Quiz 4 Flashcards
What is the pleurae
2 serous membranes that cover the lungs and line the walls of the thorax
What are the 2 membranes of the pleurae
outer/parietal: attached to the thoracic wall
inner/visceral: connected to the surface of the lungs
What is the pleural cavity/intrapleural space
the space between the visceral and costal pleura
What is the function of the pleural fluid
it fills the pleural cavity
it allows the pleurae to slide effortlessly against each other during ventilation
Why are the left and right pleural sacs separate
if one is punctured, the other lung can continue to function normally
what is the mediastinum
the central compartment of the thoracic cavity
what does the mediastinum contain
the heart the great vessels of the heart esophagus trachea thymus vagus nerves and lymph nodes of the central chest
What are the lobes of the left lung and their parts
- cranial lobe: cranial and caudal parts
- caudal lobe
what are the lobes of the right lung
- cranial
- middle
- caudal
- accessory
what is special about the accessory lobe
the vena cava and esophagus impression
what is the cardiac notch?
the RV location for cardiac puncture
between the 4th and 5th rib, needle can be directed into the heart without piercing lung tissue
What are the veins cranial to the heart
cranial vena cava
brachiocephalic
what are the arteries cranial to the heart
aorta, ascending aortic arch
what are the next branches of the brachiocephalic vein
- external jugular
- subclavian
what are the branches off of the aortic arch
- brachiocephalic trunk
- left subclavian artery
What are the branches off of the brachiocephalic trunk
- right subclavian artery
- right and left common carotid
what are the branches off of the left subclavian artery
VECISA
- vertebral artery
- costocervical trunk
- internal thoracic artery
- superficial cervical artery
- axillary artery
what is the azygos
the last vein entering the cranial vena cava
- only develops on the right side
- collects all of the dorsal intercostal veins
what is the thoracic duct
collects the lymph drainage from viscera, pelvic limbs, left thoracic limb and left tracheal trunk
it drains into the left brachiocephalic vein
what is the right lymphatic duct
collects lymph drainage from the right thoracic limb and tracheal trunk
it drains into the right brachiocephalic vein
Where are the venipuncture sites in dogs
- cephalic vein
- external jugular vein
what follows the cephalic vein
cephalic vein
axillobrachial vein
omobrachial vein
external jugular vein
what is the lymphatic system responsible for
to keep the interstitial tissue free of
- toxins,
- cellular waste,
- bacteria,
- infections,
what happens if the lymphatic system is not cleaning itself properly
other immune systems often become compromised
what is the function of the thoracic duct
to be the chief channel for return of lymph into the body
what are the 2 systems of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)
sympathetic/thoracolumbar division
parasympathetic/craniosacral division
what is a ganglion
a group of neural bodies outside the brain
what is the origin of the sympathetic trunk
cranial cervical ganglion
what surrounds the left subclavian artery
- ansa subclavia
- middle cervical ganglion
- cervicothoracic ganglion
what is ramus communicans
branches of communication between the each spinal nerve and sympathetic trunk
what is the role of the ansa subclavia
to communicate with the cervicothoracic ganglion
where is the middle cervical ganglion
at the widening of the sympathetic trunk
What are the autonomic sympathetic ganglia
- cranial cervical ganglion
- middle cervical ganglion
- cervicothoracic ganglion
- left celiac ganglion
- renal and gonadal ganglia
- cranial mesenteric ganglion
- caudal mesenteric ganglion
- pelvic ganglia in plexus
which are the prevertebral ganglia and where are they found
caudal to the diaphragm
- left celiac ganglion
- cranial mesenteric ganglion
- renal and gonadal ganglia
- causal mesenteric ganglion
steps of the nerve pathways
origin preganglionic pathway ganglion postganglionic pathway target organs
what is the origin of the sympathetic pathway in the pelvic viscera
lumbar segments L1-L3
