Quiz 5 Flashcards
1
Q
What arteries supply the abdominal muscles (wall)
A
- cranial abdominal artery
- cranial epigastric artery
- caudal epigastric artery
- deep circumflex iliac artery
2
Q
What nerves supply the ventral and lateral abdominal wall
A
- cranial iliohypogastric nerve (L1)
- caudal iliohypogastric nerve (L2)
- ilioinguinal nerve (L3)
- lateral cutaneous femoral nerve (L4)
3
Q
What is the order of the deep vessels of the abdominal wall
A
abdominal aorta external iliac artery - femoral artery deep femoral artery pudendoepigastric trunk - caudal epigastric artery - external pudendal artery -> caudal superficial epigastric artery (cse)
4
Q
What does the caudal superficial epigastric artery supply?
A
- cranial and caudal abdominal
- inguinal mammae and prepuce in male
small dorsal branch of cse supplies
- scrotum in males
- labia in females
5
Q
Where does the external pudendal artery originate and emerge
A
originates from pudoendoepigastric trunk
emerges from superficial inguinal ring
6
Q
What does external pudendal artery give rise to and supply
A
gives rise to caudal superficial epigastric artey
supplies blood to gracilis muscle
7
Q
What is the vaginal tunic
A
double peritoneal fold which encloses the spermatic cord and testis
8
Q
What makes up the vaginal tunic
A
- a visceral layer which is adherent to the testis and cord
- a parietal layer which lines the scrotum and the inguinal canal
9
Q
What is the vaginal process
A
the diverticulum which encloses the round ligament of the uterus
10
Q
Where is the vaginal process found
A
in the free edge of the broad ligament
it passes from caudal pole of the ovary to the inguinal canal
11
Q
What are the structures passing through the inguinal canal in males
A
- external pudendal artery and vein
- genitofemoral nerve
- cremaster muscle
- spermatic cord
12
Q
What are the structures passing through the inguinal canal in females
A
- external pudendal artery and vein
- genitofemoral nerve
- vaginal process
13
Q
Where does the genitofemoral nerve arise
A
ventral branch part of L3 and L4
14
Q
what does the genitofemoral nerve innervate
A
the cremaster muscle
part of the prepuce
15
Q
Where does the cremaster muscle arise and where does it attach
A
arises from the internal abdominal oblique muscle muscle
attaches to the parietal vaginal tunic near the testis
16
Q
What is the role of the cremaster muscle
A
raise and lower the scrotum in order to regulate the temperature of the testis and promote spermatogenesis
17
Q
What carries the spermatic cord through the inguinal canal
A
the descent of the testis
18
Q
What does the spermatic cord contain
A
- vas deferens
- testicular artery
- testicular vein (pampiniform plexus)
- testicular lymph vessels
- testicular nerve plexus (L3-L5)-ANS
19
Q
What does the genitofemoral nerve innervate
A
the pubic area
20
Q
What is in the vaginal process
A
peritoneal diverticulum accompanied by round ligament of uterus
21
Q
What is the falciform ligament
A
fold of peritoneum that passes from the umbilicus to the diaphragm and also attaches to the liver
22
Q
what is the round ligament of the liver and where is it found
A
- fetal remnant of the umbilical vein
- found in the free margin of falciform ligament
23
Q
what does the median ligament of the bladder contain in the fetus
A
in the fetus it contains the urachus (stalk of the embryonic allantois)
24
Q
what is the round ligament of bladder
A
the remnants of the umbilical arteries in the lateral ligaments of the blasser
25
where is the round ligament of the bladder
caudal to the umbilicus
| attaches to bladder
26
what is the urachus
the fetal remnant of the allantoid (embryonic membrane)
| a canal that drains the urinary bladder of the fetus that runs within the umbilical cord
27
what are the umbilical arteries
branches of the internal iliac arteries
28
What is the role of the bilateral umbilical arteries
carry the blood from the fetus to the placenta and are components of the umbilical cord.
