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Comparative Anatomy > Quiz 3 > Flashcards

Quiz 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Parts of the axial skeleton

A

skull
hyoid apparatus
vertebrae
sternum

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2
Q

what are hyoid apparatus

A

little bones in the neck that anchor tongue/throat muscles

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3
Q

Parts of the appendicular skeleton

A

bones of the limbs and their joints (shoulder and hips)

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4
Q

How many bones are part of the vertebral column

A

around 50 irregular bones

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5
Q

what are the functions of the vertebral column

A

they aid in locomotion
- link thoracic and pelvic limbs
- provide direction and support the locomotor system
protect the spinal cord

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6
Q

what are the 5 groups of vertebrae

A 
cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral
caudal
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7
Q

number of vertebrae in the dog

A

C7-T13-L7-S3-Cd20

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8
Q

What is special about sacral vertebrae

A

they are fused

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9
Q

what is special about the caudal vertebrae

A

number varies between breeds

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10
Q

difference between cranially and caudally body vertebrae

A

cranially: convex
caudally: concave

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11
Q

what are intervertebral disks

A

fibrous joints between bodies

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12
Q

what are the components and function of intervertebral disks

A

components: nucleus pulposus and anulus fibrous
function: absorb shock and allow movement

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13
Q

what are the parts of the vertebral arch

A

pedicles-basal part

laminae-dorsal part

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14
Q

what makes the vertebral foramen

A

all VArches + body

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15
Q

what makes the vertebra canal

A

all VForamina

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16
Q

what is the intervertebral foramina

A

small holes through which pass the spinal nerve and blood vessels

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17
Q

where are the spinous processes

A

located dorsally (spine)

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18
Q

where are the transverse processes

A

project laterally from the area where the arch joins the body

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19
Q

what is the transverse foramen

A

short canal that passes obliquely through the transverse process and contain vertebral arteries and veins

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20
Q

where are the articular processes

A

2 on each side of vertebra that articulate with ribs

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21
Q

what are the pairs of articular processes

A

cranial pair: dorsal-medial

caudal pair: ventral-lateral

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22
Q

what are the parts of a typical vertebra

A 
o	Body
o	Vertebral arch
o	Right/left pedicles
o	Righ/left laminae
o	Transverse processes
o	Spinous processes
o	Articular processes
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23
Q

what forms the vertebral foramen

A

body of the vertebral arch

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24
Q

what forms the vertebral canal

A

all vertebral foramen joined together

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25
Q

what is the atlas

A

C1 - 1st cervical vertebra

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26
Q

parts of the atlas

A
  • transverse process from the wings
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27
Q

movement of the atlas

A

hinge joint: yes movement

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28
Q

what is the axis

A

C2: 2nd cervical vertebra

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29
Q

parts of the axis

A

elongated spinous process

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30
Q

movement of the axis

A

pivot joint: no movement

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31
Q

articulation of atlas:

A

Cranial articular fovea articulates with occipital condyles of skull to form the atlanto-occipital joint

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32
Q

articulation of axis:

A

o Dens of axis articulates with fovea dentis of atlas to form atlanto-axial joint

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33
Q

shapes of the thoracic vertebrae

A
  • 1st nine vertebrae have a spine (spinous process)

* 12th to 13th different shape

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34
Q

what are the thoracic vertebrae articulate to

A

the ribs

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35
Q

what attaches to the mamillary process

A

epaxial muscles of the transversospinalis system attach to them

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36
Q

anticlinal vertebra characteristics

A

point in caudal thoracic vertebral column where vertebral anatomic features change

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37
Q

spinous process of anticlinal vertebra characteristics

A

perpendicular to the body and the preceding vertebrae incline caudally

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38
Q

Position of the spinous process in different species

A

horse: T16
big/medium dogs: T11
small dogs: T10
Ox T11 to T13

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39
Q

Processes of lumbar vertebrae

A

spinous process

transverse process

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40
Q

characteristic of spinous process of the lumbar vertebrae

A

blunt

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41
Q

characteristic of transverse process of the lumbar vertebrae

A

prominent and directed cranially

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42
Q

what are the sacral vertebrae

A
  • sacrum results from the fusion of the bodies and processes of 3 vertebrae
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43
Q

where is the sacrum

A

between the ilia

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44
Q

what is the sternum

A

8 unpaired segments of sternebrae

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45
Q

how are sternebrae joined

A

by intersternal cartilages

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46
Q

what is the 1st sternebrae

A

manubrium

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47
Q

what is the 8th sternebrae

A

xiphoid process

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48
Q

characteristics of ribs 1 to 9

A

articulate with sternum

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49
Q

characteristics of ribs 10 to 12

A

unite with each other to form the costal arch, “asternal ribs” that the costal cartilage attached to other costal cartilage rather than the strenum

