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Comparative Anatomy > Quiz 5 > Flashcards

Quiz 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What arteries supply the abdominal muscles (wall)

A
  1. cranial abdominal artery
  2. cranial epigastric artery
  3. caudal epigastric artery
  4. deep circumflex iliac artery
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2
Q

What nerves supply the ventral and lateral abdominal wall

A
  1. cranial iliohypogastric nerve (L1)
  2. caudal iliohypogastric nerve (L2)
  3. ilioinguinal nerve (L3)
  4. lateral cutaneous femoral nerve (L4)
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3
Q

What is the order of the deep vessels of the abdominal wall

A 
abdominal aorta
external iliac artery 
- femoral artery
deep femoral artery
pudendoepigastric trunk
- caudal epigastric artery
- external pudendal artery -> caudal superficial epigastric artery (cse)
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4
Q

What does the caudal superficial epigastric artery supply?

A
  • cranial and caudal abdominal
  • inguinal mammae and prepuce in male

small dorsal branch of cse supplies

  • scrotum in males
  • labia in females
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5
Q

Where does the external pudendal artery originate and emerge

A

originates from pudoendoepigastric trunk

emerges from superficial inguinal ring

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6
Q

What does external pudendal artery give rise to and supply

A

gives rise to caudal superficial epigastric artey

supplies blood to gracilis muscle

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7
Q

What is the vaginal tunic

A

double peritoneal fold which encloses the spermatic cord and testis

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8
Q

What makes up the vaginal tunic

A
  • a visceral layer which is adherent to the testis and cord

- a parietal layer which lines the scrotum and the inguinal canal

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9
Q

What is the vaginal process

A

the diverticulum which encloses the round ligament of the uterus

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10
Q

Where is the vaginal process found

A

in the free edge of the broad ligament

it passes from caudal pole of the ovary to the inguinal canal

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11
Q

What are the structures passing through the inguinal canal in males

A
  • external pudendal artery and vein
  • genitofemoral nerve
  • cremaster muscle
  • spermatic cord
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12
Q

What are the structures passing through the inguinal canal in females

A
  • external pudendal artery and vein
  • genitofemoral nerve
  • vaginal process
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13
Q

Where does the genitofemoral nerve arise

A

ventral branch part of L3 and L4

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14
Q

what does the genitofemoral nerve innervate

A

the cremaster muscle

part of the prepuce

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15
Q

Where does the cremaster muscle arise and where does it attach

A

arises from the internal abdominal oblique muscle muscle

attaches to the parietal vaginal tunic near the testis

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16
Q

What is the role of the cremaster muscle

A

raise and lower the scrotum in order to regulate the temperature of the testis and promote spermatogenesis

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17
Q

What carries the spermatic cord through the inguinal canal

A

the descent of the testis

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18
Q

What does the spermatic cord contain

A
  • vas deferens
  • testicular artery
  • testicular vein (pampiniform plexus)
  • testicular lymph vessels
  • testicular nerve plexus (L3-L5)-ANS
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19
Q

What does the genitofemoral nerve innervate

A

the pubic area

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20
Q

What is in the vaginal process

A

peritoneal diverticulum accompanied by round ligament of uterus

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21
Q

What is the falciform ligament

A

fold of peritoneum that passes from the umbilicus to the diaphragm and also attaches to the liver

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22
Q

what is the round ligament of the liver and where is it found

A
  • fetal remnant of the umbilical vein

- found in the free margin of falciform ligament

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23
Q

what does the median ligament of the bladder contain in the fetus

A

in the fetus it contains the urachus (stalk of the embryonic allantois)

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24
Q

what is the round ligament of bladder

A

the remnants of the umbilical arteries in the lateral ligaments of the blasser

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25
Q

where is the round ligament of the bladder

A

caudal to the umbilicus

attaches to bladder

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26
Q

what is the urachus

A

the fetal remnant of the allantoid (embryonic membrane)

a canal that drains the urinary bladder of the fetus that runs within the umbilical cord

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27
Q

what are the umbilical arteries

A

branches of the internal iliac arteries

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28
Q

What is the role of the bilateral umbilical arteries

A

carry the blood from the fetus to the placenta and are components of the umbilical cord.