29
What happens to the umbilical arteries when the umbilical cord is severed
the arteries retract and become fibrous cords between the bladder and the umbilicus that disappear in the young dog and are rarely visible in dogs
30
What happens to the narrowed lumen of the umbilical arteries after cord is severed
they remain patent between the internal iliac artery and the bladder where the relatively minute vesicle artery leaves the umblical artery to vascularize the apex and body of the bladder.
31
What is viscus
an internal organ of the abdomen
32
what is the greaer omentum
double layered sac
| attaches to the curvature of the stomach
33
What are the parts of the greater omentum
two leaves:
- superficial (ventral body wall)
- deep (abdominal organs)
space in between: omental bursa
34
What are the characteristics of the greater omentum
its lacelike with fate depositions along vessel
covers the jejunum and ileum
35
wha is the gastroplenic ligament
section of greater omentum that attached to the spleen and the stomach
36
what happens to the urinary bladder when contracted (empty)
it lies of the pelvic floor of the pelvic inlet (area between the abdomen and the pelvis)
37
what happens to the urinary bladder when distended (full)
it lies on the floor of the abdomen and adapts in shape by displacing movable viscera (can reach transverse plane to umbilicus)
38
what does the uterus consist of
- short cervix
- body
- two long horns
39
Where is the uterus when gravid
it lies on the floor of the abdomen
| the horns gravitate cranially and ventrally to lie medial to costal arch
40
Where is the spleen located
in the superficial leaf (omentum) along greater curvature of stomach
caudally it can reach a transverse plane to midlumbar region
41
What is the function of the spleen in the circulatory system
functions in the destruction of old red blood cells
42
What is the function of the spleen in the immune system
it provides lymphocytes/antibodies to the immune system
its absence could lead to a predisposition to certain infections
43
What is the diaphragm
a muscular partition between thoracic and abdominal cavities
it is the muscle of inspiration
44
What are the different parts of the diaphragm
- tendinous center
- muscular periphery
- cupula
- aortic hiatus
- esophageal hiatus
- caval foramen
- arterial supply
45
what is the aortic hiatus
passageway for aorta, azygos vein, thoracic duct
46
what is the esophageal hiatus
passageway for esophagus, vagal nerve trunk, esophageal vessels
47
what is the caval foramen
passageway for caudal vena cava
48
what is the arterial supply
the phrenic artery between cranial mesenteric artery and renal artery
49
What is the role of the liver
secretes bile salts which emulsify ingested fat to be stored in the gallbladder
50
What are the 6 lobes of the liver
1. right medial lobe
2. right lateral lobe
3. quadrae lobe
4. left medial lobe
5. left lateral lobe
6. caudate lobe
51
What are the parts of the caudate lobe
- caudate process (renal impression)
| - papillary process lies in lesser curvature of stomach)
52
where is the gallbladder located
in a fossa between the quadrate and right medial lobe of the liver
53
what does the neck of the gallbladder become
neck area continues as cystic duct
54
what forms the bile duct
the union of hepatic and cystic ducts
55
where does the bile duct go
it courses through the wall of descending duodenum and terminates at the major duodenal papilla
56
where is the pancreas located
in the greater omentum
57
what are the parts of the pancreas
- left lobe
- body
- right lobe
58
what is the role of the pancreas
to secrete proteolytic enzymes and insulin
59
what are proteolytic enzymes
digestive enzymes
chemicals that break down food for digestion
critical for normal food digestion and absorption of fats
60
what is insulin
important hormone that controls blood sugar levels
61
what are the ducts of the pancreas
- pancreatic duct (smaller)
| - accessory pancreatic duct (larger)
62
what is the role of the pancreatic duct
it empties with bile duct into duodenum at the major duodenal papilla
63
