Quiz 3 Flashcards
1
Q
Parts of the axial skeleton
A
skull
hyoid apparatus
vertebrae
sternum
2
Q
what are hyoid apparatus
A
little bones in the neck that anchor tongue/throat muscles
3
Q
Parts of the appendicular skeleton
A
bones of the limbs and their joints (shoulder and hips)
4
Q
How many bones are part of the vertebral column
A
around 50 irregular bones
5
Q
what are the functions of the vertebral column
A
they aid in locomotion
- link thoracic and pelvic limbs
- provide direction and support the locomotor system
protect the spinal cord
6
Q
what are the 5 groups of vertebrae
A
cervical thoracic lumbar sacral caudal
7
Q
number of vertebrae in the dog
A
C7-T13-L7-S3-Cd20
8
Q
What is special about sacral vertebrae
A
they are fused
9
Q
what is special about the caudal vertebrae
A
number varies between breeds
10
Q
difference between cranially and caudally body vertebrae
A
cranially: convex
caudally: concave
11
Q
what are intervertebral disks
A
fibrous joints between bodies
12
Q
what are the components and function of intervertebral disks
A
components: nucleus pulposus and anulus fibrous
function: absorb shock and allow movement
13
Q
what are the parts of the vertebral arch
A
pedicles-basal part
laminae-dorsal part
14
Q
what makes the vertebral foramen
A
all VArches + body
15
Q
what makes the vertebra canal
A
all VForamina
16
Q
what is the intervertebral foramina
A
small holes through which pass the spinal nerve and blood vessels
17
Q
where are the spinous processes
A
located dorsally (spine)
18
Q
where are the transverse processes
A
project laterally from the area where the arch joins the body
19
Q
what is the transverse foramen
A
short canal that passes obliquely through the transverse process and contain vertebral arteries and veins
20
Q
where are the articular processes
A
2 on each side of vertebra that articulate with ribs
21
Q
what are the pairs of articular processes
A
cranial pair: dorsal-medial
caudal pair: ventral-lateral
22
Q
what are the parts of a typical vertebra
A
o Body o Vertebral arch o Right/left pedicles o Righ/left laminae o Transverse processes o Spinous processes o Articular processes
23
Q
what forms the vertebral foramen
A
body of the vertebral arch
24
Q
what forms the vertebral canal
A
all vertebral foramen joined together
25
what is the atlas
C1 - 1st cervical vertebra
26
parts of the atlas
- transverse process from the wings
27
movement of the atlas
hinge joint: yes movement
28
what is the axis
C2: 2nd cervical vertebra
29
parts of the axis
elongated spinous process
30
movement of the axis
pivot joint: no movement
31
articulation of atlas:
Cranial articular fovea articulates with occipital condyles of skull to form the atlanto-occipital joint
32
articulation of axis:
o Dens of axis articulates with fovea dentis of atlas to form atlanto-axial joint
33
shapes of the thoracic vertebrae
* 1st nine vertebrae have a spine (spinous process)
| * 12th to 13th different shape
34
what are the thoracic vertebrae articulate to
the ribs
35
what attaches to the mamillary process
epaxial muscles of the transversospinalis system attach to them
36
anticlinal vertebra characteristics
point in caudal thoracic vertebral column where vertebral anatomic features change
37
spinous process of anticlinal vertebra characteristics
perpendicular to the body and the preceding vertebrae incline caudally
38
Position of the spinous process in different species
horse: T16
big/medium dogs: T11
small dogs: T10
Ox T11 to T13
39
Processes of lumbar vertebrae
spinous process
| transverse process
40
characteristic of spinous process of the lumbar vertebrae
blunt
41
characteristic of transverse process of the lumbar vertebrae
prominent and directed cranially
42
what are the sacral vertebrae
- sacrum results from the fusion of the bodies and processes of 3 vertebrae
43
where is the sacrum
between the ilia
44
what is the sternum
8 unpaired segments of sternebrae
45
how are sternebrae joined
by intersternal cartilages
46
what is the 1st sternebrae
manubrium
47
what is the 8th sternebrae
xiphoid process
48
characteristics of ribs 1 to 9
articulate with sternum
49
characteristics of ribs 10 to 12
unite with each other to form the costal arch, “asternal ribs” that the costal cartilage attached to other costal cartilage rather than the strenum
50
characteristic of rib 13
floating rib, ends in muscle of thoracic wall
51
vertebral formulas by species
canine
- cervical 7, thoracic 13, lumbar 7, sacral 3
equine
- cervical 7, thoracic 18, lumbar 6, sacral 5
bovine
- cervical 7, thoracic 13, lumbar 6, sacral 5
52
how are ribs numbered
rib number corresponds with the caudal vertebra with which it articulates
53
what are true ribs
the sternal ribs, their cartilage attaches with the sternum
54
true ribs in dogs cats and horses
o Dog/cat: 9 pairs
| o Horse: 8 pairs
55
what are false ribs
the asternal ribs or costal arch, their cartilage doesn’t articulate with the sternum
56
false ribs in dogs cats and horses
o Dog/cat: 3 pairs
| o Horse: 10 pairs
57
what are floating ribs
their cartilage doesn’t attach to adjacent cartilage, they are a false asternal rib
58
floating ribs in dogs cats and horses
o Dog/Cat/Horse: 1 pair
59
where is the supraspinous ligament
runs along the tips of the spinous process from T1 to Caudal3
60
where is the interspinous ligament
in between spinous processes
61
use of the nuchal ligament
o Provides an elastic force that permits the lowered head to be raised relatively easily
62
nuchal ligament in dogs
Strong band connective tissue between the spinous processes of C2 to T1
63
nuchal ligament in horse/ox
extensive and consists of funicular (arising from the skull) and lamellar parts (strong connective tissue arising from T2/T3 and inserting into C2 to C6) that relieves the epaxial muscles when lifting and supporting the head
64
nuchal ligaments in cats/pigs/some primates
absent
65
what are the types of axial muscles
epaxial muscles
| hypaxial muscles
66
what are epaxial muscles
lie dorsal to transverse processes of T and L vertebrae, responsible for extending or dorsally bending cervical vertebrae.
