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Comparative Anatomy > Quiz 4 > Flashcards

Quiz 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pleurae

A

2 serous membranes that cover the lungs and line the walls of the thorax

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2
Q

What are the 2 membranes of the pleurae

A

outer/parietal: attached to the thoracic wall

inner/visceral: connected to the surface of the lungs

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3
Q

What is the pleural cavity/intrapleural space

A

the space between the visceral and costal pleura

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4
Q

What is the function of the pleural fluid

A

it fills the pleural cavity

it allows the pleurae to slide effortlessly against each other during ventilation

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5
Q

Why are the left and right pleural sacs separate

A

if one is punctured, the other lung can continue to function normally

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6
Q

what is the mediastinum

A

the central compartment of the thoracic cavity

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7
Q

what does the mediastinum contain

A 
the heart
the great vessels of the heart
esophagus
trachea
thymus
vagus nerves and lymph nodes of the central chest
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8
Q

What are the lobes of the left lung and their parts

A
  • cranial lobe: cranial and caudal parts

- caudal lobe

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9
Q

what are the lobes of the right lung

A
  • cranial
  • middle
  • caudal
  • accessory
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10
Q

what is special about the accessory lobe

A

the vena cava and esophagus impression

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11
Q

what is the cardiac notch?

A

the RV location for cardiac puncture

between the 4th and 5th rib, needle can be directed into the heart without piercing lung tissue

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12
Q

What are the veins cranial to the heart

A

cranial vena cava

brachiocephalic

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13
Q

what are the arteries cranial to the heart

A

aorta, ascending aortic arch

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14
Q

what are the next branches of the brachiocephalic vein

A
  • external jugular

- subclavian

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15
Q

what are the branches off of the aortic arch

A
  • brachiocephalic trunk

- left subclavian artery

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16
Q

What are the branches off of the brachiocephalic trunk

A
  • right subclavian artery

- right and left common carotid

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17
Q

what are the branches off of the left subclavian artery

A

VECISA

  • vertebral artery
  • costocervical trunk
  • internal thoracic artery
  • superficial cervical artery
  • axillary artery
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18
Q

what is the azygos

A

the last vein entering the cranial vena cava

  • only develops on the right side
  • collects all of the dorsal intercostal veins
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19
Q

what is the thoracic duct

A

collects the lymph drainage from viscera, pelvic limbs, left thoracic limb and left tracheal trunk
it drains into the left brachiocephalic vein

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20
Q

what is the right lymphatic duct

A

collects lymph drainage from the right thoracic limb and tracheal trunk
it drains into the right brachiocephalic vein

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21
Q

Where are the venipuncture sites in dogs

A
  • cephalic vein

- external jugular vein

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22
Q

what follows the cephalic vein

A

cephalic vein
axillobrachial vein
omobrachial vein
external jugular vein

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23
Q

what is the lymphatic system responsible for

A

to keep the interstitial tissue free of

  • toxins,
  • cellular waste,
  • bacteria,
  • infections,
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24
Q

what happens if the lymphatic system is not cleaning itself properly

A

other immune systems often become compromised

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25
Q

what is the function of the thoracic duct

A

to be the chief channel for return of lymph into the body

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26
Q

what are the 2 systems of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A

sympathetic/thoracolumbar division

parasympathetic/craniosacral division

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27
Q

what is a ganglion

A

a group of neural bodies outside the brain

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28
Q

what is the origin of the sympathetic trunk

A

cranial cervical ganglion

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29
Q

what surrounds the left subclavian artery

A
  • ansa subclavia
  • middle cervical ganglion
  • cervicothoracic ganglion
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30
Q

what is ramus communicans

A

branches of communication between the each spinal nerve and sympathetic trunk

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31
Q

what is the role of the ansa subclavia

A

to communicate with the cervicothoracic ganglion

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32
Q

where is the middle cervical ganglion

A

at the widening of the sympathetic trunk

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33
Q

What are the autonomic sympathetic ganglia

A
  • cranial cervical ganglion
  • middle cervical ganglion
  • cervicothoracic ganglion
  • left celiac ganglion
  • renal and gonadal ganglia
  • cranial mesenteric ganglion
  • caudal mesenteric ganglion
  • pelvic ganglia in plexus
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34
Q

which are the prevertebral ganglia and where are they found

A

caudal to the diaphragm

  • left celiac ganglion
  • cranial mesenteric ganglion
  • renal and gonadal ganglia
  • causal mesenteric ganglion
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35
Q

steps of the nerve pathways

A 
origin
preganglionic pathway
ganglion
postganglionic pathway
target organs
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36
Q

what is the origin of the sympathetic pathway in the pelvic viscera

A

lumbar segments L1-L3

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37
Q

what is the preganglionic pathway of the sympathetic pathway in the pelvic viscera