what is the role of the accessory pancreatic duct
it empties into duodenum at the minor duodenal papilla
64
What are the parts of the monogastric stomach
- cardiac part
- fundus
- body
- pyloric antrum
- pylorus
65
what are examples of monogastric species
```
dog
rabbit
pig
horse
human
```
66
where is the cardiac part of the monogastric stomach and what is its role
- situated near esophagus
| - prevents backflow
67
where is the fundus of the monogastric stomach and what does it look like
- lies left and dorsal to cardia
| - dome shaped
68
where is the body of the monogastric stomach
largest middle portion
69
what is the pyloric antrum of the monogastric stomach
narrowing portion of the stomach into pyloric canal
70
what is the pylorus of the monogastric stomach
junction of pyloric canal with duodenum
71
What is the cecum
large intestine of horses
| its a fermentation system analagous to the rumen
72
What is subject to fermentation in the horse cecum
structural carbohydrates like cellulose and hemicellulose, along with starch and other soluble carbohydrates that escape digestion in the small intestine
73
what is the significant difference from the ruminant strategy
the large quantity of microbial protein generated in the equine large gut is wasted because there is no opportunity there for significant absorption of amino acids
74
What are examples of ruminants
```
cow
sheep
goat
deer
giraffes
```
75
what are the parts of the ruminant polygastric in the order
```
feedstuff
rumen (papillae)
reticulum (honeycomb)
omasum (leaflets)
abomasum (true stomach)
small intestine
```
76
What is the role of the rumen
where solid food passes to be stored
77
the role of the reticulum
microorganisms begin to break down the food where it is formed into ball-like masses
78
What happens to food in ruminants after they pass in the reticulum
when the animal is at rest the balls of broken down food pass back up the esophagus to the mouth to be thoroughly chewed and mixed with saliva, which aids in further digestion
79
what happens after food is re-chewed in a ruminant
it passes in the abomasum and is mixed with gastric juices where the stomach's part of the digestion is completed
80
What are the parts of the small intestine
duodenum
jejunum
ileum
81
What is the arterial supply of the duodenum
cranial pancreaticoduodenal artery from the celiac artery
82
what is the innervation of the duodenum
sympathetic, splanchnic fibers from the cranial mesenteric ganglion
parasympathetic, vagus (x) nerve
83
What are the characteristics of the duodenum
- most fixed part of a small intestine
- starts at the pylorus
- suspended by the mesoduodenum
- breakdown of food
84
What is the arterial supply of the jejunum
branches of cranial mesenteric artery
85
what is the innervation of the jejunum
sympathetic, splanchnic fibers from the cranial mesenteric ganglion
parasympathetic, vagus (x) nerve
86
what are the characteristic of the jejunum
- forms the coils of small intestine
| - absorption of nutrients
87
what is the arterial supply of the ileum
branches of cranial mesenteric artery
88
what is the innervation of the ileum
sympathetic, splanchnic fibers from the cranial mesenteric ganglion
parasympathetic, vagus (x) nerve
89
what are the characteristics of the ileum
- terminal portion of small intestine
- connects with ascending colon at the ileocolic orifice
- absorption of products of digestion
- final stage of enzyme and carbohydrate digestion
90
What are the parts of the large intestine
cecum
| colon
91
what is the arterial supply of the cecum
branches of cranial mesenteric artery
92
what is the innervation of the cecum
sympathetic, splanchnic fibers from the cranial mesenteric ganglion
parasympathetic, vagus (x) nerve
93
what are the characteristics of the cecum
s-shaped blind tube located at the junction of the ileum and colon
communicates with the ascending colon at the cecocolic orifice
94
how is the cecum of carnivores
small and its function is unclear
95
how is the cecum in herbivores
large due to the large number of bacteria which aid in the enzymatic breakdown of plant materials such as cellulose
96
