quiz 6

Question 1

goals

Answer 1

how to spend time and effort to obtain an outcome, incentive, or end-state

Question 2

dimensional characteristics of goals

Answer 2

importance, difficulty, specificity, temporal range, level of consciousness, connectedness-complexity

Question 3

selecting a goal

Answer 3

• value or utility
• incentive with highest probability of success
• time and effort

Question 4

self-efficacy

Answer 4

belief about how capable one is in performing the behavior necessary for achieving a specific goal

Question 5

goal level

Answer 5

rank of a goal in the hierarchy of potential goals

Question 6

goal difficulty

Answer 6

(associated with goal level) some goals are harder to achieve than others

Question 7

goal specificity

Answer 7

how precise the goal is in contrast to how vague or unspecified it is

Question 8

energizing function

Answer 8

motivates a person to expend effort to achieve the goal

Question 9

directing function

Answer 9

informs the individual exactly what behavior is acceptable for goal achievement

Question 10

expected utility theory

Answer 10

the goal that is selected is based on its utility and estimated probability of being achieved

Question 11

subjective probability

Answer 11

person’s belief that a particular event will occur

Question 12

framing

Answer 12

perspective from which a goal is viewed

Question 13

risk averse

Answer 13

reluctant to take risks

Question 14

prospect theory

Answer 14

a prospect or goal is appraised with a decision weight that determines it value or importance

Question 15

goal commitment

Answer 15

process whereby a person becomes set to achieve a goal

Question 16

goal shielding

Answer 16

preventing other goals or behaviors from interfering with the pursuit of the current one

Question 17

respondent thoughts

Answer 17

elicited by stimulus aspects of the goals, intrude into consciousness and are not sought voluntarily (musing and daydreaming)

Question 18

operant thoughts

Answer 18

mental attempts to try out different strategies for achieving a goal

Question 19

feedback

Answer 19

how they are progressing relative to their goals

Question 20

subgoal

Answer 20

(proximal goal)

Question 21

achievement valence

Answer 21

satisfaction a person receives from achieving a goal

Question 22

reflexology

Answer 22

all behavior is reflexive in nature

- in response to external stimulation and not in response to thought or intention

Question 23

fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement

Answer 23

a ratio between the # of behavior in order to receive one reinforcer
- ex: FR 10 requires 10 level presses for one reinforcer

Question 24

reflex reserve

Answer 24

the total available activity for obtaining reinforcers

Question 25

learned industriousness

Answer 25

acquired ability to sustain effort or be persistent in spite of physical or mental fatigue

Question 26

grit

Answer 26

perseverance and passion for long-term

Question 27

demand law

Answer 27

relationship between the quantity of goods a person is willing to purchase (demand) at various prices

Question 28

elastic demand

Answer 28

reinforcers decline greatly in demand as fixed ratio requirement increases

Question 29

inelastic demand

Answer 29

reinforcers decline very little in demand as fixed ratio size increases

Question 30

substitution effect

Answer 30

the principle that an increase in the price of one economic good leads to increased demand for a different economic good

Question 31

principle of least effort

Answer 31

given a choice of two equal incentives, the one requiring the least effort will be selected

Question 32

investment model

Answer 32

things people have to put into a relationship that they cannot get back if the relationship ends

Question 33

choice overload

Answer 33

too many alternatives, demotivating

Question 34

satisficing

Answer 34

find a satisfactory option but not necessarily the best