67
what are hypaxial muscles
located ventral to transverse process and include abdominal and thoracic muscles
68
characteristic of ligamentum nuchae
Pale yellow with a thick cord-like funicular part and a flat sheet-like or lamellar part
69
what happens to ligamentum nuchae when the head is cut
When the head is removed, elasticity of ligament causes the neck of the carcass to curve dorsally
70
what is the ligamentum nuchae
Very strong elastic ligament in the dorsal midline of the neck
71
use of ligamentum nuchae
Relieves the animal of the weight of its head
Without it, the head of the standing animal would droop between its forelimbs
72
location and use of hypaxial muscles
Located ventral to the transverse processes
Are essentially flexors of the vertebral column
73
hypaxial muscles of the neck
longus capitis
| longus colli
74
what is the longus capitis
lies on the lateral surface of the cervical vertebrae
75
what is longus colli
Covers the ventral surfaces of the vertebral bodies from T6 to C1
Muscle must be reflected to expose the cervical intervertebral discs for surgery purposes
76
hypaxial muscles of the thorax
o Scalenus and rectus thoracis
o Serratus ventralis (cervicis-thoracis)
o Serratus dorsalis (cranialis-caudalis)
o External intercostals: fibers run caudoventrally
o Internal intercostals: fibers run cranioventrally
77
muscles of the abdominal wall
external abdominal oblique
internal abdominal oblique
transversus abdominis
rectus abdominis
78
characteristics of the external abdominal oblique
Ventrally forms wide aponeurosis inserting on linea alba (midventral raphe) and prepubic tendon inguinal canal
79
characteristics of the internal abdominal oblique
Inserts on costal arch, rectus abdominis, linea alba, prepubic tendon
Muscle fibers caudal border forms cremaster m.
80
characteristics of transverse abdominis
Fibers run transversely: fibers sparse with ventral branches of T13, L1, L2, L3 spinal nerves
Caudal portion fuses with linea alba and prepubic tendon
81
characteristics of rectus abdominis
o Extends from pubis (I) to sternum (O)
| o Distinct transverse tendinous intersections
82
what is the umbilical region of rectus abdominis
external lamina of the sheath of the rectus abdominis muscle is formed by the fused aponeurosis of external and internal abdominal muscles
83
what forms the internal lamina
formed by aponeurosis of transversus abdominis muscle
84
use of the muscles of the abdominal wall
urination, defecation, parturition, respiration, and locomotion when they contract.
85
what is the prepubic tendon in domestic animals
prepubic tendon is a strong fibrous structure attached to the cranial border of the pubic bones (pectin of pubic bone) between the symmetrical iliopubic eminences
86
what does the prepubic tendon of domestic mammals allow
allows the attachment of linea alba and the tendons of abdominal muscles to the pubis
87
what is the linea alba
fibrous cord formed by the joining of the aponeuroses of the abdominal muscles from both sides.
88
where is the linea alba
. Its on the ventral midline, extending fom the xiphoid cartilage to the pelvic symphysis. Site of incision for abdominal surgery as it is avascular.
89
what is the inguinal canal
* The passageway for abdominal structures out of the abdomen.
* It’s a collapsed canal between the deep and superficial inguinal rings.
90
what is the link of testicles with the inguinal canal
• The testicle descends through the inguinal canal just before or after birth to reach the scrotum.
91
what is in the female inguinal canal
vaginal process
| o Envelops the round ligament of the uterus
92
what is in the male inguinal canal
vaginal tunic
o Cremaster muscle (thermoregulation system)
o Spermatic cord
93
what is in the spermatic cord
```
Ductus (vas) deferens
Testicular artery and nerve
Pampiniform plexus
Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers
Lymphatic vessels
```
94
what passes through the inguinal ring in both sexes
• In both sexes the external pudendal artery and vein and the genitofemoral nerve also pass through the inguinal ring
95
where are the epaxial muscles
* These muscles lie on or above the vertebral column (dorsal to transverse process).
* The epaxial muscles extend the vertebral column (when both sides act together) and laterally flex the vertebral column (when one side contracts).