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50
Q

characteristic of rib 13

A

floating rib, ends in muscle of thoracic wall

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51
Q

vertebral formulas by species

A

canine
- cervical 7, thoracic 13, lumbar 7, sacral 3
equine
- cervical 7, thoracic 18, lumbar 6, sacral 5
bovine
- cervical 7, thoracic 13, lumbar 6, sacral 5

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52
Q

how are ribs numbered

A

rib number corresponds with the caudal vertebra with which it articulates

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53
Q

what are true ribs

A

the sternal ribs, their cartilage attaches with the sternum

54
Q

true ribs in dogs cats and horses

A

o Dog/cat: 9 pairs

o Horse: 8 pairs

55
Q

what are false ribs

A

the asternal ribs or costal arch, their cartilage doesn’t articulate with the sternum

56
Q

false ribs in dogs cats and horses

A

o Dog/cat: 3 pairs

o Horse: 10 pairs

57
Q

what are floating ribs

A

their cartilage doesn’t attach to adjacent cartilage, they are a false asternal rib

58
Q

floating ribs in dogs cats and horses

A

o Dog/Cat/Horse: 1 pair

59
Q

where is the supraspinous ligament

A

runs along the tips of the spinous process from T1 to Caudal3

60
Q

where is the interspinous ligament

A

in between spinous processes

61
Q

use of the nuchal ligament

A

o Provides an elastic force that permits the lowered head to be raised relatively easily

62
Q

nuchal ligament in dogs

A

Strong band connective tissue between the spinous processes of C2 to T1

63
Q

nuchal ligament in horse/ox

A

extensive and consists of funicular (arising from the skull) and lamellar parts (strong connective tissue arising from T2/T3 and inserting into C2 to C6) that relieves the epaxial muscles when lifting and supporting the head

64
Q

nuchal ligaments in cats/pigs/some primates

A

absent

65
Q

what are the types of axial muscles

A

epaxial muscles

hypaxial muscles

66
Q

what are epaxial muscles

A

lie dorsal to transverse processes of T and L vertebrae, responsible for extending or dorsally bending cervical vertebrae.

67
Q

what are hypaxial muscles

A

located ventral to transverse process and include abdominal and thoracic muscles

68
Q

characteristic of ligamentum nuchae

A

Pale yellow with a thick cord-like funicular part and a flat sheet-like or lamellar part

69
Q

what happens to ligamentum nuchae when the head is cut

A

When the head is removed, elasticity of ligament causes the neck of the carcass to curve dorsally

70
Q

what is the ligamentum nuchae

A

Very strong elastic ligament in the dorsal midline of the neck

71
Q

use of ligamentum nuchae

A

Relieves the animal of the weight of its head

Without it, the head of the standing animal would droop between its forelimbs

72
Q

location and use of hypaxial muscles

A

Located ventral to the transverse processes

Are essentially flexors of the vertebral column

73
Q

hypaxial muscles of the neck

A

longus capitis

longus colli

74
Q

what is the longus capitis

A

lies on the lateral surface of the cervical vertebrae

75
Q

what is longus colli

A

 Covers the ventral surfaces of the vertebral bodies from T6 to C1
 Muscle must be reflected to expose the cervical intervertebral discs for surgery purposes

76
Q

hypaxial muscles of the thorax

A

o Scalenus and rectus thoracis
o Serratus ventralis (cervicis-thoracis)
o Serratus dorsalis (cranialis-caudalis)
o External intercostals: fibers run caudoventrally
o Internal intercostals: fibers run cranioventrally

77
Q

muscles of the abdominal wall

A

external abdominal oblique
internal abdominal oblique
transversus abdominis
rectus abdominis

78
Q

characteristics of the external abdominal oblique

A

Ventrally forms wide aponeurosis inserting on linea alba (midventral raphe) and prepubic tendon inguinal canal

79
Q

characteristics of the internal abdominal oblique

A

Inserts on costal arch, rectus abdominis, linea alba, prepubic tendon
Muscle fibers caudal border forms cremaster m.

