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Comparative Anatomy > Quiz 4 > Flashcards

Quiz 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pleurae

A

2 serous membranes that cover the lungs and line the walls of the thorax

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2
Q

What are the 2 membranes of the pleurae

A

outer/parietal: attached to the thoracic wall

inner/visceral: connected to the surface of the lungs

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3
Q

What is the pleural cavity/intrapleural space

A

the space between the visceral and costal pleura

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4
Q

What is the function of the pleural fluid

A

it fills the pleural cavity

it allows the pleurae to slide effortlessly against each other during ventilation

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5
Q

Why are the left and right pleural sacs separate

A

if one is punctured, the other lung can continue to function normally

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6
Q

what is the mediastinum

A

the central compartment of the thoracic cavity

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7
Q

what does the mediastinum contain

A 
the heart
the great vessels of the heart
esophagus
trachea
thymus
vagus nerves and lymph nodes of the central chest
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8
Q

What are the lobes of the left lung and their parts

A
  • cranial lobe: cranial and caudal parts

- caudal lobe

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9
Q

what are the lobes of the right lung

A
  • cranial
  • middle
  • caudal
  • accessory
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10
Q

what is special about the accessory lobe

A

the vena cava and esophagus impression

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11
Q

what is the cardiac notch?

A

the RV location for cardiac puncture

between the 4th and 5th rib, needle can be directed into the heart without piercing lung tissue

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12
Q

What are the veins cranial to the heart

A

cranial vena cava

brachiocephalic

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13
Q

what are the arteries cranial to the heart

A

aorta, ascending aortic arch

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14
Q

what are the next branches of the brachiocephalic vein

A
  • external jugular

- subclavian

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15
Q

what are the branches off of the aortic arch

A
  • brachiocephalic trunk

- left subclavian artery

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16
Q

What are the branches off of the brachiocephalic trunk

A
  • right subclavian artery

- right and left common carotid

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17
Q

what are the branches off of the left subclavian artery

A

VECISA

  • vertebral artery
  • costocervical trunk
  • internal thoracic artery
  • superficial cervical artery
  • axillary artery
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18
Q

what is the azygos

A

the last vein entering the cranial vena cava

  • only develops on the right side
  • collects all of the dorsal intercostal veins
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19
Q

what is the thoracic duct

A

collects the lymph drainage from viscera, pelvic limbs, left thoracic limb and left tracheal trunk
it drains into the left brachiocephalic vein

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20
Q

what is the right lymphatic duct

A

collects lymph drainage from the right thoracic limb and tracheal trunk
it drains into the right brachiocephalic vein

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21
Q

Where are the venipuncture sites in dogs

A
  • cephalic vein

- external jugular vein

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22
Q

what follows the cephalic vein

A

cephalic vein
axillobrachial vein
omobrachial vein
external jugular vein

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23
Q

what is the lymphatic system responsible for

A

to keep the interstitial tissue free of

  • toxins,
  • cellular waste,
  • bacteria,
  • infections,
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24
Q