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29
Q

What happens to the umbilical arteries when the umbilical cord is severed

A

the arteries retract and become fibrous cords between the bladder and the umbilicus that disappear in the young dog and are rarely visible in dogs

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30
Q

What happens to the narrowed lumen of the umbilical arteries after cord is severed

A

they remain patent between the internal iliac artery and the bladder where the relatively minute vesicle artery leaves the umblical artery to vascularize the apex and body of the bladder.

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31
Q

What is viscus

A

an internal organ of the abdomen

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32
Q

what is the greaer omentum

A

double layered sac

attaches to the curvature of the stomach

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33
Q

What are the parts of the greater omentum

A

two leaves:
- superficial (ventral body wall)
- deep (abdominal organs)
space in between: omental bursa

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34
Q

What are the characteristics of the greater omentum

A

its lacelike with fate depositions along vessel

covers the jejunum and ileum

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35
Q

wha is the gastroplenic ligament

A

section of greater omentum that attached to the spleen and the stomach

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36
Q

what happens to the urinary bladder when contracted (empty)

A

it lies of the pelvic floor of the pelvic inlet (area between the abdomen and the pelvis)

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37
Q

what happens to the urinary bladder when distended (full)

A

it lies on the floor of the abdomen and adapts in shape by displacing movable viscera (can reach transverse plane to umbilicus)

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38
Q

what does the uterus consist of

A
  • short cervix
  • body
  • two long horns
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39
Q

Where is the uterus when gravid

A

it lies on the floor of the abdomen

the horns gravitate cranially and ventrally to lie medial to costal arch

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40
Q

Where is the spleen located

A

in the superficial leaf (omentum) along greater curvature of stomach

caudally it can reach a transverse plane to midlumbar region

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41
Q

What is the function of the spleen in the circulatory system

A

functions in the destruction of old red blood cells

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42
Q

What is the function of the spleen in the immune system

A

it provides lymphocytes/antibodies to the immune system

its absence could lead to a predisposition to certain infections

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43
Q

What is the diaphragm

A

a muscular partition between thoracic and abdominal cavities

it is the muscle of inspiration

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44
Q

What are the different parts of the diaphragm

A
  • tendinous center
  • muscular periphery
  • cupula
  • aortic hiatus
  • esophageal hiatus
  • caval foramen
  • arterial supply
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45
Q

what is the aortic hiatus

A

passageway for aorta, azygos vein, thoracic duct

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46
Q

what is the esophageal hiatus

A

passageway for esophagus, vagal nerve trunk, esophageal vessels

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47
Q

what is the caval foramen

A

passageway for caudal vena cava

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48
Q

what is the arterial supply

A

the phrenic artery between cranial mesenteric artery and renal artery

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49
Q

What is the role of the liver

A

secretes bile salts which emulsify ingested fat to be stored in the gallbladder

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50
Q

What are the 6 lobes of the liver

A
  1. right medial lobe
  2. right lateral lobe
  3. quadrae lobe
  4. left medial lobe
  5. left lateral lobe
  6. caudate lobe
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51
Q

What are the parts of the caudate lobe

A
  • caudate process (renal impression)

- papillary process lies in lesser curvature of stomach)

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52
Q

where is the gallbladder located

A

in a fossa between the quadrate and right medial lobe of the liver

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53
Q

what does the neck of the gallbladder become

A

neck area continues as cystic duct

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54
Q

what forms the bile duct

A

the union of hepatic and cystic ducts

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55
Q

where does the bile duct go

A

it courses through the wall of descending duodenum and terminates at the major duodenal papilla

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56
Q

where is the pancreas located

A

in the greater omentum

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57
Q

what are the parts of the pancreas

A
  • left lobe
  • body
  • right lobe
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58
Q

what is the role of the pancreas

A

to secrete proteolytic enzymes and insulin

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59
Q

what are proteolytic enzymes

A

digestive enzymes
chemicals that break down food for digestion
critical for normal food digestion and absorption of fats

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60
Q

what is insulin

A

important hormone that controls blood sugar levels

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61
Q

what are the ducts of the pancreas

A
  • pancreatic duct (smaller)

- accessory pancreatic duct (larger)