80
Q

characteristics of transverse abdominis

A

Fibers run transversely: fibers sparse with ventral branches of T13, L1, L2, L3 spinal nerves
Caudal portion fuses with linea alba and prepubic tendon

81
Q

characteristics of rectus abdominis

A

o Extends from pubis (I) to sternum (O)

o Distinct transverse tendinous intersections

82
Q

what is the umbilical region of rectus abdominis

A

external lamina of the sheath of the rectus abdominis muscle is formed by the fused aponeurosis of external and internal abdominal muscles

83
Q

what forms the internal lamina

A

formed by aponeurosis of transversus abdominis muscle

84
Q

use of the muscles of the abdominal wall

A

urination, defecation, parturition, respiration, and locomotion when they contract.

85
Q

what is the prepubic tendon in domestic animals

A

prepubic tendon is a strong fibrous structure attached to the cranial border of the pubic bones (pectin of pubic bone) between the symmetrical iliopubic eminences

86
Q

what does the prepubic tendon of domestic mammals allow

A

allows the attachment of linea alba and the tendons of abdominal muscles to the pubis

87
Q

what is the linea alba

A

fibrous cord formed by the joining of the aponeuroses of the abdominal muscles from both sides.

88
Q

where is the linea alba

A

. Its on the ventral midline, extending fom the xiphoid cartilage to the pelvic symphysis. Site of incision for abdominal surgery as it is avascular.

89
Q

what is the inguinal canal

A
  • The passageway for abdominal structures out of the abdomen.
  • It’s a collapsed canal between the deep and superficial inguinal rings.
90
Q

what is the link of testicles with the inguinal canal

A

• The testicle descends through the inguinal canal just before or after birth to reach the scrotum.

91
Q

what is in the female inguinal canal

A

vaginal process

o Envelops the round ligament of the uterus

92
Q

what is in the male inguinal canal

A

vaginal tunic
o Cremaster muscle (thermoregulation system)
o Spermatic cord

93
Q

what is in the spermatic cord

A 
	Ductus (vas) deferens
	Testicular artery and nerve
	Pampiniform plexus
	Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers
	Lymphatic vessels
94
Q

what passes through the inguinal ring in both sexes

A

• In both sexes the external pudendal artery and vein and the genitofemoral nerve also pass through the inguinal ring

95
Q

where are the epaxial muscles

A
  • These muscles lie on or above the vertebral column (dorsal to transverse process).
  • The epaxial muscles extend the vertebral column (when both sides act together) and laterally flex the vertebral column (when one side contracts).
96
Q

what are the muscle systems of the epaxial muscles

A

transversospinalis system
longissimus system
illiocostalis system

97
Q

muscles of the transversospinalis system

A
  • splenius

- semispinalis capitis (biventer cervicis and complexus)

98
Q

muscles of the longissimus system

A
  • thoracis et lumborum
  • cervicis
  • capitis
99
Q

muscles of the illiocostalis system

A
  • lumborum

- thoracis

100
Q

muscles of inspiration in neck/trunk

A
  • sternocephalicus
  • scalenus rectus thoracis
  • serratus dorsalis (cranial)
  • external intercostal muscles
  • diaphragm
101
Q

muscles of expiration in neck/trunk

A
  • external and internal abdominal oblique
  • transversus abdominis
  • serratus ventralis
  • serratus dorsalis (caudal)
  • internal intercostals muscles
  • rectus abdominis
  • diaphragm
102
Q

location of most nerves

A

Most nerves extend from the brain or spinal cord to carry information to the muscles and organs.

103
Q

location of major nerves

A

• Twelve pairs of major nerves in the head arise from the brain and emerge through holes in the skull to reach their target areas such as the muzzle, eyeball, teeth and tongue.