A 
ventral root
spinal nerve
ramus communicans
sympathetic trunk
lumbar splanchnic nerve
caudal mesenteric
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38
Q

what is the ganglion of the sympathetic pathway in the pelvic viscera

A

caudal mesenteric ganglion

also some pelvic ganglia

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39
Q

what is the postganglionic pathway of the sympathetic pathway in the pelvic viscera

A

left or right hypogastic nerve to the pelvic plexus

branches to pelvic viscera from the pelvic plexus

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40
Q

what are the target organs of the sympathetic pathway in the pelvic viscera

A 
smooth muscle and glands associated with pelvic viscera
- urinary tract
- genitalia 
- rectum
- anal canal
blood vessel smooth muscle
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41
Q

what is the origin of the parasympathetic pathway in the pelvic viscera

A

sacral segments (S1-S3) of the canine spinal cord

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42
Q

what is the preganglionic pathway of the parasympathetic pathway in the pelvic viscera

A 
ventral root
spinal nerve
ventral primary branch
lumbosacral nerve plexus
pelvic nerve
pelvic plexus
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43
Q

what is the ganglion of the parasympathetic pathway in the pelvic viscera

A

pelvic ganglia

also some in terminal ganglia

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44
Q

what is the postganglionic pathway of the parasympathetic pathway in the pelvic viscera

A

direct branches from pelvic plexus to pelvic viscera

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45
Q

what are the target organs of the parasympathetic pathway in the pelvic viscera

A 
smooth muscle and glands associated with pelvic viscera
- urinary tract
- genitalia
- descending colon
- rectum
- anal canal
blood vessels to penis/clitoris
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46
Q

regions in the CNS where sympathetic and parasympathetic come from

A

sympathetic: from the thoracolumbar region
parasympathetic: from the craniosacral region

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47
Q

location in ganglia of sympathetic and parasympathetic

A

sympathetic: close to spinal cord in a chain
parasympathetic: close to target organs

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48
Q

differing lengths of postganglionic fibers of sympathetic and parasympathetic

A

sympathetic: long
parasympathetic: short

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49
Q

postganglionic branching of sympathetic and parasympathetic

A

sympathetic: lots, so that multiple organs can be mobilized at once
parasympathetic: very little branching

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50
Q

effect of sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation on the heart

A

sympathetic: increase heart rate, increase force of contraction of whole heart
parasympathetic: decreased rate, decreased force of contraction of whole heart

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51
Q

effect of sympa and parasympa stimulation on blood vessels

A

sympa: constriction
parasympa: dilation of vessels supplying the penis and clitoris only

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52
Q

effect of sympa and parasympa stimulation on lungs

A

sympa: dilation of bronchioles (airways), inhibition of mucus secretion
parasympa: constriction of bronchioles, stimulation of mucus secretion

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53
Q

effect of sympa and parasympa stimulation on digestive tract

A

sympa: decreased motility (movement), contraction of sphincters (to prevent forward movement of contents), inhibition of digestive secretions
parasympa: increased motility, relaxation of sphincters (permit forward movement of contents), stimulation of digestive secretions

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54
Q

effect of sympa and parasympa stimulation on urinary bladder

A

sympa: relaxation
parasympa: contraction (emptying)

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55
Q

effect of sympa and parasympa stimulation on eye

A

sympa: dilation of pupil, adjustment of eye for far vision
parasympa: contraction of pupil, adjustment of eye for near vision

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56
Q

effect of sympa and parasympa stimultion on liver (glycogen stores)

A

sympa: glycogenolysis (glucose released)
parasympa: none

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57
Q

effect of sympa and parasympa stimulation on adipose cells (fat stores)

A

sympa: lipolysis (fatty acids released)
parasympa: none

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58
Q

effects of sympa and parasympa stimulation on male gonads/genitalia

A

sympa: semen ejaculation
parasympa: penis erection

59
Q

what are the chambers of the heart

A

auricles
atria
ventricles

60
Q

what are auricles

A

earlike appendage of each atrium of the heart (pectinate muscle)

61
Q

what are atria

A

the 2 superior chambers of the heart, receiving the blood

62
Q

what are the 2 parts of the right atria

A
  1. sinus venarum

2. right auricle

63
Q

what are ventricles

A

2 lower chambers of the heart
the pumping chambers
(chordae tendinae, papillary muscles, trabeculae carnae. trabecula septomarginalis)