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62
Q

what is the role of the pancreatic duct

A

it empties with bile duct into duodenum at the major duodenal papilla

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63
Q

what is the role of the accessory pancreatic duct

A

it empties into duodenum at the minor duodenal papilla

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64
Q

What are the parts of the monogastric stomach

A
  • cardiac part
  • fundus
  • body
  • pyloric antrum
  • pylorus
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65
Q

what are examples of monogastric species

A 
dog
rabbit
pig
horse
human
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66
Q

where is the cardiac part of the monogastric stomach and what is its role

A
  • situated near esophagus

- prevents backflow

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67
Q

where is the fundus of the monogastric stomach and what does it look like

A
  • lies left and dorsal to cardia

- dome shaped

68
Q

where is the body of the monogastric stomach

A

largest middle portion

69
Q

what is the pyloric antrum of the monogastric stomach

A

narrowing portion of the stomach into pyloric canal

70
Q

what is the pylorus of the monogastric stomach

A

junction of pyloric canal with duodenum

71
Q

What is the cecum

A

large intestine of horses

its a fermentation system analagous to the rumen

72
Q

What is subject to fermentation in the horse cecum

A

structural carbohydrates like cellulose and hemicellulose, along with starch and other soluble carbohydrates that escape digestion in the small intestine

73
Q

what is the significant difference from the ruminant strategy

A

the large quantity of microbial protein generated in the equine large gut is wasted because there is no opportunity there for significant absorption of amino acids

74
Q

What are examples of ruminants

A 
cow
sheep
goat
deer
giraffes
75
Q

what are the parts of the ruminant polygastric in the order

A 
feedstuff
rumen (papillae)
reticulum (honeycomb)
omasum (leaflets)
abomasum (true stomach)
small intestine
76
Q

What is the role of the rumen

A

where solid food passes to be stored

77
Q

the role of the reticulum

A

microorganisms begin to break down the food where it is formed into ball-like masses

78
Q

What happens to food in ruminants after they pass in the reticulum

A

when the animal is at rest the balls of broken down food pass back up the esophagus to the mouth to be thoroughly chewed and mixed with saliva, which aids in further digestion

79
Q

what happens after food is re-chewed in a ruminant

A

it passes in the abomasum and is mixed with gastric juices where the stomach’s part of the digestion is completed

80
Q

What are the parts of the small intestine

A

duodenum
jejunum
ileum

81
Q

What is the arterial supply of the duodenum

A

cranial pancreaticoduodenal artery from the celiac artery

82
Q

what is the innervation of the duodenum

A

sympathetic, splanchnic fibers from the cranial mesenteric ganglion
parasympathetic, vagus (x) nerve

83
Q

What are the characteristics of the duodenum

A
  • most fixed part of a small intestine
  • starts at the pylorus
  • suspended by the mesoduodenum
  • breakdown of food
84
Q

What is the arterial supply of the jejunum

A

branches of cranial mesenteric artery

85
Q

what is the innervation of the jejunum

A

sympathetic, splanchnic fibers from the cranial mesenteric ganglion
parasympathetic, vagus (x) nerve

86
Q

what are the characteristic of the jejunum

A
  • forms the coils of small intestine

- absorption of nutrients

87
Q

what is the arterial supply of the ileum

A

branches of cranial mesenteric artery

88
Q

what is the innervation of the ileum

A

sympathetic, splanchnic fibers from the cranial mesenteric ganglion
parasympathetic, vagus (x) nerve

89
Q

what are the characteristics of the ileum

A
  • terminal portion of small intestine
  • connects with ascending colon at the ileocolic orifice
  • absorption of products of digestion
  • final stage of enzyme and carbohydrate digestion
90
Q

What are the parts of the large intestine

A

cecum

colon

91
Q

what is the arterial supply of the cecum

A

branches of cranial mesenteric artery

92
Q

what is the innervation of the cecum

A

sympathetic, splanchnic fibers from the cranial mesenteric ganglion
parasympathetic, vagus (x) nerve

93
Q

what are the characteristics of the cecum

A

s-shaped blind tube located at the junction of the ileum and colon
communicates with the ascending colon at the cecocolic orifice

94
Q

how is the cecum of carnivores

A

small and its function is unclear

95
Q

how is the cecum in herbivores

A

large due to the large number of bacteria which aid in the enzymatic breakdown of plant materials such as cellulose

96
Q

what are the parts of the colon

A

ascending
transverse
descending

97
Q

what is the arterial supply of the ascending, transverse and descending colon

A

ascending and transverse: branches of the cranial mesenteric artery
descending: caudal mesenteric artery