what is the preganglionic pathway of the sympathetic pathway in the pelvic viscera
ventral root spinal nerve ramus communicans sympathetic trunk lumbar splanchnic nerve caudal mesenteric
what is the ganglion of the sympathetic pathway in the pelvic viscera
caudal mesenteric ganglion
also some pelvic ganglia
what is the postganglionic pathway of the sympathetic pathway in the pelvic viscera
left or right hypogastic nerve to the pelvic plexus
branches to pelvic viscera from the pelvic plexus
what are the target organs of the sympathetic pathway in the pelvic viscera
smooth muscle and glands associated with pelvic viscera - urinary tract - genitalia - rectum - anal canal blood vessel smooth muscle
what is the origin of the parasympathetic pathway in the pelvic viscera
sacral segments (S1-S3) of the canine spinal cord
what is the preganglionic pathway of the parasympathetic pathway in the pelvic viscera
ventral root spinal nerve ventral primary branch lumbosacral nerve plexus pelvic nerve pelvic plexus
what is the ganglion of the parasympathetic pathway in the pelvic viscera
pelvic ganglia
also some in terminal ganglia
what is the postganglionic pathway of the parasympathetic pathway in the pelvic viscera
direct branches from pelvic plexus to pelvic viscera
what are the target organs of the parasympathetic pathway in the pelvic viscera
smooth muscle and glands associated with pelvic viscera - urinary tract - genitalia - descending colon - rectum - anal canal blood vessels to penis/clitoris
regions in the CNS where sympathetic and parasympathetic come from
sympathetic: from the thoracolumbar region
parasympathetic: from the craniosacral region
location in ganglia of sympathetic and parasympathetic
sympathetic: close to spinal cord in a chain
parasympathetic: close to target organs
differing lengths of postganglionic fibers of sympathetic and parasympathetic
sympathetic: long
parasympathetic: short
postganglionic branching of sympathetic and parasympathetic
sympathetic: lots, so that multiple organs can be mobilized at once
parasympathetic: very little branching
effect of sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation on the heart
sympathetic: increase heart rate, increase force of contraction of whole heart
parasympathetic: decreased rate, decreased force of contraction of whole heart
effect of sympa and parasympa stimulation on blood vessels
sympa: constriction
parasympa: dilation of vessels supplying the penis and clitoris only
effect of sympa and parasympa stimulation on lungs
sympa: dilation of bronchioles (airways), inhibition of mucus secretion
parasympa: constriction of bronchioles, stimulation of mucus secretion
effect of sympa and parasympa stimulation on digestive tract
sympa: decreased motility (movement), contraction of sphincters (to prevent forward movement of contents), inhibition of digestive secretions
parasympa: increased motility, relaxation of sphincters (permit forward movement of contents), stimulation of digestive secretions
effect of sympa and parasympa stimulation on urinary bladder
sympa: relaxation
parasympa: contraction (emptying)
effect of sympa and parasympa stimulation on eye
sympa: dilation of pupil, adjustment of eye for far vision
parasympa: contraction of pupil, adjustment of eye for near vision
effect of sympa and parasympa stimultion on liver (glycogen stores)
sympa: glycogenolysis (glucose released)
parasympa: none
effect of sympa and parasympa stimulation on adipose cells (fat stores)
sympa: lipolysis (fatty acids released)
parasympa: none
effects of sympa and parasympa stimulation on male gonads/genitalia
sympa: semen ejaculation
parasympa: penis erection
what are the chambers of the heart
auricles
atria
ventricles
what are auricles
earlike appendage of each atrium of the heart (pectinate muscle)
what are atria
the 2 superior chambers of the heart, receiving the blood
what are the 2 parts of the right atria
- sinus venarum
2. right auricle
what are ventricles
2 lower chambers of the heart
the pumping chambers
(chordae tendinae, papillary muscles, trabeculae carnae. trabecula septomarginalis)
what is the role of the valves of the heart
