end of fissure to form medial & lateral palpebral commisure
each commisure is attached by ligaments: med. & lat. palpebral ligaments
what is the plica semilunaris/nictating membrane
concave fold of palpebral conjunctiva and cartilage that moves horizontally across the eyeball.
It lubricates the cornea.
what are the muscles of the eyelids
orbicularis oculi muscle
retractor anguli oculi lateralis muscle
levator palpebrae superioris muscle
what is orbicularis oculi m attached to and its action
– attached to medial palpebral ligament
- action: close eyelids (facial nerve)
what is action of retractor anguli oculi lateralis muscle
action: to close palpebral fissure
action and innervation of levator anguli oculi lateralis
elevates the upper lid,
eye muscle innervated by oculomotor nerve
what is the vestibule of oral cavity
cavity lying outside the teeth and gums and inside the lip and cheeks.
what is the parotid duct
opens through the cheek on a small papilla located opposite the caudal end of the upper shearing tooth
where are ducts of zygomatic gland
open into vestibule lateral to last upper molar tooth
what is oral cavity proper bounded to
bounded
- dorsally by hard palate & part of soft palate
- laterally & rostrally by dental arches
- ventrally by tongue
what are the types of papillae of the tongue
- filiform (smallest in size and the most numerous of all papillae)
- conical (mechanical & tactile rather than gustatory in function)
- fungiform = salt
- foliate = bitter
- vallate = sweet
what does the tongue attach to
tongue attaches to floor of oral cavity by a ventral median fold of mucosa:lingual frenulum
what are the salivary ducts
mandibular duct
• major sublingual duct
• parotid duct
• zygomatic duct
what are the salivary glands
- mandibular (Mixture of serous , mucous)
- sublingual (mainly mucous)
- parotid (mainly serous, produces 50% of volume)
- zygomatic (mainly mucous fluid
what is the parasympathetic nnervation of salivary glands
carried via cranial nerves (facial & glossopharyngeal nerve)
what is the sympathetic innervation of salivary glands
via preganglionic nerves in the thoracic segments T1-T3 which synapse in the cranial cervical ganglion
what is found on hard palate
- crossed by 8 transverse ridges
* incisive papilla; caudal to central incisor tooth, is the opening to incisive duct.
what is the vomeronasal organ
tubular structure (~ 2cm) found at the base of nasal septum, dorsal to hard palate
is an olfactory receptor of sexual stimuli (pheromones)
what is the soft palate
soft tissue at the back of the roof of the mouth, responsible for closing off the nasal passages during the act of swallowing.
what is the flehmen response
Particular type of curling of the lips in ungulates, felids, and many other mammals, which facilitates the transfer of odorant chemicals into the vomeronasal organ.
Flehming allows the animals to determine several factors, for example the presence or absence of estrus.
This particular response is most recognizable in stallions when smelling the urine of a mare in heat.
what is pharynx
passageway common, in part, to both respiratory & digestive systems.
what is oropharynx
extends from the caudal border of soft palate and the base of the epiglottis at the caudal end of the root of the tongue.
what is palatine tonsil
fossa in which the tonsil is located and covered by the semilunar fold
what is nasopharynx
extends from the choanae to the junction of the palatopharyngeal arch at the caudal border of soft palate.
what is auditory tube
muscle assisted / ciliated tube located dorsal to the middle soft palate; is an oblique
“slitlike” opening draining the excess mucus of tympanic bulla
what is laryngopharynx
extends from palatopharyngeal arch to the beginning of the esophagus.
what is epiglottic cartilage
lies at the entrance to the larynx
what is glottis
consists of the vocal folds & processes
muscles of mastication
temporalis muscle
masseter muscle
medial and lateral pterygoid muscle
digastricus
O and I of temporalis muscle
O: arises from the temporal fossa
I: on the coronoid process of the mandible
action and innervation of temporalis muscle
- the action of this muscle is to close the jaw (well developed in certain breeds)
- innervation is from mandibular and trigeminal nerves
O and I of masseter muscle
O: arises from the zygomatic arch
I: in the masseteric fossa
action and innervation of masseter muscle
- the action of this muscle is to close the jaw
- innervation is from mandibular and trigeminal nerves
O and I of medial and lateral pterygoid muscle
O: arise from the pterygopalatine fossa
I: on the medial surface and caudal margin of the ramus of the mandible and angular process
action and innervation of medial and lateral pterygoid muscle
- the action of this muscle is to close the jaw and sideway motion of jaw
- innervation is from mandibular and trigeminal nerves
O and I of digastricus
O: arises from the paracondylar process of the occipital bone
I: inserts on the body of the mandible
action and innervation of digastricus
- the action of this muscle is to open the jaw
- innervation is from mandibular n. for the rostral belly and facial n. for caudal belly
lingual muscles
styloglossus
hyoglossus
genioglossus
O and I of styloglossus
O: arises from stylohyoid bone
I: in the middle of the tongue
action and innervation of styloglossus
- retracts and elevate the tongue
* innervated by hypoglossal nerve (cranial nerve XII)
O and I of hyoglossus
arises from thyrohyoid & basihyoid bones
location action and innervation of hyoglossus
- lies medial to styloglossus m.
- retracts and depresses the tongue
- innervated by hypoglossal nerve (cranial nerve XII)
O and I genioglossus
• arises from the symphysis and adjacent surface of the body of mandible
action and innervation of genioglossus
caudal fibers protrude the tongue (stick out tongue) • rostral fibers retract the apex
• lies partly in the frenulum
• innervated by hypoglossal nerve (cranial nerve XII)
the extrinsic muscles of the eye
1- obliquus dorsalis m 2- obliquus ventralis m. 3- dorsal rectus m. 4- ventral rectus m. 5- medial rectus m. 6- lateral rectus m. 7- retractor bulbi m.
what muscles trochlea nerve innervates
obliquus dorsalis m
what muscles oculomotor nerve innervates
obliquus ventralis m
dorsal rectus m.
ventral rectus m.
medial rectus m.
what muscles abducent nerve innervate
lateral rectus m.
retractor bulbi m
what is trochlea
a pulley structure in the eye through which the dorsal oblique muscle passes.