64
Q

what is the role of the valves of the heart

A

mechanical devices that permit the flow of blood in one direction only

65
Q

what are the types of heart valves

A

atrioventricular

semilunar

66
Q

what are the atrioventricular valves

A

right AV -> tricuspid valve

left AV -> bicuspid/mitral valve

67
Q

what are semilunar valves

A

halfmoon shapes flaps growing out from the lining of the pulmonary artery and aorta

68
Q

what are the semilunar valves

A

pulmonary trunk -> pulmonary semilunar vein

aorta -> aortic semilunar vein

69
Q

what supplies the heart with blood

A

right and left coronary artery

70
Q

where to R and L coronary arteries originate

A

aortic sinus

71
Q

position and role of R coronary artery

A
  • leaves right sinus

- supplies blood to RA and RV

72
Q

position of L coronary artery

A
  • leaves left sinus
73
Q

what does L coronary artery split off into

A
  • circumflex artery (coronary groove)

- paraconal interventricular artery (auricular surface)

74
Q

what is the continuing branch of L coronary artery

A

subsinuosal interventricular artery (atrial surface)

75
Q

how is deoxygenated blood return to the R atrium

A

via coronary sinus by:

  • great cardiac vein
  • middle cardiac vein
  • small cardiac vein
76
Q

how is deoxygenated blood return to the R atrium

A

via coronary sinus by:

  • great cardiac vein
  • middle cardiac vein
  • small cardiac vein
77
Q

parts of the conduction system

A
  • sinoatrial node
  • atrioventricular node
  • atrioventricular bundle
78
Q

what is the sinoatrial node

A

SA node/Pacemaker

hundreds of cells located in right atrial wall near superior vena cava

79
Q

what is the atrioventricular node

A

special cardiac tissue located in right atrium along the lower part of interatrial septum

80
Q

what is the atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His) and purkinje fibers

A

special cardiac fibers originating in AV node
extend down septum
become purkinje fibers at lateral walls of ventricles and papillary muscles

81
Q

from what do the thoracic viscera recieve innervation

A

from middle cervical ganglion via branches that run with the vagus nerve

82
Q

what partially obscurs themiddle cervical ganglion

A

the costocervical vein

83
Q

what causes the heart to beat

A

due to the wave of depolarization that originates in the sinoatrial node at the juncture of the cranial vena cava and the right atrium

84
Q

what happens when the SA node is at rest

A

it discharges

85
Q

times/min of SA node discharge it horse, cat, dog

A

horse: 15 times/min
cat: >200 times/min
dog: 60-160 times/min

86
Q

what happens to the speed of the SA nod discharge in big animal

A

the larger the animal, the slower the rate of SA node discharge and the slower the heart rate

87
Q

what happens to the rate of the SA node discharge when norepinephrine is released

A

it increases

88
Q

what happens to the rate of the SA node discharge when acetylcholine is released

A

it decreases

89
Q

what releases norepinephrone

A

sympathetic nerves

90
Q

what releases acetylcholine

A

parasympathetic (vagus) nerves

91
Q

what is respiratory sinus arrhythmia

A

when a healthy dog has an irregular heart rate

the heart rate increases during respiration and decreases during expiration

92
Q

what results in respiratory sinus arrhythmia

A

decreased vagal activity during respiration and increased vagal activity during expiration

93
Q

what is the foramen ovale

A

a shunt allowing blood to enter the left atrium from the right atrium

94
Q

what does the formaen ovale allow

A

it allows the blood entering the right atrium to bypass the pulmonary circulation

95
Q

what happens to the foramen ovale after birth

A

it closes to form the fossa ovalis

96
Q

what is the ductus arteriosus

A

a shunt connecting the pulmonary artery to the aortic arch that allows most of the blood from the right ventricle to bypass the fetus fluid filled lungs

97
Q

what happens to the ductus arteriosus once it closes

A

remnant becomes the ligamentum arteriosum

98
Q

what is the ductus venosus

A

shunts a portion of the left umbilical vein blood flow directly to the descending vena cava

99
Q

what does the ductus venosus allow

A

allows oxygenated blood from the placenta to bypass the liver

100
Q

what happens to the ductus venosus after it closes

A

it is called the ligamentum venosum

101
Q

what do all fetal shunts play a role in

A

in shunting oxygenated blood to the fetal brain

102
Q

what are the 4 main thoracic limb arteries

A

subclavian
axillary
brachial
median

103
Q

what arteries split off the subclavian

A

vertebral
costocervical
internal thoracic
superficial cervical

104
Q

what arteries split off the axillary

A 
ext thoracic
lat thoracic
subscapular
- thoracodorsal
- caudal circumflex humeral
circumflex scapula
cranial circumflex humeral
105
Q

what arteries split off the brachial

A 
deep brachial
bicipital
collateral ulnar
superficial brachial
common interosseous
- cranial interosseous
- caudal interosseous
- ulnar
- deep antibrachial
106
Q

what arteries split off the median

A

radial

107
Q

what is the cephalic vein used for

A

an injection site as well as a blood collection site

108
Q

where is the cephalic vein

A

it runs along the cranial surface of the antebrachium and continues deep to the cleidobrachialis muscle to join the external jugular vein