mechanical devices that permit the flow of blood in one direction only
what are the types of heart valves
atrioventricular
semilunar
what are the atrioventricular valves
right AV -> tricuspid valve
left AV -> bicuspid/mitral valve
what are semilunar valves
halfmoon shapes flaps growing out from the lining of the pulmonary artery and aorta
what are the semilunar valves
pulmonary trunk -> pulmonary semilunar vein
aorta -> aortic semilunar vein
what supplies the heart with blood
right and left coronary artery
where to R and L coronary arteries originate
aortic sinus
position and role of R coronary artery
- leaves right sinus
- supplies blood to RA and RV
position of L coronary artery
- leaves left sinus
what does L coronary artery split off into
- circumflex artery (coronary groove)
- paraconal interventricular artery (auricular surface)
what is the continuing branch of L coronary artery
subsinuosal interventricular artery (atrial surface)
how is deoxygenated blood return to the R atrium
via coronary sinus by:
- great cardiac vein
- middle cardiac vein
- small cardiac vein
how is deoxygenated blood return to the R atrium
via coronary sinus by:
- great cardiac vein
- middle cardiac vein
- small cardiac vein
parts of the conduction system
- sinoatrial node
- atrioventricular node
- atrioventricular bundle
what is the sinoatrial node
SA node/Pacemaker
hundreds of cells located in right atrial wall near superior vena cava
what is the atrioventricular node
special cardiac tissue located in right atrium along the lower part of interatrial septum
what is the atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His) and purkinje fibers
special cardiac fibers originating in AV node
extend down septum
become purkinje fibers at lateral walls of ventricles and papillary muscles
from what do the thoracic viscera recieve innervation
from middle cervical ganglion via branches that run with the vagus nerve
what partially obscurs themiddle cervical ganglion
the costocervical vein
what causes the heart to beat
due to the wave of depolarization that originates in the sinoatrial node at the juncture of the cranial vena cava and the right atrium
what happens when the SA node is at rest
it discharges
times/min of SA node discharge it horse, cat, dog
horse: 15 times/min
cat: >200 times/min
dog: 60-160 times/min
what happens to the speed of the SA nod discharge in big animal
the larger the animal, the slower the rate of SA node discharge and the slower the heart rate
what happens to the rate of the SA node discharge when norepinephrine is released
it increases
what happens to the rate of the SA node discharge when acetylcholine is released
it decreases
what releases norepinephrone
sympathetic nerves
what releases acetylcholine
parasympathetic (vagus) nerves
what is respiratory sinus arrhythmia
when a healthy dog has an irregular heart rate
the heart rate increases during respiration and decreases during expiration
what results in respiratory sinus arrhythmia
decreased vagal activity during respiration and increased vagal activity during expiration
what is the foramen ovale
a shunt allowing blood to enter the left atrium from the right atrium
what does the formaen ovale allow
it allows the blood entering the right atrium to bypass the pulmonary circulation
what happens to the foramen ovale after birth
it closes to form the fossa ovalis
what is the ductus arteriosus
a shunt connecting the pulmonary artery to the aortic arch that allows most of the blood from the right ventricle to bypass the fetus fluid filled lungs
what happens to the ductus arteriosus once it closes
remnant becomes the ligamentum arteriosum
what is the ductus venosus
shunts a portion of the left umbilical vein blood flow directly to the descending vena cava
what does the ductus venosus allow
allows oxygenated blood from the placenta to bypass the liver
what happens to the ductus venosus after it closes
it is called the ligamentum venosum
what do all fetal shunts play a role in
in shunting oxygenated blood to the fetal brain
what are the 4 main thoracic limb arteries
subclavian
axillary
brachial
median
what arteries split off the subclavian
vertebral
costocervical
internal thoracic
superficial cervical