what happens if the lymphatic system is not cleaning itself properly

A

other immune systems often become compromised

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25
what is the function of the thoracic duct
to be the chief channel for return of lymph into the body
26
what are the 2 systems of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)
sympathetic/thoracolumbar division | parasympathetic/craniosacral division
27
what is a ganglion
a group of neural bodies outside the brain
28
what is the origin of the sympathetic trunk
cranial cervical ganglion
29
what surrounds the left subclavian artery
- ansa subclavia - middle cervical ganglion - cervicothoracic ganglion
30
what is ramus communicans
branches of communication between the each spinal nerve and sympathetic trunk
31
what is the role of the ansa subclavia
to communicate with the cervicothoracic ganglion
32
where is the middle cervical ganglion
at the widening of the sympathetic trunk
33
What are the autonomic sympathetic ganglia
- cranial cervical ganglion - middle cervical ganglion - cervicothoracic ganglion - left celiac ganglion - renal and gonadal ganglia - cranial mesenteric ganglion - caudal mesenteric ganglion - pelvic ganglia in plexus
34
which are the prevertebral ganglia and where are they found
caudal to the diaphragm - left celiac ganglion - cranial mesenteric ganglion - renal and gonadal ganglia - causal mesenteric ganglion
35
steps of the nerve pathways
``` origin preganglionic pathway ganglion postganglionic pathway target organs ```
36
what is the origin of the sympathetic pathway in the pelvic viscera
lumbar segments L1-L3
37
what is the preganglionic pathway of the sympathetic pathway in the pelvic viscera
``` ventral root spinal nerve ramus communicans sympathetic trunk lumbar splanchnic nerve caudal mesenteric ```
38
what is the ganglion of the sympathetic pathway in the pelvic viscera
caudal mesenteric ganglion | also some pelvic ganglia
39
what is the postganglionic pathway of the sympathetic pathway in the pelvic viscera
left or right hypogastic nerve to the pelvic plexus | branches to pelvic viscera from the pelvic plexus
40
what are the target organs of the sympathetic pathway in the pelvic viscera
``` smooth muscle and glands associated with pelvic viscera - urinary tract - genitalia - rectum - anal canal blood vessel smooth muscle ```
41
what is the origin of the parasympathetic pathway in the pelvic viscera
sacral segments (S1-S3) of the canine spinal cord
42
what is the preganglionic pathway of the parasympathetic pathway in the pelvic viscera
``` ventral root spinal nerve ventral primary branch lumbosacral nerve plexus pelvic nerve pelvic plexus ```
43
what is the ganglion of the parasympathetic pathway in the pelvic viscera
pelvic ganglia | also some in terminal ganglia
44
what is the postganglionic pathway of the parasympathetic pathway in the pelvic viscera
direct branches from pelvic plexus to pelvic viscera
45
what are the target organs of the parasympathetic pathway in the pelvic viscera
``` smooth muscle and glands associated with pelvic viscera - urinary tract - genitalia - descending colon - rectum - anal canal blood vessels to penis/clitoris ```
46
regions in the CNS where sympathetic and parasympathetic come from
sympathetic: from the thoracolumbar region parasympathetic: from the craniosacral region
47
location in ganglia of sympathetic and parasympathetic
sympathetic: close to spinal cord in a chain parasympathetic: close to target organs
48
differing lengths of postganglionic fibers of sympathetic and parasympathetic
sympathetic: long parasympathetic: short
49
postganglionic branching of sympathetic and parasympathetic
sympathetic: lots, so that multiple organs can be mobilized at once parasympathetic: very little branching
50
effect of sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation on the heart
sympathetic: increase heart rate, increase force of contraction of whole heart parasympathetic: decreased rate, decreased force of contraction of whole heart
51
effect of sympa and parasympa stimulation on blood vessels
sympa: constriction parasympa: dilation of vessels supplying the penis and clitoris only
52
effect of sympa and parasympa stimulation on lungs
sympa: dilation of bronchioles (airways), inhibition of mucus secretion parasympa: constriction of bronchioles, stimulation of mucus secretion
53
effect of sympa and parasympa stimulation on digestive tract
sympa: decreased motility (movement), contraction of sphincters (to prevent forward movement of contents), inhibition of digestive secretions parasympa: increased motility, relaxation of sphincters (permit forward movement of contents), stimulation of digestive secretions
54
effect of sympa and parasympa stimulation on urinary bladder
sympa: relaxation parasympa: contraction (emptying)
55
effect of sympa and parasympa stimulation on eye