98
Q

what is the innervation of the ascending, transverse, descending colon

A

ascending:
- sympathetic, splanchnic fibers from the cranial mesenteric ganglion
- parasympathetic, from vagus nerve fibers

transverse:

  • sympathetic, splanchnic fibers from cranial and caudal mesenteric ganglion
  • parasympathetic, from vagus nerve fibers

descending:

  • sympathetic, lumbar part of sympathetic trunk, hypogastric nerve
  • parasympathetic, from the pelvic nerve
99
Q

what are the characteristics of the colon

A
  • water absorption

- descending colon is continuous with the rectum

100
Q

where are the right and left adrenal gland

A

right: between caudal vena cava and caudate lobe of liver
left: lies between aorta an left kidney

101
Q

what is the role of the adrenal glands

A
  • regulate stress response by producing cortisol and adrenaline (epinephrine)
  • secrete steroids: aldosterone, testosterone, estrogen
102
Q

where is the right kidney

A
  • lies opposite L1-L2-L3
  • medial border is close to vena cava
  • cranially, covered by caudare lobe of liver
  • right kidney slightly cranial than the left
  • covered by the caudate process of the caudate lobe of the liver
103
Q

where is the left kidney

A
  • lies opposite to L2-L3-L4

- medial border is close to aorta

104
Q

what are the structures of the kidneys

A
  • ureters (leading to bladder)
  • renal cortex (nephrons)
  • renal medulla (pyramids)
  • renal artery and vein
105
Q

what is the role of the kidneys

A

filter waste (especially urea) from the blood and excrete them along with water in the form of urine

106
Q

parts of the female reproductive tract

A
  • ovaries
  • infundibulum
  • uterine tube
  • suspensory ligament of ovary
  • proper ligament of ovary
  • broad ligaments of uterus
107
Q

where are the ovaries

A

located near the caudal pole of kidneys

enclosed in the ovarian bursa

108
Q

what is the infundibulum

A

fimbriated structure that catches the ova after ovulation

leads into uterine tube

109
Q

what is the uterine tube

A

small tube leaving the bursa leading to the uterine horn

110
Q

what is the tubouterine junction

A

junction of uterine tube into uterine horn

111
Q

what is the suspensory ligament of ovary

A

holds the ovary in a fixed position

attached to the body wall

112
Q

what is the proper ligament of ovary

A

short

attaches the ovary to cranial end of uterine horn

113
Q

what are the 3 broad ligaments of uterus

A

mesometrium
mesovarium
mesosalpinx

114
Q

what is the mesometrium

A

extends from the abdominal wall to the ovaries, horns and uterine body
it supports the reproductive tract in place

115
Q

what is the mesovarium

A

continuation of mesometrium

attaches the ovary to lateral sublumbar region

116
Q

what is the mesosalpinx

A

peritoneum that attaches the uterine tube to the mesovarium

117
Q

what is the vascular supply of the uterus

A

amastomosing ovarian and uterine arteries

118
Q

what is the innervation of the uterus

A

sympathetic, left and right hypogastric nerves

parasympathetic, pelvic nerves

119
Q

what is the ovarian bursa

A

peritoneal recess created by the mesosalpinx, mesovarium and ovary itself

120
Q

what us the role of the vagus nerve and where is it found

A
  • carries both sensory and motor fibers from and to viscera

- at the root of the lungs, R and L divides into dorsal and ventral branches

121
Q

what is the dorsal branch of the vagus nerve

A
  • dorsal branch meet near the diaphragm, forms the dorsal vagal trunk
122
Q

what does the dorsal vagal trunk give off to

A

gives off the celiac branch

contributing to celiac and cranial mesenteric plexuses

123
Q

what is the ventral branch of the vagus nerve

A
  • ventral branch meet the caudal root of lung

forms ventral vegal trunk

124
Q

what does the ventral vagal trunk supply

A

liver, stomach, pylorus

125
Q

where to the vagal trunks pass

A

through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm and course along the lesser curvature of the stomach

126
Q

what are the splanchnic nerves

A

paired nerves that innervate the viscera, carrying fibers of the autonomic nervous systen as well as sensory fibers from the organs

127
Q

what do the splanchnic nerves carry

A

sympathetic fibers except for the pelvic nerves which carry parasympathetic fibers