what arteries split off the axillary
ext thoracic lat thoracic subscapular - thoracodorsal - caudal circumflex humeral circumflex scapula cranial circumflex humeral
what arteries split off the brachial
deep brachial bicipital collateral ulnar superficial brachial common interosseous - cranial interosseous - caudal interosseous - ulnar - deep antibrachial
what arteries split off the median
radial
what is the cephalic vein used for
an injection site as well as a blood collection site
where is the cephalic vein
it runs along the cranial surface of the antebrachium and continues deep to the cleidobrachialis muscle to join the external jugular vein
what is the arterial and nerve supply of the lateral muscles of scapula and shoulder
arterial: superficial cervical
nerve: suprascapular
what is the arterial and nerve supply of the caudal muscles of scapula and shoulder
arterial: subscapular
nerve: axillary
what is the arterial and nerve supply of the cranial muscles of the arm
arterial: superficial cervical, axillary, brachial
nerve: musculocutaneous
what is the arterial and nerve supply of the caudal muscles of the arm
arterial: axillary, brachial
nerve: radial
what is the arterial and nerve supply of the cranial muscles of the forearm
arterial: brachial - common interosseous
nerve: radial
what is the arterial and nerve supply of the caudal muscles of the forearm
arterial: brachial - deep antebrachial
nerve: median and ulnar
what are the lateral muscles of scapula and shoulder
stabilizers, flexors and extensors of shoulder: supraspinatus and infrasprinatus
what are the caudal muscles of scapula and shoulder
flexors of shoulder: deltoideus, teres major, teres minor
what are the cranial muscles of arm
flexors of elbow, extensor of shoulder: biceps brachii, brachialis
what are the caudal muscles of the arm
extensors of elbow: triceps brachii
what are the cranial muscles of the forearm
carpal extensors, digital extensors
what are the caudal muscles of the forearm
carpal flexors, digital flexors
origin and muscle innervation of the suprascapular nerve
o: C6-C7
mi: supraspinatus, infraspinatus
origin and muscle innervation of subscapular nerve
o: C6-C7
mi: subscapularis
origin and muscle innervation of musculocutaneous nerve
o: C6-C7-C8
mi: coracobrachialis, biceps brachii, brachialis
origin and muscle innervation of axillary nerve
o: C7-C8
mi: teres major, teres minor, deltoideus, part of subscapularis
origin and muscle innervation of thoracodorsal nerve
o: C7-C8-T1
mi: latissimus dorsi
origin and muscle innervation of radial nerve
o: c7-C8-T1-T2
mi: triceps brachii, tensor fasciae, antebrachii, anconeus, common digital extensor, lateral digital extensor, supinator, , extensor carpi ulnaris, extensor cari radialis, ulnaris lateralis, abductor digiti I longus
origin and muscle innervation of medial nerve
o: c8-T1-T2
mi: pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, superficial digital flexor, pronator quadratus, 3 heads of DDF
origin and muscle innervation of ulnar nerve
o: C8-T1-T2
mi: flexor carpi ulnaris, deep digital flexor (ulnar and humeral heads)
muscles supplied by external thoracic artery
superficial pectorals
muscles supplied by lateral thoracic artery
deep pectorals
latissimus dorsi
cutaneous trunci
muscles supplied by subscapular artery
subscapularis
teres major
muscles supplied by caudal circumflex humeral artery
deltoideus
coracobrachialis
infraspinatus
triceps
muscles supplied by thoracodorsal artery
latissimus dorsi
muscles supplied by deep brachial artery
triceps
muscles supplied by bicipital artery
biceps brachii
brachialis
muscles supplied by superficial brachial artery
the dorsum of the forepaw
muscles supplied by the collateral ulnar aartery
triceps
muscles supplied by the common interosseous artery
digital extensor muscles
muscles supplied b ulnar artery
deep difital flexor
flexor carpi ulnaris
muscles supplied by caudal interosseous artery
pronator quadratus
muscles supplied by deep antibrachial
flexor carpi radialis
flexor carpi ulnaris
superficial digital flexor
deep digital flexor
muscles supplied by median artery
main blood supply to paw
muscles supplied by radial artery
deep vessels of paw