sympa: dilation of pupil, adjustment of eye for far vision parasympa: contraction of pupil, adjustment of eye for near vision
56
effect of sympa and parasympa stimultion on liver (glycogen stores)
sympa: glycogenolysis (glucose released) parasympa: none
57
effect of sympa and parasympa stimulation on adipose cells (fat stores)
sympa: lipolysis (fatty acids released) parasympa: none
58
effects of sympa and parasympa stimulation on male gonads/genitalia
sympa: semen ejaculation parasympa: penis erection
59
what are the chambers of the heart
auricles atria ventricles
60
what are auricles
earlike appendage of each atrium of the heart (pectinate muscle)
61
what are atria
the 2 superior chambers of the heart, receiving the blood
62
what are the 2 parts of the right atria
1. sinus venarum | 2. right auricle
63
what are ventricles
2 lower chambers of the heart the pumping chambers (chordae tendinae, papillary muscles, trabeculae carnae. trabecula septomarginalis)
64
what is the role of the valves of the heart
mechanical devices that permit the flow of blood in one direction only
65
what are the types of heart valves
atrioventricular | semilunar
66
what are the atrioventricular valves
right AV -> tricuspid valve | left AV -> bicuspid/mitral valve
67
what are semilunar valves
halfmoon shapes flaps growing out from the lining of the pulmonary artery and aorta
68
what are the semilunar valves
pulmonary trunk -> pulmonary semilunar vein | aorta -> aortic semilunar vein
69
what supplies the heart with blood
right and left coronary artery
70
where to R and L coronary arteries originate
aortic sinus
71
position and role of R coronary artery
- leaves right sinus | - supplies blood to RA and RV
72
position of L coronary artery
- leaves left sinus
73
what does L coronary artery split off into
- circumflex artery (coronary groove) | - paraconal interventricular artery (auricular surface)
74
what is the continuing branch of L coronary artery
subsinuosal interventricular artery (atrial surface)
75
how is deoxygenated blood return to the R atrium
via coronary sinus by: - great cardiac vein - middle cardiac vein - small cardiac vein
76
how is deoxygenated blood return to the R atrium
via coronary sinus by: - great cardiac vein - middle cardiac vein - small cardiac vein
77
parts of the conduction system
- sinoatrial node - atrioventricular node - atrioventricular bundle
78
what is the sinoatrial node
SA node/Pacemaker | hundreds of cells located in right atrial wall near superior vena cava
79
what is the atrioventricular node
special cardiac tissue located in right atrium along the lower part of interatrial septum
80
what is the atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His) and purkinje fibers
special cardiac fibers originating in AV node extend down septum become purkinje fibers at lateral walls of ventricles and papillary muscles
81
from what do the thoracic viscera recieve innervation
from middle cervical ganglion via branches that run with the vagus nerve
82
what partially obscurs themiddle cervical ganglion
the costocervical vein
83
what causes the heart to beat
due to the wave of depolarization that originates in the sinoatrial node at the juncture of the cranial vena cava and the right atrium
84
what happens when the SA node is at rest
it discharges
85
times/min of SA node discharge it horse, cat, dog
horse: 15 times/min cat: >200 times/min dog: 60-160 times/min
86
what happens to the speed of the SA nod discharge in big animal
the larger the animal, the slower the rate of SA node discharge and the slower the heart rate
87
what happens to the rate of the SA node discharge when norepinephrine is released
it increases
88
what happens to the rate of the SA node discharge when acetylcholine is released
it decreases
89
what releases norepinephrone
sympathetic nerves
90
what releases acetylcholine
parasympathetic (vagus) nerves
91
what is respiratory sinus arrhythmia
when a healthy dog has an irregular heart rate | the heart rate increases during respiration and decreases during expiration
92
what results in respiratory sinus arrhythmia
decreased vagal activity during respiration and increased vagal activity during expiration
93
what is the foramen ovale
a shunt allowing blood to enter the left atrium from the right atrium
94
what does the formaen ovale allow
it allows the blood entering the right atrium to bypass the pulmonary circulation
95
what happens to the foramen ovale after birth
it closes to form the fossa ovalis
96
what is the ductus arteriosus
a shunt connecting the pulmonary artery to the aortic arch that allows most of the blood from the right ventricle to bypass the fetus fluid filled lungs
97
what happens to the ductus arteriosus once it closes
remnant becomes the ligamentum arteriosum
98
what is the ductus venosus
shunts a portion of the left umbilical vein blood flow directly to the descending vena cava
99