96
what are the muscle systems of the epaxial muscles
transversospinalis system
longissimus system
illiocostalis system
97
muscles of the transversospinalis system
- splenius
| - semispinalis capitis (biventer cervicis and complexus)
98
muscles of the longissimus system
- thoracis et lumborum
- cervicis
- capitis
99
muscles of the illiocostalis system
- lumborum
| - thoracis
100
muscles of inspiration in neck/trunk
- sternocephalicus
- scalenus rectus thoracis
- serratus dorsalis (cranial)
- external intercostal muscles
- diaphragm
101
muscles of expiration in neck/trunk
- external and internal abdominal oblique
- transversus abdominis
- serratus ventralis
- serratus dorsalis (caudal)
- internal intercostals muscles
- rectus abdominis
- diaphragm
102
location of most nerves
Most nerves extend from the brain or spinal cord to carry information to the muscles and organs.
103
location of major nerves
• Twelve pairs of major nerves in the head arise from the brain and emerge through holes in the skull to reach their target areas such as the muzzle, eyeball, teeth and tongue.
104
what are the cranial nerves
nerves of the head
105
what are the peripheral nerves
nerves to the rest of the body arise in pairs from the spinal cord and exit from the vertebral column through spaces between the vertebrae
106
what does the function of a nerve determine
• Function determines if nerves are classified as sensory (dorsal branch), motor (ventral branch) or mixed.
107
what are sensory/afferent nerves
carry information from the periphery of the body to the spinal cord and brain
108
what are motor/efferent nerves
transmit impulses from the brain and spinal cord to the periphery.
109
what are mixed nerves
composed of both motor and sensory fibers and transmit messages in both directions.
110
what is a neuron
basic unit of the nervous system
111
what are the 2 characteristic properties of neurons
o Capable of responding to stimulation (irritability)
| o Able to conduct impulses (conductivity)
112
what are the parts of neurons
body
dendrites
axon
nerve terminals
113
what is the neuron cell body
contains the nucleus of the cell
114
what are dendrites
thread-like extensions that typically branch into tree-like processes.
They receive stimuli from other nerves or from a receptor organ such as the skin or ear and transmit them to the axon.
115
what is an axon
is a long outgrowth of the cell body that carries impulses away from the cell body to another neuron, thereby stimulating an action.
116
what is a nerve (axon) terminal
specialized structure at the end of the axon that used to release neurotransmitters (chemicals: acetylcholine norepinephrine, relaying electrical signals) and communicate with other neurons or target area.
117
spinal cord segments in dogs/cats
C8-T13-L7-S3-Cd5
| 36 total
118
spinal cord segments in bovine
C8-T13-L6-S5-Cd5
| 37 total
119
spinal cord segments in horse
C8-T18-L6-S5-Cd5
| 42 total
120
spinal cord segments in swine
C8-T14/15-L6/7-S4-Cd5
| 38 total
121
spinal cord segments in humans
C8-T12-L5-S5-1 coccygeal
| 31 total
122
5 main groups of spinal nerves
1. Cervical supplying the neck region
2. Brachial supplying the thoracic limb
3. Thoracolumbar supplying the thorax and abdominal region
4. Lumbosacral supplying the pelvic limb and perineum
5. Caudal supplying the tail
123
what happens to intercostal arteries
• Arteries of each intercostal space divide into ventral and dorsal branches (derived from dorsal intercostal arteries)
124
where to dorsal intercostal arteries and veins pass?
• Dorsal intercostal arteries and veins pass ventrally where they anastomose (the union of parts of branches as blood vessels so as to intercommunicate or interconnect) with ventral intercostal branches (coming from the internal thoracic arteries and veins)
125
what is the pelvic symphysis
o Join the pubis and ischium of the 2 hip bones.
o It’s a secondary cartilaginous joint that ossifies with age
o Ossification begins at the pubis and moves caudally
126
what is the sacro iliac joints
o Combine a synovial join with an adjacent area of fibrous union.
o Thought to allow a firm joint with a degree of shock absorption
127
what is the sacrotuberous ligament
o Stout cord that runs from the transverse processes of the last sacral and 1st caudal vertebrae to the lateral angle of the ischiatic tuberosity
o Serves as a point of attachment for biceps femoris muscle
128
what is the hip
o Ball and socket joint whose main movement are flexion and extension
129
what is the ligament of femoral head
o Thick band of collagenous tissue that extends from the acetabular fossa to the fovea capitis
o Prevents dislocation of hip joint
130
what is the transverse acetabular ligament
o Small band that extends from one side of the acetabular notch to the opposite side
o Continues the acetabular lip which deepens the acetabulum to keep the femur head solidly in place
131
the ligaments of the stifle/knee
* Cranial cruciate ligament
* Meniscofemoral ligament
* Caudal cruciate ligament
* Transverse ligament
* Lateral and medial femoroplatellar ligament
* Lateral collateral ligament
* Medial collateral ligament
* Patellar ligament
132
3 bones of the knee joint
o Thigh bone/femur
o Shin bone/tibia
o Kneecap/patella