what are the parts of the colon
ascending
transverse
descending
97
what is the arterial supply of the ascending, transverse and descending colon
ascending and transverse: branches of the cranial mesenteric artery
descending: caudal mesenteric artery
98
what is the innervation of the ascending, transverse, descending colon
ascending:
- sympathetic, splanchnic fibers from the cranial mesenteric ganglion
- parasympathetic, from vagus nerve fibers
transverse:
- sympathetic, splanchnic fibers from cranial and caudal mesenteric ganglion
- parasympathetic, from vagus nerve fibers
descending:
- sympathetic, lumbar part of sympathetic trunk, hypogastric nerve
- parasympathetic, from the pelvic nerve
99
what are the characteristics of the colon
- water absorption
| - descending colon is continuous with the rectum
100
where are the right and left adrenal gland
right: between caudal vena cava and caudate lobe of liver
left: lies between aorta an left kidney
101
what is the role of the adrenal glands
- regulate stress response by producing cortisol and adrenaline (epinephrine)
- secrete steroids: aldosterone, testosterone, estrogen
102
where is the right kidney
- lies opposite L1-L2-L3
- medial border is close to vena cava
- cranially, covered by caudare lobe of liver
- right kidney slightly cranial than the left
- covered by the caudate process of the caudate lobe of the liver
103
where is the left kidney
- lies opposite to L2-L3-L4
| - medial border is close to aorta
104
what are the structures of the kidneys
- ureters (leading to bladder)
- renal cortex (nephrons)
- renal medulla (pyramids)
- renal artery and vein
105
what is the role of the kidneys
filter waste (especially urea) from the blood and excrete them along with water in the form of urine
106
parts of the female reproductive tract
- ovaries
- infundibulum
- uterine tube
- suspensory ligament of ovary
- proper ligament of ovary
- broad ligaments of uterus
107
where are the ovaries
located near the caudal pole of kidneys
| enclosed in the ovarian bursa
108
what is the infundibulum
fimbriated structure that catches the ova after ovulation
| leads into uterine tube
109
what is the uterine tube
small tube leaving the bursa leading to the uterine horn
110
what is the tubouterine junction
junction of uterine tube into uterine horn
111
what is the suspensory ligament of ovary
holds the ovary in a fixed position
| attached to the body wall
112
what is the proper ligament of ovary
short
| attaches the ovary to cranial end of uterine horn
113
what are the 3 broad ligaments of uterus
mesometrium
mesovarium
mesosalpinx
114
what is the mesometrium
extends from the abdominal wall to the ovaries, horns and uterine body
it supports the reproductive tract in place
115
what is the mesovarium
continuation of mesometrium
| attaches the ovary to lateral sublumbar region
116
what is the mesosalpinx
peritoneum that attaches the uterine tube to the mesovarium
117
what is the vascular supply of the uterus
amastomosing ovarian and uterine arteries
118
what is the innervation of the uterus
sympathetic, left and right hypogastric nerves
| parasympathetic, pelvic nerves
119
what is the ovarian bursa
peritoneal recess created by the mesosalpinx, mesovarium and ovary itself
120
what us the role of the vagus nerve and where is it found
- carries both sensory and motor fibers from and to viscera
| - at the root of the lungs, R and L divides into dorsal and ventral branches
121
what is the dorsal branch of the vagus nerve
- dorsal branch meet near the diaphragm, forms the dorsal vagal trunk
122
what does the dorsal vagal trunk give off to
gives off the celiac branch
| contributing to celiac and cranial mesenteric plexuses
123
what is the ventral branch of the vagus nerve
- ventral branch meet the caudal root of lung
| forms ventral vegal trunk
124
what does the ventral vagal trunk supply
liver, stomach, pylorus
125
where to the vagal trunks pass
through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm and course along the lesser curvature of the stomach
126
what are the splanchnic nerves