what does the ductus venosus allow
allows oxygenated blood from the placenta to bypass the liver
100
what happens to the ductus venosus after it closes
it is called the ligamentum venosum
101
what do all fetal shunts play a role in
in shunting oxygenated blood to the fetal brain
102
what are the 4 main thoracic limb arteries
subclavian axillary brachial median
103
what arteries split off the subclavian
vertebral costocervical internal thoracic superficial cervical
104
what arteries split off the axillary
``` ext thoracic lat thoracic subscapular - thoracodorsal - caudal circumflex humeral circumflex scapula cranial circumflex humeral ```
105
what arteries split off the brachial
``` deep brachial bicipital collateral ulnar superficial brachial common interosseous - cranial interosseous - caudal interosseous - ulnar - deep antibrachial ```
106
what arteries split off the median
radial
107
what is the cephalic vein used for
an injection site as well as a blood collection site
108
where is the cephalic vein
it runs along the cranial surface of the antebrachium and continues deep to the cleidobrachialis muscle to join the external jugular vein
109
what is the arterial and nerve supply of the lateral muscles of scapula and shoulder
arterial: superficial cervical nerve: suprascapular
110
what is the arterial and nerve supply of the caudal muscles of scapula and shoulder
arterial: subscapular nerve: axillary
111
what is the arterial and nerve supply of the cranial muscles of the arm
arterial: superficial cervical, axillary, brachial nerve: musculocutaneous
112
what is the arterial and nerve supply of the caudal muscles of the arm
arterial: axillary, brachial nerve: radial
113
what is the arterial and nerve supply of the cranial muscles of the forearm
arterial: brachial - common interosseous nerve: radial
114
what is the arterial and nerve supply of the caudal muscles of the forearm
arterial: brachial - deep antebrachial nerve: median and ulnar
115
what are the lateral muscles of scapula and shoulder
stabilizers, flexors and extensors of shoulder: supraspinatus and infrasprinatus
116
what are the caudal muscles of scapula and shoulder
flexors of shoulder: deltoideus, teres major, teres minor
117
what are the cranial muscles of arm
flexors of elbow, extensor of shoulder: biceps brachii, brachialis
118
what are the caudal muscles of the arm
extensors of elbow: triceps brachii
119
what are the cranial muscles of the forearm
carpal extensors, digital extensors
120
what are the caudal muscles of the forearm
carpal flexors, digital flexors
121
origin and muscle innervation of the suprascapular nerve
o: C6-C7 mi: supraspinatus, infraspinatus
122
origin and muscle innervation of subscapular nerve
o: C6-C7 mi: subscapularis
123
origin and muscle innervation of musculocutaneous nerve
o: C6-C7-C8 mi: coracobrachialis, biceps brachii, brachialis
124
origin and muscle innervation of axillary nerve
o: C7-C8 mi: teres major, teres minor, deltoideus, part of subscapularis
125
origin and muscle innervation of thoracodorsal nerve
o: C7-C8-T1 mi: latissimus dorsi
126
origin and muscle innervation of radial nerve
o: c7-C8-T1-T2 mi: triceps brachii, tensor fasciae, antebrachii, anconeus, common digital extensor, lateral digital extensor, supinator, , extensor carpi ulnaris, extensor cari radialis, ulnaris lateralis, abductor digiti I longus
127
origin and muscle innervation of medial nerve
o: c8-T1-T2 mi: pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, superficial digital flexor, pronator quadratus, 3 heads of DDF
128
origin and muscle innervation of ulnar nerve
o: C8-T1-T2 mi: flexor carpi ulnaris, deep digital flexor (ulnar and humeral heads)
129
muscles supplied by external thoracic artery
superficial pectorals
130
muscles supplied by lateral thoracic artery
deep pectorals latissimus dorsi cutaneous trunci
131
muscles supplied by subscapular artery
subscapularis | teres major
132
muscles supplied by caudal circumflex humeral artery
deltoideus coracobrachialis infraspinatus triceps
133
muscles supplied by thoracodorsal artery
latissimus dorsi
134
muscles supplied by deep brachial artery
triceps
135
muscles supplied by bicipital artery
biceps brachii | brachialis
136
muscles supplied by superficial brachial artery
the dorsum of the forepaw
137
muscles supplied by the collateral ulnar aartery
triceps
138
muscles supplied by the common interosseous artery
digital extensor muscles
139
muscles supplied b ulnar artery
deep difital flexor | flexor carpi ulnaris
140
muscles supplied by caudal interosseous artery
pronator quadratus
141
muscles supplied by deep antibrachial
flexor carpi radialis flexor carpi ulnaris superficial digital flexor deep digital flexor
142
muscles supplied by median artery
main blood supply to paw
143
muscles supplied by radial artery
deep vessels of paw

Comparative Anatomy (6 decks)

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