128
Q

what are the splanchnic nerves

A
  • major splanchnic nerve
  • minor splanchnic nerve
  • lumbar splanchnic nerve
129
Q

what are the celiacomsesnteric ganglions

A
  • celiac ganglion

- cranial mesenteric ganglion

130
Q

what is the sacral splanchnic nerve

A

sacral part of sympathetic trunk

131
Q

where does major splanchnic nerve leave

A
  • leaves the sympathetic trunk at the level of the 12th or 13th thoracic sympathetic ganglion
132
Q

where does the major splanchnic nerve pass

A

passes dorsal to the crus of the diaphragm
enters the abdominal cavity
courses to the adrenal gland and then to the celiac and cranial mesenteric ganglion and plexuses

133
Q

where does minor splanchnic nerves leave

A

generally 2, usually leave the last thoracic and first lumbar sympathetic ganglia

134
Q

what does the minor splanchnic nerves supply

A

supply nerves to the adrenal gland

135
Q

where do the minor splanchnic nerves terminate

A

terminate in the celiac and cranial mesenteric ganglia and plexuses

136
Q

where do the lumbar splanchnic nerves arise from

A

from the second to fifth lumbar sympathetic ganglia

137
Q

where are the lumbar splanchnic nerves distributed

A

to the aorticorenal, cranial mesenteric and caudal mesenteric ganglia and plexuses

138
Q

what are the branches of the abdominal aorta

A
  • celiac artery
  • cranial mesenteric artery
  • phrenicoabdominal trunk
  • renal arteries
  • testicular and ovarian arteries
  • lumbar arteries
  • caudal mesenteric artery
  • deep circumflex iliar arteries
139
Q

what are the branches of the celiac artery

A 
hepatic artery
- cranial pancreaticoduodenal artery
- right gastric artery
left gastric artery
splenic artery
140
Q

what are the branches of the cranial mesenteric artery

A
  • middle colic artery

- right colic artery -> ileocolic artery

141
Q

what are the branches of the prenicoabdominal trunk

A
  • caudal phrenic artery

- cranial abdominal artery

142
Q

where does the R testicular/ovarian vein drain

A

into caudal vena cava

143
Q

where does the L testicular/ovarian vein drain

A

into left renal vein

144
Q

what are the branches of the portal venous system

A
  1. gastroduodenal vein
  2. splenic vein
  3. cranial mesenteric vein
  4. caudal mesenteric vein
  5. jejunal veins
145
Q

what does the gastroduodenal vein drain

A

pancreas
stomach
duodenum
greater omentum

146
Q

what does the splenic vein drain

A 
spleen
stomach
pancreas
greater omentum
lesser curvature of stomach
147
Q

what does the cranial mesenteric vein drain

A

caudal duodenum
jejunum
ileum
right lobe of pancreas

148
Q

what does the caudal mesenteric vein drain

A

cecum

colon

149
Q

what do the jejunal veins drain

150
Q

what are hepatic sinusoids

A

special capillaries (channels) that receive blood from terminal branches of the hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein and deliver it into central veins

151
Q

what do the lumbar arteries supply

A

ventral: part of the spinal cord
dorsal: muscles and skin above lumbar vertebrae

152
Q

what does the hepatic artery supplyy

153
Q

what does the cystic artery supply

A

gallbladder

154
Q

what does the right gastric artery supply

A

lesser curvature of stomach

155
Q

what does gastroduodenal artery supply

156
Q

what does the cranial pancreaticoduodenal artery supply

A

duodenum and adjacent right lobe of pancreas

157
Q

what does the left gastric artery supply

A

both surfaces of the stomach

158
Q

what does the splenic artery supply

A

many branches in the greater omentum

159
Q

what does the middle colic artery supply

A

the descending colon and transverse colon

160
Q

what does the ileocolic artery supply

A

ileum
cecum
ascending colon

161
Q

what does the caudal phrenic artery supply

162
Q

what does the cranial abdominal artery supply

A

adrenal gland

163
Q

what do the renal ateries supply

164
Q

what do the ovarian arteries supply

A

ovary and its bursa

uterine tube and horn

165
Q

what does the testicular arteries supply

166
Q

what does the deep circumflex iliac artery supply

A

skin of the caudal abdominal area
flank
cranial thigh

Comparative Anatomy (6 decks)

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