paired nerves that innervate the viscera, carrying fibers of the autonomic nervous systen as well as sensory fibers from the organs
127
what do the splanchnic nerves carry
sympathetic fibers except for the pelvic nerves which carry parasympathetic fibers
128
what are the splanchnic nerves
- major splanchnic nerve
- minor splanchnic nerve
- lumbar splanchnic nerve
129
what are the celiacomsesnteric ganglions
- celiac ganglion
| - cranial mesenteric ganglion
130
what is the sacral splanchnic nerve
sacral part of sympathetic trunk
131
where does major splanchnic nerve leave
- leaves the sympathetic trunk at the level of the 12th or 13th thoracic sympathetic ganglion
132
where does the major splanchnic nerve pass
passes dorsal to the crus of the diaphragm
enters the abdominal cavity
courses to the adrenal gland and then to the celiac and cranial mesenteric ganglion and plexuses
133
where does minor splanchnic nerves leave
generally 2, usually leave the last thoracic and first lumbar sympathetic ganglia
134
what does the minor splanchnic nerves supply
supply nerves to the adrenal gland
135
where do the minor splanchnic nerves terminate
terminate in the celiac and cranial mesenteric ganglia and plexuses
136
where do the lumbar splanchnic nerves arise from
from the second to fifth lumbar sympathetic ganglia
137
where are the lumbar splanchnic nerves distributed
to the aorticorenal, cranial mesenteric and caudal mesenteric ganglia and plexuses
138
what are the branches of the abdominal aorta
- celiac artery
- cranial mesenteric artery
- phrenicoabdominal trunk
- renal arteries
- testicular and ovarian arteries
- lumbar arteries
- caudal mesenteric artery
- deep circumflex iliar arteries
139
what are the branches of the celiac artery
```
hepatic artery
- cranial pancreaticoduodenal artery
- right gastric artery
left gastric artery
splenic artery
```
140
what are the branches of the cranial mesenteric artery
- middle colic artery
| - right colic artery -> ileocolic artery
141
what are the branches of the prenicoabdominal trunk
- caudal phrenic artery
| - cranial abdominal artery
142
where does the R testicular/ovarian vein drain
into caudal vena cava
143
where does the L testicular/ovarian vein drain
into left renal vein
144
what are the branches of the portal venous system
1. gastroduodenal vein
2. splenic vein
3. cranial mesenteric vein
4. caudal mesenteric vein
5. jejunal veins
145
what does the gastroduodenal vein drain
pancreas
stomach
duodenum
greater omentum
146
what does the splenic vein drain
```
spleen
stomach
pancreas
greater omentum
lesser curvature of stomach
```
147
what does the cranial mesenteric vein drain
caudal duodenum
jejunum
ileum
right lobe of pancreas
148
what does the caudal mesenteric vein drain
cecum
| colon
149
what do the jejunal veins drain
jejunum
150
what are hepatic sinusoids
special capillaries (channels) that receive blood from terminal branches of the hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein and deliver it into central veins
151
what do the lumbar arteries supply
ventral: part of the spinal cord
dorsal: muscles and skin above lumbar vertebrae
152
what does the hepatic artery supplyy
liver
153
what does the cystic artery supply
gallbladder
154
what does the right gastric artery supply
lesser curvature of stomach
155
what does gastroduodenal artery supply
pylorus
156
what does the cranial pancreaticoduodenal artery supply
duodenum and adjacent right lobe of pancreas
157
what does the left gastric artery supply
both surfaces of the stomach
158
what does the splenic artery supply
many branches in the greater omentum
159
what does the middle colic artery supply
the descending colon and transverse colon
160
what does the ileocolic artery supply
ileum
cecum
ascending colon
161
what does the caudal phrenic artery supply
diaphragm
162
what does the cranial abdominal artery supply
adrenal gland
163
what do the renal ateries supply
kidneys
164
what do the ovarian arteries supply
ovary and its bursa
| uterine tube and horn
165
what does the testicular arteries supply
-
166
what does the deep circumflex iliac artery supply
skin of the caudal abdominal area
flank
cranial thigh