104
Q

what are the cranial nerves

A

nerves of the head

105
Q

what are the peripheral nerves

A

nerves to the rest of the body arise in pairs from the spinal cord and exit from the vertebral column through spaces between the vertebrae

106
Q

what does the function of a nerve determine

A

• Function determines if nerves are classified as sensory (dorsal branch), motor (ventral branch) or mixed.

107
Q

what are sensory/afferent nerves

A

carry information from the periphery of the body to the spinal cord and brain

108
Q

what are motor/efferent nerves

A

transmit impulses from the brain and spinal cord to the periphery.

109
Q

what are mixed nerves

A

composed of both motor and sensory fibers and transmit messages in both directions.

110
Q

what is a neuron

A

basic unit of the nervous system

111
Q

what are the 2 characteristic properties of neurons

A

o Capable of responding to stimulation (irritability)

o Able to conduct impulses (conductivity)

112
Q

what are the parts of neurons

A

body
dendrites
axon
nerve terminals

113
Q

what is the neuron cell body

A

contains the nucleus of the cell

114
Q

what are dendrites

A

 thread-like extensions that typically branch into tree-like processes.
 They receive stimuli from other nerves or from a receptor organ such as the skin or ear and transmit them to the axon.

115
Q

what is an axon

A

is a long outgrowth of the cell body that carries impulses away from the cell body to another neuron, thereby stimulating an action.

116
Q

what is a nerve (axon) terminal

A

specialized structure at the end of the axon that used to release neurotransmitters (chemicals: acetylcholine norepinephrine, relaying electrical signals) and communicate with other neurons or target area.

117
Q

spinal cord segments in dogs/cats

A

C8-T13-L7-S3-Cd5

36 total

118
Q

spinal cord segments in bovine

A

C8-T13-L6-S5-Cd5

37 total

119
Q

spinal cord segments in horse

A

C8-T18-L6-S5-Cd5

42 total

120
Q

spinal cord segments in swine

A

C8-T14/15-L6/7-S4-Cd5

38 total

121
Q

spinal cord segments in humans

A

C8-T12-L5-S5-1 coccygeal

31 total

122
Q

5 main groups of spinal nerves

A
  1. Cervical supplying the neck region
  2. Brachial supplying the thoracic limb
  3. Thoracolumbar supplying the thorax and abdominal region
  4. Lumbosacral supplying the pelvic limb and perineum
  5. Caudal supplying the tail
123
Q

what happens to intercostal arteries

A

• Arteries of each intercostal space divide into ventral and dorsal branches (derived from dorsal intercostal arteries)

124
Q

where to dorsal intercostal arteries and veins pass?

A

• Dorsal intercostal arteries and veins pass ventrally where they anastomose (the union of parts of branches as blood vessels so as to intercommunicate or interconnect) with ventral intercostal branches (coming from the internal thoracic arteries and veins)

125
Q

what is the pelvic symphysis

A

o Join the pubis and ischium of the 2 hip bones.
o It’s a secondary cartilaginous joint that ossifies with age
o Ossification begins at the pubis and moves caudally

126
Q

what is the sacro iliac joints

A

o Combine a synovial join with an adjacent area of fibrous union.
o Thought to allow a firm joint with a degree of shock absorption

127
Q

what is the sacrotuberous ligament

A

o Stout cord that runs from the transverse processes of the last sacral and 1st caudal vertebrae to the lateral angle of the ischiatic tuberosity
o Serves as a point of attachment for biceps femoris muscle

128
Q

what is the hip

A

o Ball and socket joint whose main movement are flexion and extension

129
Q

what is the ligament of femoral head

A

o Thick band of collagenous tissue that extends from the acetabular fossa to the fovea capitis
o Prevents dislocation of hip joint

130
Q

what is the transverse acetabular ligament

A

o Small band that extends from one side of the acetabular notch to the opposite side
o Continues the acetabular lip which deepens the acetabulum to keep the femur head solidly in place

131
Q

the ligaments of the stifle/knee

A
  • Cranial cruciate ligament
  • Meniscofemoral ligament
  • Caudal cruciate ligament
  • Transverse ligament
  • Lateral and medial femoroplatellar ligament
  • Lateral collateral ligament
  • Medial collateral ligament
  • Patellar ligament
132
Q

3 bones of the knee joint

A

o Thigh bone/femur
o Shin bone/tibia
o Kneecap/patella

Comparative Anatomy (6 decks)

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