109
Q

what is the arterial and nerve supply of the lateral muscles of scapula and shoulder

A

arterial: superficial cervical
nerve: suprascapular

110
Q

what is the arterial and nerve supply of the caudal muscles of scapula and shoulder

A

arterial: subscapular
nerve: axillary

111
Q

what is the arterial and nerve supply of the cranial muscles of the arm

A

arterial: superficial cervical, axillary, brachial
nerve: musculocutaneous

112
Q

what is the arterial and nerve supply of the caudal muscles of the arm

A

arterial: axillary, brachial
nerve: radial

113
Q

what is the arterial and nerve supply of the cranial muscles of the forearm

A

arterial: brachial - common interosseous
nerve: radial

114
Q

what is the arterial and nerve supply of the caudal muscles of the forearm

A

arterial: brachial - deep antebrachial
nerve: median and ulnar

115
Q

what are the lateral muscles of scapula and shoulder

A

stabilizers, flexors and extensors of shoulder: supraspinatus and infrasprinatus

116
Q

what are the caudal muscles of scapula and shoulder

A

flexors of shoulder: deltoideus, teres major, teres minor

117
Q

what are the cranial muscles of arm

A

flexors of elbow, extensor of shoulder: biceps brachii, brachialis

118
Q

what are the caudal muscles of the arm

A

extensors of elbow: triceps brachii

119
Q

what are the cranial muscles of the forearm

A

carpal extensors, digital extensors

120
Q

what are the caudal muscles of the forearm

A

carpal flexors, digital flexors

121
Q

origin and muscle innervation of the suprascapular nerve

A

o: C6-C7
mi: supraspinatus, infraspinatus

122
Q

origin and muscle innervation of subscapular nerve

A

o: C6-C7
mi: subscapularis

123
Q

origin and muscle innervation of musculocutaneous nerve

A

o: C6-C7-C8
mi: coracobrachialis, biceps brachii, brachialis

124
Q

origin and muscle innervation of axillary nerve

A

o: C7-C8
mi: teres major, teres minor, deltoideus, part of subscapularis

125
Q

origin and muscle innervation of thoracodorsal nerve

A

o: C7-C8-T1
mi: latissimus dorsi

126
Q

origin and muscle innervation of radial nerve

A

o: c7-C8-T1-T2
mi: triceps brachii, tensor fasciae, antebrachii, anconeus, common digital extensor, lateral digital extensor, supinator, , extensor carpi ulnaris, extensor cari radialis, ulnaris lateralis, abductor digiti I longus

127
Q

origin and muscle innervation of medial nerve

A

o: c8-T1-T2
mi: pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, superficial digital flexor, pronator quadratus, 3 heads of DDF

128
Q

origin and muscle innervation of ulnar nerve

A

o: C8-T1-T2
mi: flexor carpi ulnaris, deep digital flexor (ulnar and humeral heads)

129
Q

muscles supplied by external thoracic artery

A

superficial pectorals

130
Q

muscles supplied by lateral thoracic artery

A

deep pectorals
latissimus dorsi
cutaneous trunci

131
Q

muscles supplied by subscapular artery

A

subscapularis

teres major

132
Q

muscles supplied by caudal circumflex humeral artery

A

deltoideus
coracobrachialis
infraspinatus
triceps

133
Q

muscles supplied by thoracodorsal artery

A

latissimus dorsi

134
Q

muscles supplied by deep brachial artery

A

triceps

135
Q

muscles supplied by bicipital artery

A

biceps brachii

brachialis

136
Q

muscles supplied by superficial brachial artery

A

the dorsum of the forepaw

137
Q

muscles supplied by the collateral ulnar aartery

A

triceps

138
Q

muscles supplied by the common interosseous artery

A

digital extensor muscles

139
Q

muscles supplied b ulnar artery

A

deep difital flexor

flexor carpi ulnaris

140
Q

muscles supplied by caudal interosseous artery

A

pronator quadratus

141
Q

muscles supplied by deep antibrachial

A

flexor carpi radialis
flexor carpi ulnaris
superficial digital flexor
deep digital flexor

142
Q

muscles supplied by median artery

A

main blood supply to paw

143
Q

muscles supplied by radial artery

A

deep vessels of paw

Comparative Anatomy (6 decks)

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